광주광역시 치매의 유병률과 위험인자의 도시-농촌 지역 비교

신일선,김재민,윤진상,김석재,양수진,김웅장,이승현,강순아,곽지영,이형영 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.6

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 광주광역시의 도시 및 농촌 지역에 거주하는 노인에서 치매의 유병률과 위험인자를 조사하고자 하였다. 부가적으로 이 두 지역간에 치매의 유병률과 위험인자를 비교하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 광주광역시의 전형적인 도시와 농촌지역의 65세 이상의 노인(N=1,598)을 대상으로, 2단계의 역학연구를 수행하였다. 1차 선별 단계에서는 38명의 훈련된 연구보조원이 대상노인을 면담하여, 사회인구학적 특징을 조사하고 한국판 간이정신상태검사(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination ; MMSE-K)로 평가하였다. 2차 임상 진단 단계에서는 1차 단계에서 MMSE-K 점수가 24점 이하인 노인(N=431)을 대상으로, 전문연구팀의 임상적 평가를 통해 치매를 진단하고 원인질환별로 알쯔하이머병(Alzheimer's disease ; AD), 혈관성 치매(vascular dementia ; VaD) 및 기타 치매로 분류하였다. 대상노인에서 치매의 유병률을 측정한 후, 광주광역시 전체 노인의 연령보정 유병률을 산출하였다. 전체 대상에서 AD의 위험인자를 조사한 후, 도시와 농촌군으로 나누어 분석을 다시 시행하였다. 결 과 : 1차 및 2차 단계의 참가율은 각각 71.0%(N=1,134) 및 83.2%(N=410) 였다. 연구 참여 노인(N=1,134)에서 전체 치매, AD 및 VaD의 유병률은 최소 각각 9.7%, 5.2%, 1.8%였다. 광주광역시 전체 노인의 연령 보정 유병률은 각각 10.7%, 5.7%, 1.9%인 것으로 산출되었다. AD의 독립 위험인자는 고령, 여성, 무학이었다. 도시와 농촌에 따른 유병률의 차이는 파악되지 않았다. 그러나 AD의 위험인자는 지역에 따라 차이가 있었다. 도시 노인에게는 무학만이, 농촌 노인에게는 고령과 여성인 경우가 독립 위험인자였다. 결 론 : 광주광역시 노인에서 치매의 유병률은 높았고, 이는 국내 다른 지역에서 수행된 선행연구 결과와 유사하였다. 알쯔하이머형 치매의 위험인자는 도시와 농촌에 따라 다른 결과를 보였다. 본 연구 결과는 한국에서의 치매의 실태를 반영하며, 치매의 적절한 관리와 예방을 위해서는 지역성 특성이 고려되어야 함을 시사한다. Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and risk factors of dementia in an urban and a rural sample of older persons in the metropolitan Kwangju area, Republic of Korea. In addition, the prevalence rate and risk factors of dementia between the two samples were compared. Methods : A two-phase epidemiological study of residents aged 65 or over(N=1,598) was conducted in a highly developed, urban and a non-contiguous, poorly developed, rural area of metropolitan Kwangju. In the first(screening) phase, 38 trained research assistants collectively peformed in-home interviews for all participants. Detailed sociodemographic characteristics were gathered and the Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-K) was administered. In the second (diagnosing) phase, diagnosis of dementia was established for those scoring 24 or less on the MMSE-K in the screening phase(N=431), and etiological types of dementia were classified to Alzheimer's disease(AD), vascular dementia(VaD) or miscellanous type by two teams of experts. Prevalence rate of dementia was determined in the participants, and age-standardized prevalence rate adjusted by age distribution in metropolitan Kwangju was estimated. For AD, the risk factors were investigated in all participants, and analyses were repeated for the urban and rural samples separately. Results : The participating rates in the first and second phases were 71.0%(N=1,134) and 83.2%(N=410), respectively. In the participants, the prevalence rates of dementia(all types), AD and VaD were 9.7%, 5.2% and 1.8%, respectively. The age-standardized prevalence rates were 10.7%, 5.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Aging, female gender and no education(complete lack of formal education) were identified as independent risk factors for AD. No difference between the urban and rural samples was observed in the prevalence rates of dementia(all types), AD and YaD. However, risk factors for AD differed between these areas. In the urban sample, no education was the only significant factor ; whereas, aging and female gender were identified as risk factors in the rural sample. Conclusion : A high prevalence rate of dementia was observed among old persons in metropolitan Kwangju, consistent with previous studies conducted in other Korean areas. The risk factor profi1es for AD differed between urban and rural settings. The results of this study reflect the current status of dementia in Korea and suggests that appropriate management and prevention strategies for dementia should be tailored toward the geographic settings.

