A Constructional Analysis of English Exclamatives

Yoo,Eun-Jung 한국언어학회 2009 언어 Vol.34 No.2

While illocutionary force of exclamation is manifested by many different sentence types, it is controversial what kind of sentences have sentential force of exclamatives. Drawing upon some recent works such as Michaelis and Lambrecht (1996b), Ginzburg and Sag (2000), and Zanuttini and Portner (2003), this paper focuses on essential semantic properties of exclamatives, factivity and scalar implicature. We argue that in English, not only wh-exclamatives but also inverted exclamatives and nominal exclamatives are characterized as exclamative constructions by these semantic properties. Departing from Zanuttini and Portner (2003), who, linking such semantic properties to syntactic components, recognize a factive marker and wh-operator as key syntactic elements, this work proposes an analysis in which different syntactic forms exhibit the same core semantic properties of exclamatives. While none of the previous analyses account for the three different types of exclamatives, i.e., WH, inverted, and nominal exclamatives by a coherent mechanism, the present paper provides a unified account of their semantic properties within the framework of HPSG, with their syntactic differences taken care of by different phrasal type constraints.

Connectivity Effects and Questions as Specificational Subjects

Yoo, Eun-Jung Korean Society for Language and Information 2006 언어와 정보 Vol.10 No.2

Connectivity effects have been central issues in dealing with specificational pseudoclefts. While syntactic approaches motivate their analysis in order to explain connectivity effects in terms of a connected clause, these accounts have numerous problems including a wide range of anti-connectivity effects that constitute crucial counterevidence. On the other hand, semantic accounts of connectivity effects treat BV and BT connectivity by independent interpretive mechanisms providing a more fundamental explanation for connectivity effects. Yet existing semantic accounts have limitations in explaining syntactic properties and syntactic connectivity effects in SPCs, and in accounting for BV anti-connectivity effects in English. Focusing on BV connectivity, this paper explores how the relevant (anti-)connectivity facts can be accounted for by an analysis that provides both an elaborate syntactic analysis of SPCs and a semantic mechanism for bound anaphora. Based on Yoo's (2005) non-deletion based, question-answer pair analysis of SPCs, this paper shows that a functional question analysis of a specificational subject, when combined with a theory of operator scope and a non-configurational condition on bound anaphora, can explain various BV (anti-)connectivity patterns in SPCs and related constructions.

기상위성자료로부터 평균기온의 측정; 구름 및 강수 효과에 대한 정량 분석

유정문 이화여자대학교 환경문제연구소 1997 이화환경연구 Vol.1 No.-

이론적인 분석에 기초하여, Yoo(1992)는 채널2(Ch2, 53.74 GHz) 에 대한 Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU)복사계의 관측으로부터 유도된 지구의 평균 온도값은 대기중의 구름 및 강수로 인한 소산효과때문에 오차(δT₂)를 포함한다고 밝혔다. 본 연구에서는 전구적인 해양에 대한 δT₂의 크기를 각각 1982년 3월과 1983년 3월에 대하여 구하였다. δT₂값은 열대해양의 다우지역의 상당부분에서 약 1K, 그리고 저기압이 빈번히 발생하는 중위도 해양에서 약 0.25K 정도로 나타난다. 3월에 대한 δT₂값들은 1982년과 1983년 사이에 상당히 변하는 경향이 있다. δT₂를 50˚N부터 50˚S까지의 해양에 대하여 평균하면, δT₂값들은 1982년 3월과 1983년 3월에 대하여 각각 0.25K와 0.29K이다. 따라서 두 평균값들 사이의 차는 0.004K로 작은데, 그 이유는 경년변화에 있어서 강수지역과 건조지역의 δT₂값들이 서로 보상하는 경향이 있기 때문이다. 결과적으로 MSU Ch2자료로부터 0.1K크기 정도의 지구평균온도의 경년 변화를 평가하는데 있어서, 구름및 강수에 의한 오차를 무시할 수 없다. Yoo(1992) showed that based on a theoretical analysis the thermal information about the global mean temperature, derived from the channel 2(Ch2, 53.74GHz) observations of the Microwave Sounding Unit(MSU), has a small error (δT₂)as a result of the extinction due to the hydrometeors in the atmosphere. The magnitude of δT₂is estimated in this study over the global oceans for the months of March, 1982 and 1983. δT₂is found to be about 1 K over substantial parts of the tropical oceanic rainy regions and about 0.25K over portions of the midlatitude oceanic storm areas. The patterns of δT₂for the month of March considerably change between 1982 and 1983. Averaged over the global oceans from 50˚N to 50˚, δT₂ has a value of 0.25 and 0.29 K for March 1982 and 1983, respectively. The monthly mean values differ by a small amount, 0.04K, because the rainy and dry regions tend to compensate for one another, although not perfectly, form one year to the next. Thus in evaluating decadal trend of the global mean temperature of the order of 0.1K from MSU Ch2. data, the small error due to hydrometeors can not be neglected.

