정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

현행 중등학교 과학 실험 , 실습 교육 실태 조사 및 그 운영 진단 (Ⅱ) : 고등학교 과학 실험 , 실습 교육을 중심으로

김영호,이윤종,정원우,강용희,양승영,윤성효,안병호,윤일희,권용주,임성규,오철한,기우항,전명남,김중욱 한국과학교육학회 1998 한국과학교육학회지 Vol.18 No.3

본 연구는 96년도에 실시한 우리 나라 중학교 과학 실험·실습 교육의 실태 조사 연구에 따른 계속 연구의 일환으로 고등학교 과학 실험·실습 교육의 실태를 조사하기 위한 것이다. 연구내용은 고등학교 과학 교과서의 분석, 실험·실습 실시 현황 분석, 현행 실험·실습 교육의 문제점 분석, 현행 학교 구성원들의 실험·실습 교육 운영 실태 조사 및 현행 실험·실습 교육의 개선을 위한 연구과제 도출을 주요 연구내용으로 다루었다. 연구방법은 전국의 고등학교 80개교를 대상으로 이들 학교의 학생 1,977명, 교사 165명, 학교장 80명에게 적용하였다. 본 연구에서 밝혀진 결과를 중심으로 우리 나라 고등학교 과학 실험 실습 교육의 정상화를 위한 실험 내적인 연구과제를 제시하면 다음과 같다. (1)교재 개발에 대한 연구, (2)실험 킷트 개발에 대한 연구, (3)교사교육 및 재교육 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구, (4)교실 밖 실험·실습 활동 프로그램 개발에 대한 연구, (5)과학 실험·실습 소재의 개발에 대한 연구. This study was accomplished to analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of high school in korea for the consecutive study of the an analysis and survey on the experimental and practical science education of middle school in korea(Lee, Yoon-Jong et al., 1997). The status of facilities, management for the experiment, practices, teaching methods in high schools have been investigated. The present status and reasonable management of the high school science education have been grasped from the questionaires. To do this 165 high school science teachers, 1977 students and 80 principals of high schools in Korea are administered questionaires of Science Education Research Institute of Kyungpook National University(1997). The results of this study are as follows : The reasonable management for experiments and practices of science education were scanty in the high school around the urban and rural school owing to the shortage of facilities and equipments, crowded class, excessive class works for teacher, excessive contents of present textbooks and insufficiency of the administrative supports etc. The current teaching method of high school science has emphasized knowledge. This fact does not satisfy the objective of learning due to lack of the teaching method. Desirable directions for the improvement of present status of high school science education were proposed in this paper.

체형에 따른 골프 스윙 동작 비교

정남주,윤희중,백영수 한국운동역학회 2002 한국운동역학회지 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구는 골프스윙 시 체형별로 나타나는 운동학적 요인을 분석하여 비교함으로써 체형별 골프지도를 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위해 현재 남자 프로골프선수 9명을 대상으로 각자의 체중과 신장 그리고 상완둘레등을 고려하여 외배엽, 내배엽, 중배엽으로 체형을 나누었다. 각자의 골프스윙동작을 비디오 카메라로 촬영하여 스윙동작을 8개의 구간으로 나누어 분석하였으며 다음과 같이 결론에 도달하였다. 골프스윙 소요시간은 내배엽형이 가장 길었으며 다음으로 중배엽형, 마지막으로 외배엽형이 가장 짧은 스윙시간을 보이고 있었다. 좌우이동변위가 가장 크게 나타나는 체형은 중배엽형이었으며, 다음으로는 내배엽형, 그리고 외배엽형이 가장 작게 움직이는 것으로 나타났다. 내배엽형은 임팩트 시 상하변위가 상승쪽으로 향하고 있었으며 내배엽형과 중배엽형은 임팩트 시 거의 일정한 높이를 유지하여 안정감을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 상체회전각도와 골반회전각도는 임팩트 시 외배엽형의 상체와 골반이 미리 돌아가는 형태를 취하고 있어 내배엽과 중배엽형에 비해 다소 다른 특징을 보이고 있었다. 이러한 스윙에 대한 체형별 운동학적 특징을 이론을 제시함에 있어 보다 근본적인 힘의 이동을 알아야 할 필요가 있다. 따라서, 차후 연구에서는 지면반력을 이용하여 압력중심점(COP)의 분석이 함께 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study was intended to provide basic materials for golf coaching by somatotype by analyzing and comparing the kinematic factors found in each somatotype at the time of golf swing. For this purpose, the somatotype was divided into endomorph, mesomorph and ectomorph in reference to the weight, height and upper arm circumference of each of nine professional golfers. Each of their swing motions was videotaped with the camcorder and their swing motion was analyzed by dividing it into 8 sections. The time required for the swing motion, the displacement of the center of the human body and the rotation angle of the upper body were calculated through the three-dimensional image analysis based on the DLT(Direct Linear Transformation). Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusion was drawn: The endomorphic golfers showed the longest required golf swing time, followed by the mesomorphic golfer and then the endomorphic golfer. The displacement of left-to-right movement was largest in the mesomorphic golfers, followed by the endomorphic golfers the up-to-down displacement was upward at the time of impact and that the endomorphic and mesomorphic golfers raised the sense of stability by maintaining an almost uniform height at the time of impact. As for the rotational angle of the upper body and the rotational angle of the thigh, the upper body and the thigh took a form of rotating earlier in the ectomorphic golfers at the time of impact, who showed a somewhat different characteristics compared to the endomorphic and mesomorphic golfers. It is necessary to investigate the movement of more fundamental forces in presenting the theory related to the kinematic characteristics of this swing by somatotype. Accordingly, it is thought that it is necessary to analyze the center of pressure(COP) using the ground counterforce in the future study.