사건연구에서 정상수일률 측정모형의 선택에 관한 실증적 연구

김규영,안제욱 조선대학교 경영경제연구소 2000 經營經濟硏究 = Management and economics research Vol.23 No.1

트리아민-구리(Ⅱ)-이미다졸염 착물의 촉매작용에 관한 연구

김태원,홍순영,민재기,김창석 漢陽大學校 環境科學硏究所 1992 環境科學論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Acetylsalicylic acid의 가수분해 반응에서 imidazole과 몇 가지 triamine-copper(Ⅱ)-imidazolate complex들의 촉매효과를 비교 하였다. 촉매로서는 imidazole(ImH)과 그 2- 또는 4-치환 유도체, diethylenetriamine-copper(Ⅱ)-imidazolate complex(C₂C₂CuIm)와 그 imidazole-ring 치환 유도체 및 N-(2-aminoethy1)-1, 3-propanediamine-copper(Ⅱ) imidazolate complex(C₂C₂CuIm)와 그 imidazole-ring 치환 유도체들을 택하였다. 촉매효과의 비(kcat값으로 비교)는 ImH : C₂C₂CuIm = 1.00 : 2.81 : 2.66로 나타났으며 촉매의 효과는 이들 complex의 imidazole-ring의 전자주는 치환기에 의해 증가 하였다. Catlytic effects of imidazole and several of triamine-copper(Ⅱ)-imidazolates were investigated for the hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid. As catalysts, imidazole(ImH) and its 2- or 4-substituted derivatives, diethylenetriamine-copper(Ⅱ)-imidazolate complex(C₂C₂CuIm) and its imidazole-ring substituted derivatives, and N-(2-aminoethyl)-1, 3-propanediamine complex(C₂C₂CuIm) and its imidazole-ring substituted derivatives were chosen. The ratio of efficiency among these catalysts was observed to bh ImH : C₂C₂CuIm : C₂C₂CuIm = 1.00 : 2.81 : 2.66, and the effect of catalytic action was enhanced by an electron-releasing substituent on imidazole-ring of the complex.

加水分解 牛皮粉의 飼料的 價値에 관한 硏究

金大鎭,孟元在,高永杜 東亞大學校 大學院 1984 大學院論文集 Vol.9 No.-

Protein quality of hydrolyzed cattle skin meal was estimated by the pepsin-HCL digestion with various concentration and incubation time, and by chemical score to determine the limiting amino acids. Protein efficiency ratio(PER), net protein ratio(NPR) and net protein utilization(NPU) were also studied with chicks fed semipurified diet with and without supplementation of the limiting amino acids. Broiler chick growth trials were also conducted to determine the supplementation level of hydrolyzed cattle skin meal by replacing with soybean meal and feather meal. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Protein digestibility of hydrolyzed cattle skin meal was 66.31%, 80.69%, 83.72%, 84.65%, and 87.45%, respectively for 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 hours incubation of 0.2% pepsin-HCl. Protein digestibility maintained above 80% after 8hours incubation and increased by increasing incubation time. 2. Protein digestibilities of hydrolyzed cattle skin meal incubated for 16 hours at 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.0125% pepsin-HCl solution were 85.10%, 82.08%, 76.18%, 74.67% and 64.82%, respectively. 3. Chemical scores of methionine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine and histidine estimated based on NRC(1977) broiler(03 weeks) feeding standard were 27%, 38%, 44%, 48% and 51%, respectively 4. Growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion were improved by the addition of the limiting amino acids in the hydrolyzed cattle skin meal as compared with hydrolyzed cattle skin meal alone. 5. PER, NPR and NPU were also improved by the addition of the limiting amino acids. 6. Feed intake was not statistically significant upto 5% hydrolyzed cattle skin meal in the diet with was 100% replacement of hydrolyzed cattle skin meal with soybean meal and feather meal. Growth rate and feed conversion were not statistically significant at 3% but were significant 5% hydrolyzed cattle skin meal(p<0.05). These experiments were clearly indicated that hydrolyzed cattle skin meal could supplement in the diet upto 3% when mixed with 2 or 3 other protein sources.