한국문학에서의 구술성 - 미국의 한국문학 구에 대한 한 고찰

( Yoo¸ Jung-min ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2009 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.12 No.-

역사, 혹은 문학사의 기술에서, 무엇을 ‘선택’하고 ‘배제’할 것인가의 문제는, 곧 무엇을 ‘정전(canon)’으로 삼을 것인가, 우리가정전이라고 받아들였던 것의 실체와 그 선택의 기준은 무엇인가, 연구자가 선택한 방법론은 무엇인가의 문제와 깊이 연관되어 있다. 기존 역사에서 주목되어진 것들, 혹은 문헌으로 남아 전승되어오는 과거의 유산, 그리고 다른 연구자들의 -미국의 입장에서 는 한국학자들의- 축적된 연구 성과를 비판적으로 검토하고, 다시 일정한 기준과 방법론에 의해 새로운 해석을 도출하고, 이를 통해 현재적 의미의 또 다른 정전 성립을 시도하는 것이다. 본 논문에서 다루고자 한 ‘구술성(orality)’이라는 주제는 넓은 의미에서 정전(canon) 성립의 문제와 맥락을 같이한다. 필자는 최근 ‘한국문학을 처음 접하는 벽안의 연구자들이 처음 주목한 한국문학의 특징은 무엇이었을까, 그들은 이것을 어떻게 학문적으로 이론화하였을까, 그리고 이러한 시도가 우리에게 시사하는 바는 무엇인가’ 등의 문제를 살펴볼 기회가 있었다. 그리고 개인적으로 바로 이 ‘구술성’이라는 개념이 미국학계에서 한국문학을 이해하는 데에, 나아가 다른 인접 학문과의 연계의 맥락에서도 중요한 위치를 차지한다고 파악하였다. 본고에서는 주요한 몇 가지 저작을 중심으로 한국문학에서의 구술성 문제, 서구문학사의 전통, 중문학계의 적용사례 등의 순서로 살펴보았다. 1. Perspective: Nature of Literary Canon Formation My paper explores the question of how well can we understand the reality of the literary situation of the past by reading traditional literary histories that have been widely used for college curricula and popular readings. Although several famous writers and model texts are being chronologically listed, the scope of many literary history narratives has been limited to the existing sources of some written and printed materials, which were mostly typeset on paper and transmitted to us successfully. Regardless of how coherent and convincing the historical narratives may be, however, there is always the danger of misleading readers into blindly believing that the compilers selection of the authors and model works are able to deliver the whole picture of the literary past. What if there had been influential writers of the day, however, who, because of the modern compilers' oversight or subjective judgment, were never registered as canonical figures? It is also possible that handwritten manuscripts by original authors underwent a certain degree of revision, or even distortion, while being printed into book format. Consequently, there could be a great disparity between what we believe are the most significant works of past eras and what the literati of the day produced. Writing a literary history means, in a way, 'canonizing' a couple of selected literary works. A 'literary canon' signifies a body of 'superior texts' and those canons are placed in the hierarchy of literary works and assigned authority by institutional fiat. In this regards, I must point out that, first, this canonizing process can vary and be altered, depending on who it is that conducts the selection and compilation. Consequently, the chosen canons are not always stable or perfect, although they are 'fluid' and 'potential' and are always open to being substituted later. 2. Studies on the Notion of 'Orality' The topic of this paper, the notion of 'orality,' can be understood in the context of writing literary history. I argue that the conventional literary histories are frequently based on very limited extant sources, and that the more the canonizing process itself is heavily filtered by a particular medium, such as 'writing' or 'printing.' The genre of Sijo, for example, is often introduced as a written text in many high school and college textbooks. As Kevin O'Rourke persuasively indicates, however, it was originally a 'performative' genre presented in song form, and as late as 1920s it became ossified as a literary text by some nationalist intellectuals, such as Yi Kwang-su and Ch'oe Nam-son, who saw the inherent possibilities of the uniquely Korean Sijo as a vehicle of raising national consciousness. To understand the significance of the notion of 'orality' in