남자 비만 어린이 보행주기의 생체역학적 분석

정남주,윤희중 한국운동역학회 2001 한국운동역학회지 Vol.10 No.2

최근 우리나라의 비만 어린이의 수가 증가한 것으로 보고되고 있으나 비만 어린이의 증가와 더불어 이에 수반되어지는 사회적 관심은 그렇게 높지 않은 것 같다. 비만아동의 일반적인 보행형태에 대한 역학적인 정보는 극히 제한적이며 이에 관련된 과학적 정보 역시 상당히 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 성장기에 있는 비만 어린이의 보행형태에 대한 역학적 특징을 살펴보기 위하여 실시하였다. 이를 위해 규칙적인 운동프로그램에 참여하고 있으며, 또한 생리적으로 비만 판정을 받은 어린이 7명을 선별하였다. 2대의 비디오 카메라를 이용하여 각 대상자별 보행동작을 촬영하였으며 DLT(direct linear transformation) 방법을 활용하여 3차원 좌표 및 위치 정보를 산출하였다. 그리고 힘 측정판(force plate)을 이용하여 지지시 지면반력을 측정하였다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 활보장에 대한 하지장의 비는 일반인에 비해 다소 작은 값을 보였으며, 활보시간동안 지지기의 시간은 짧아진 반면 스윙시간은 길어진 것으로 나타났다. 보행 시 인체중심의 좌우변위가 선행연구에 비해 큰값을 보이고 있었다. 대퇴분절각도는 선행연구결과와 비슷한 결과를 보이고 있었으나 무릎관절과 발목관절각도는 획일화된 움직임을 보여 안전한 지지를 하지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 수직지면반력(Fz)은 제1피크(Fz1)가 제2피크(Fz3)에 비해 더 큰 결과를 보여 선행연구와 비슷한 결과를 보이고 있었다. 그러나, 전후지면반력(Fy)은 추진력(Fy2)이 제동력(Fy1)에 비해 더 큰 값을 보이고 있어 일반 성인과는 정반대의 결과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. The main objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the gait patterns of the obese children. According to surveys, the number of the obese children has increased in recent years, Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to this problem. Approaches through mechanical analysis on this particular problem are extremely limited and scientific information is hardly sufficient. To conduct an investigation, seven children were selected, who are deemed obese by any standards. These children are the participants of the exercise program that was designed to reduce weight. The physical activities of these children are video-taped by two video cameras. Using the DLT(direct linear transformation) method three dimensional coordinate and position data were calculated. Ground reaction forces are measured by AMTI force plate, The results are as follows. Lower extremity length in the stride of the obese children turned out to be less than that of adults. At the same time, the length of stance time was shortened while swing times was lengthened during the stride. Furthermore, it was discovered that the right-left movement of the center of mass was greater than the one indicated by the previous studies. It was also observed that the angle of the knee and ankle joints of the obese children appeared to be relatively restricted compared with those of adults. During the stance, the first peak(Fz1) is greater than the second peak(Fz3) in vertical force. But, propelling force(Fy2) is greater than breaking force(Fy1) in anterior-posterior force. It is show that the gait pattern of the obese children is not similar to that the normal adult. To conclude, the gait patterns of the obese children is unnatural.