政治的 意見의 形成過程 : 擧論과 投票行態를 中心으로

金在泳 全北大學校 法政大學 極東問題硏究所 1976 극동논총 Vol.4 No.-

近代化過程에 있어서의 知識 「엘리뜨」의 相互作用

金在泳 全北大學校 法政大學 極東問題硏究所 1974 극동논총 Vol.2 No.-

백서 적혈구에서 glutathione이 paraquat 독성에 미치는 영향

김명철,박재윤,채기영,천영욱,박평심,차종희 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1991 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.16 No.2

The participation of superoxide in initiating tissue damage from administration of a xenobiotics is best illustrated by paraquat intoxication, in which it is known that one electron reduction of paraquat leads to the formation of radicals which react with molecular oxygen to give superoxide. In the present study, the effects of paraquat on the level of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione stransferase were investigated in rat liver and erythrocytes. The contents of glutathione in liver and blood were sinificantly decreased by paraquat administration, but the activities of enzymes were unaltered. Incubation of the buffered aerobic mixture of erythrocyte in the presence of 5mM glucose, Paraquat and/or N-ethylmaleimide(NEM) resulted in the formation of lipid peroxide, the activities of various enzyme and the levels of glutathione were determined. The malondialdehyde(MDA) contents as a indicator of lipid peroxidation was decreased and the levels of total glutathione were not changed but the levels of oxidized glutathione(GSSG) were in creased in paraquat treated erythrocytes. The activites of ezyme were decreased in paraquat treated erythrocytes but in reduced glutathione(GSH) treated erythrocyte, the enzymes activities were less decreased by paraquat. These results suggest that paraquat toxicity was probably somewhat reduced by GSH, but paraquat-induced injury were not increased by GSH depletion in erythrocytes.

분단구조하의 남북 중심주의와 민족문학의 과제

김재용 경희대학교 민속학연구소 2000 한국의 민속과 문화 Vol.3 No.-

South Korea spend 1990s longing for a collapse of north Korea. But the reunification of Korea does not work in that way. It means that the reunification does not come out from the inter-Korea confrontation. After the dividing of two Korea, north korea believe in the strength of national power and people's willingness. The Thought of democracy base only brings the civil war and destruction of nation. Therefore, the south and north must eliminate the egoism and communicate reciprocally. The reunification of korea has an important role in the making of northeastern asia peace. The national literature must recognize this structure of division in the level of world history.

간과된 건성 추지의 수술적 치료

김융성,서중배,이석재,홍장수 충북대학교 의학연구소 2001 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.11 No.2