literary history-writing, a few important authors can be referenced. More than any earlier scholar, Milman Parry succeeded in understanding Homeric poetry, a primitive genre, on poetry's own terms. According to Parry, Homeric Greeks valued cliche, because not only the poets but the entire oral inspirational world of the day relied upon the formulaic constitutions of thought. By constantly repeating the same formulaic phrases, that is cliches, knowledge could be transmitted, and remembered, in an oral culture. The 'conventionality' or 'banality,' which implies somewhat negative connotation in literature, would be the key essential concept in understanding the oral tradition. At Harvard, the Widener library has invaluable resources for the study of oral culture the Milman Parry Collection. It includes the audio recordings and notes of South Slavic songs, made by Milman Parry in 1933-35, as well as recordings collected by Albert Lord, the author of the Singer of Tales. Gregory Nagy, a current Harvard professor, acceded to the tradition of the research on the oral literature and offers diverse classes on the performative quality of literature. Walter Ong is another remarkable figure in the study of 'orality.' In his Orality and Literacy, Ong distinguished the 'pristine oral culture' from the 'subsequent writing culture,' and then argued that writing practice made words appear similar to 'things,' a sort of visible mark, which signals words to decoders. Although I agree with Ong's idea about the impact of writing on orality as well as on human consciousness, I claim that his understanding of the orality and literacy is too dichotomized: It may give the false impression that the two concepts are mutually exclusive, that they never coexist. Furthermore, Ong's perspective is based heavily on the idea of 'progress' of the production of knowledge, emphasizing the unilateral shift from oral culture to the literal/written world and then to the electronic age of second orality. I prefer to examine the 'vitality' of tradition, springing from the mutual interaction between the two.

English Depictive Secondary Predication: A Lexicalist Approach to Participant Orientation

Yoo,Eun-Jung 한국언어학회 2010 언어 Vol.35 No.1

Connectivity Effects and Questions as Specificational Subjects

( Eun Jung Yoo ) 한국언어정보학회 2006 언어와 정보 Vol.10 No.2

Connectivity effects have been central issues in dealing with specificational pseudoclefts. While syntactic approaches motivate their analysis in order to explain connectivity effects in terms of a connected clause, these accounts have numerous problems including a wide range of anti-connectivity effects that constitutes crucial counterevidence. On the other hand, semantic accounts of connectivity effects treat BV and BT connectivity by independent interpretive mechanisms, providing a more fundamental explanation for connectivity effects. Yet existing semantic accounts have limitations in explaining syntactic properties and syntactic connectivity effects in SPCs, and in accounting for BV anti-connectivity effects in English. Focusing on BV connectivity, this paper explores how the relevant (anti-)connectivity facts can be accounted for by an analysis that provides both an elaborate syntactic analysis of SPCs and a semantic mechanism for bound anaphora. Based on Yoo`s (2005) non-deletion based, question-answer pair analysis of SPCs, this paper shows that a functional question analysis of a specificational subject, when combined with a theory of operator scope and a non-configurational condition on bound anaphora, can explain various BV (anti-)connectivity patterns in SPCs and related constructions. (Seoul National University)