플랫서브와 스핀서브의 운동학적 분석

윤희중,정남주 한국운동역학회 1997 한국운동역학회지 Vol.7 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the kinematic variables during tennis flat and spin serving, and that analysis of contribution patterns of the human body segments to the racket velocity through three demensional cinematography technique. To accomplish the objective of this study, five male tennis players were used as subjects. The two cameras(Locam Ⅱ, Photosonic Biiomechanics 500) were used used to filming. The serve motions were filmed with the camera operating at 200 frames/s. The direct linear transformation(DLT) method is used in the computation of three-dimensional coordinates of the digitized body points. Coordinated raw position data through digitizing are filterd at a cutoff frequency of 6Hz using a fourth order low-pass Butterworth filter. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions are drawn. 1) In the swing phase(toss∼impact), the flat serve is shorter execution time than spin serve. 2) At the point of impact, the flat serve is faster in the linear velocity of racket head than in the spin serve. 3) The maximum velocity of the hand is earlier to the maximum velocity of the racket head prior to impact. 4) From the angle change of each joint, shoulder angle in the flat serve and the racket angle in the spin serve are larger than any other angle. 5) The elbow joint dominate at the initial swing patterns, and the shoulder and trunk joints dominate at the final swing patterns during flat and spin serving.

수직점프 수행시 두 발의 동시· 비동시 스텝에 따른 운동학적 특성 분석

윤희중,이연종,이경식,유실,정남주 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1997 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.16 No.1

The purpose of this study is to quantify the differences between synchronous and asynchronous step during vertical jump. The subjects of this study were 3 males college students. And 2 S-VHS vedio cameras were used for the data collection. The Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) method was employed to obtain 3-D position coordinates of 21 landmarks. And the following conclusions were drawn ; 1. Synchronous step was faster in approach velocity than asynchronous step. 2. Asynchronous step was smaller in knee flexion angle than synchronous step. 3. Synchronous step was faster in angular velocity at knee flexion than asynchronous step and asynchronous step was faster in angular velocity at knee extention. 4. Asynchronous step was higher in take-off height and loss height than synchronous step. 5. Synchronous step was higher in flight height top height and reach height than asynchronous step.

Rings운동에서의 Giant swing동작에 대한 운동학적 분석

윤희중,박종훈,한충식,김영란,김충태 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所 1992 韓國體育大學校附屬 體育科學硏究所論文集 Vol.11 No.1

This study was to investogate the kinematic patterns of the giant. swing on rings by 3 male gymnastic. The motion was filmed at 60frame/sec high video camera. The result was as follows ; 1. Subj. C showed a large displacement in the wrist J. at phase I and Subj. B showed a large displacement at phase 2, 3, 4. 2. Subj. C showed a large displacement in the hip J. at down swig phase and Subj.B, C showed a large displacement. at upward swing phase. 3. Subj. A showed a large velocity a in the hip J. at phase 1 and Subi. C shooed a large velocity at phase 2, 3, 4. 4. Subj. C showed a large velicity in the shoulder J. at whole phase. 5. Subj. C showed a large angular velocity in the hip J. at down swing phase and subj. B showed a large angular velocity at upward swing phase. 6. Subj. B showed a larege angular velocity in the shoulder J. at. phase 1, and Subj. C showed a large angular velocity at phase 2, 4 also subj. A showed a large angular velocity at phase 3.

따뜻한 유아교육공동체 형성을 위한 구성원의 공통 핵심 역량 요소 탐색

정계숙,윤갑정,박희경 부산대학교 과학교육연구소 2016 교사교육연구 Vol.55 No.2

The purpose of the study was to examine the community members’ core competences for forming a ‘warm’ early childhood educational community as an ideal model of early childhood education. For this purpose, 6 people including parents, teacher, practician in the communal childcare cooperatives and 6 people including professors, directors teacher, school supervisor participated in the Focus Group Interview (FGI). The results were as follows: The first core competencies for developing a ‘warm’ early childhood educational community was sense of partnership which was characterized by; ‘understanding each other and warm hearted sympathy’, ‘a common purpose for children’s future’, ‘forgiveness and accepting each other’s differences’, and ‘meeting for building a positive relationship’. The second core competencies for developing a ‘warm’ early childhood educational community was sharing of key values between members which was characterized by; ‘establishment of self-identity and community identity’, ‘sharing perspectives and values on education’, ‘willingness for learning together in daily life’ and ‘democratic communication skill and decision-making ability’. Implications for the core competencies development and support toward building a warm early childhood educational community was discussed.