연구목적 . 손상 후 3주 이상 경과된 건성 추지에 대하여 tuft를 만들어 주고 신전상태에서 K-강선으로 고정하는 수술적 치료 방법의 유용성을 분석하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방범: 1997년 8월부터 2001년 3월까지 본 교실에서 건성 추지로 치료받은 예 중 손상 후부터 3주 이상 경과된 환자 11예를 대상으로 하였다. 평균 추시 기간은 7개월(3개월-9개월)이었으며, 평균 연령은 19세(2년 3개월-48세)였다. 11예 중 4예는 15세 미만의 소아였다. 수상 후 수술까지 경과된 기간은 평균 12개월(3주-7년)이었다. 우측 수부가 7예였고, 좌측은 4예였다 수지 별로는 인지가 3예, 중지가 4예, 약지가 2예, 소지가 2예였다. 모든 예에서 신전건의 절단, K-강선에 의한 원위지 관절의 고정, tuft의 형성, Roll-stitch 등의 동일한 방법을 사용하였으며, 최종 추시일에 Crawford 평가방법을 사용하여 환자를 평가하였다. 결과: Crawford의 방법을 이용한 평가 결과, 11예 중 7예(64%)가 우수(Excellent)의 결과를 보였고, 3예(27%)는 우량(Good), 1예(9%)는 양호(Fair)로 판명되었다. 즉 11예 중 1예를 제외하고는 모두, 즉 91%에서 만족스런 결과를 얻었다 우량 또는 양호의 결과를 보였던 4예의 경우 수상 후 경과된 기간이 각각 4개월, 9개월, 3년, 7년으로 수상 후 경과된 기간이 길수록 결과가 나빴다. 15세 미만의 소아 4예는 모두 우수한(Excellent) 결과를 보였고, 반면에 양호로 판정된 환자는 연령이 48세로 대상 환자 중 가장 고령이었다. 손상된 수지가 좌측이거나 우측인지 여부와 몇 번째 수지인지 여부는 결과와 무관한 것으로 보인다. 성별과도 관련성을 알 수 없었다. 결론: 손상 후 상당기간이 경과한 후에도 비교적 간단한 수술 방법에 의한 치료가 가능하였으며, 결과도 만족스러웠으나, 지나치게 오래된(손상 후 수 개월 이상이 경과한) 건성 추지의 경우, 그리고 나이가 많은 경우 예후가 좋지 않다는 사실을 알게 되었다. Purpose : The authors have attempted to analyze the effectiveness of making tuft and fixing the distal interphalangeal joint in extension with a K-wire in patients whose injured finger were left over 3 weeks without treatment for the tendinous mallet finger. Materials and Methods : Eleven fingers of eleven patients were analyzed who were treated operatively from August 1997 to March 2001. The average follow-up period was 7 months(3-9 months). The average age of the patients was 19 years(2 years 3 months-48 years) Four out of the 11 cases were children under age of 15. The average duration between injury and operation was 12 months(3 weeks-7 years) . All cases were treated by only one surgeon(Seo, JB) and with same procedure, just cutting and reattaching the extensor tendon tightly(tuft) and fixing the joint in extension. Crawford method was used for evaluating the patients. Results : Ten out of eleven patients(91%) came out to be satisfactory according to Crawford method. Excellent in 7 cases, good in 3, fair in 1, respectively. Four patients whose duration between injury and surgery seemed to be too long(4 months, 9 months, 3 years, 7 years respectively), have not showed excellent results. Excellent results were reported in all children. On the contrary, the age of the patient who had the poorest result was 48 years(the oldest in our series) Which hands or which fingers were injured seemed to have not made any differences. So as the surgery was performed earlier and the patients were younger, the results were better. Conclusion : We advocate that it is possible to treat operatively and to get good results in Patients with neglected mallet finger deformities. But it should be emphasized that the earlier the operation is performed, and the younger the patients are, the better the results are.

치환 Phenacyl Bromide와 Benzimidazole간의 반응에 관한 반응속도론적 연구

盧載根,金昌錫,洪淳瑛,金沂宣 漢陽大學校 自然科學硏究所 1997 自然科學論文集 Vol.16 No.-

몇 가지 meta 또는 para 치환 phenacyl bromide 와 benzimidazole간의 친핵성 치환 반응의 속도를 전기 전도도법을 이용하여 측정하였으며 이 반응 속도로부터 활성화 파라미터를 계산하였다. 이들 반응은 phenacyl bromide의 전자 끄는 기에 의해 촉진되었고 치환기의 전자적 성질과 반응 속도 사이에는 Hammett rule이 잘 적용되었다. 활성화 엔탈피와 엔트로피의 관계는 등속 관계를 따랐으며 이때 등속 온도는 278 K로 나타났다. 반응 속도는 용매의 극성이 커짐에 따라 빨라졌으며 용매의 유전 상수와 반응 속도 상수 사이에는 Kirkwood rule이 잘 적용되었다. 반응 속도론적 연구 결과로부터 이들반응은 전형적인 S?2 과정으로 진행하며 활성화 착물에서 phenacyl bromide의 C-Br 결합 해리 보다 benzimidazole의 질소와 phenacyl bromide의 methylene 탄소 사이의 C-N 결합 형성 과정이 반응 속도 결정 단계임을 알 수 있었다. Reaction rates of several m- or p-substituted phenacyl bromides with benzimidazole were measured by an electric conductivity method and activation parameters relevant to these reactions were calculated. Reactions were enhanced by electron-withdrawing substituents, and the relation between reaction rate and electronic nature of the substituent obeyed the Hammett rule. From plots of activation enthalpy against activation entropy, an isokinetic temperature was found to be 278 K. Reaction rates were increased in a more polar solvent and obeyed the Kirkwood rule well. From the observed kinetics, it was concluded that these reactions proceed through a typical ??? path, and the formation of C-N bond between methylene carbon of phenacyl bromide and benzimidazole nitrogen, rather than the cleavage of C-Br bond in phenacyl bromide, is a rate determining step in the activated complex.