임신 40주와 출산 후 6주에 있는 20대 임산부 보행의 역학적 특성 비교

윤희중,문동안,정남주,금명숙,이경식,유실,김영란,한윤수 한국운동역학회 2000 한국운동역학회지 Vol.10 No.1

본 연구는 임신 40주와 출산후 6주간에 있는 임산부의 보행 동작의 특정을 규명함으로써 이와 관련된 연구자들에게 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 임신 4주에 있는 임산부를 대상으로 1차 실험을 실시하였으며 동일한 대상자를 출산후 6주에 2차로 실험하여 자료를 수집하였다. 디지타이징 시 오차를 최소화하고 인체관절점의 분별을 위해 21개의 반사마커를 부착하였다. 10m의 보행주로를 걷는 동안 두 대의 비디오카메라를 이용하여60Hz로 자료를 수집하였으며 동시에 100Hz 지면반력자료를 수집하였다.수집되어진 자료는 DLT 방법을 사용하여 분석하였으며 이의 분석에 Kwon3d 프로그램을 활용하였다. 분석결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 임신 40주와 출산 후 6주의 보행 시 지지시간과 스윙시간의 비율이 다르게 나타났으며 보폭과 보간, 활보장은 임신 40주에서 더 큰 값을 보였다. 상체 전경각 역시 임신 40주에서 더 큰 값을 보였다. 힙관절, 무릎관절, 발목관절각도는 S1이 출산후 6주에서 큰 값을 보인반면 S2는 출산전후에 큰 변화를 보이지 않다. 2. 상하지면반력의 경우 FP1과 FP2는 임신 40주보다는 출산 6주에서 큰값을 보였지만 FP3는 임신 40주에서 보다 큰값을 보이고 있었다. 전후지면반력의 경우 출산전과 후 모두 Fy2에서 보다 큰 값을 보이고 있었다. This Study was to investigate kinematical characteristic comparison of the gait pregnant 40weeks and after delivery 6weeks 20´s women and provide the basic data. To accomplish this study, in the first, carry out an experiment with the pregnant women in the pregnant 40weeks on the videotape, and than the second, make an experiment with the kinematic data. Kinematic data were filtered with a low-pass, fourth-order Butterworth filter with an effective cut off frequency of 6Hz. The conclusions were drawn as follows; 1. Floor contact Periods(stance and swing rate) were differed from before and after the delivery and a pregnant 40 weeks was greater than after delivery 6 weeks in the step, width, stride. Also, a pregnant 40 weeks was greater than after delivery 6 weeks in the front angular. And the other angular components were represented similar pattern. 2. In the vertical load, delivery 6 weeks was grater than a pregnant 40 weeks in the FP1(first peak) and FP2(valley). And FP3(second peak)was represent that a pregnant 40 weeks was greater than delivery 6 weeks. Also, in the horizontal shear, Fy2(progressional force)was greater than Fy1(breaking force) about time of the delivery.

흰쥐 뇌에서 Tyrosine Hydroxylase분비세포의 출현시기 및 분포에 관한 면역조직화학적 연구

정윤영,선희매,김영택,김남훈,안계훈,장인엽,김종중,문정석,강양수 조선대학교 부설 의학연구소 1999 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.24 No.1

The immunohistochemical (ABC method) studies on the ontogeny and localization of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) were examined in rat brain from the 12th fetal day until the 9th postnatal day. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Tyrosine hydroxylase was first detected immunohistochemically at embryonic day 13(E13). At this stage, the TH-containing neurons were still migrating and cytologically immature. 2. The changes occuring from the early to the late prenatal stages of development appeared to be the result of an increase in the number and size of the TH-containing cells and in the length of nerve fibers. 3. The distribution of the TH-containing neurons at embryonic day 19(E19) more closely resembled catecholaminergic neurons in the adult rat brain : 1) a rhombencephalic group became the A1-7 ; 2) a ventral mesencephalic group became A8-10 ; 3) a ventral prosencephalic group and a few neurons ventral to the striatum became A11-14 ; and 4) the cells of the olfactory bulb corresponded to the A15. 4. The cytodifferentiation of the TH-immunoreactive neurons was accompanied by continued migration to form the collective catecholaminergic groups during ontogenesis. In addition, the morphology of the TH-immunoreactive neurons in the late prenatal stage resembled in the adult rat brain.