파활동경사를 고려한 소파블록 중량산정

유동훈(Yoo Dong Hoon),윤종주(Yoon Jong Joo),정평교(Jung Pyung Kyo),장문엽(Jang Moon Yup) 대한토목학회 2009 대한토목학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.10

우리나라 상차림의 영양적 평가

김영순,이정희,오순덕,김수현,이정민,남택수,박태식,천유정 高麗大學校 倂設 保健大學 保健科學硏究所 2002 保健科學論集 Vol.28 No.1

This study was carried out to investigate the current nutritional problems owing to the increased consumption of westernized food in Korea and also was conducted to compare the nutritional characteristics of Korean traditional meal with those of the Western diet in similar serving size. The results obtained from nutritional evaluation are as follows: 1. The percentage of calories represented by carbohydrate: lipid: protein was 65:15:20 respectively for Korean traditional meal (Table setting of 3 Chop) therefore these ratios meet the dietary recommended allowances for Koreans. 2. Nutrient values of Korean traditional 3-Chop were shown to be better balanced than those of Western diet when the nutrients of the two types of diet were estimated by similar serving sizes and calories. 3. Compared to the Korean traditional meal, most fast foods were nutritionally imbalanced especially in that most of them showed higher amounts of fats. These results show that Korean traditional meals supply ideal nutrient intakes in contrasts to the westernized diet, therefore much work remains in developing a variety of menus and standard recipes for Korean traditional meals according to the changes in diet trends as well as emphasing the importance of Korean traditional meals as part of an ideal, well-banlanced diet.

부산지역 미세먼지에 대한 건강 취약성 평가

이원정,황미경,김유근,Lee, Won-Jung,Hwang, Mi-Kyoung,Kim, Yoo-Keun 한국환경보건학회 2014 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.40 No.5

Objectives: This study seeks to evaluate the vulnerability assessment of the human health sector for $PM_{10}$, which is reflected in the regional characteristics and related disease mortality rates for $PM_{10}$ in Busan over the period of 2006-2010. Methods: According to the vulnerability concept suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), vulnerability to $PM_{10}$ is comprised of the categories of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The indexes of the exposure and sensitivity categories indicate positive effects, while the adaptive capacity index indicates a negative effect on vulnerability to $PM_{10}$. Variables of each category were standardized by the rescaling method, and each regional relative vulnerability was computed through the vulnerability index calculation formula. Results: The regions with a high exposure index are Jung-Gu (transportation region) and Saha-Gu (industrial region). Major factors determining the exposure index are the $PM_{10}$ concentration, days of $PM_{10}{\geq}50$, ${\mu}g/m^3$, and $PM_{10}$ emissions. The regions that show a high sensitivity index are urban and rural regions; these commonly have a high mortality rate for related disease and vulnerable populations. The regions that have a high adaptive capacity index are Jung-Gu, Gangseo-Gu, and Busanjin-Gu, all of which have a high level of economic/welfare/health care factors. The high-vulnerability synthesis of the exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity indexes show that Dong-Gu and Seo-Gu have a risk for $PM_{10}$ potential effects and a low adaptive capacity. Conclusions: This study presents the vulnerability index to $PM_{10}$ through a relative comparison using quantitative evaluation to draw regional priorities. Therefore, it provides basic data to reflect environmental health influences in favor of an adaptive policy limiting damage to human health caused by vulnerability to $PM_{10}$.

뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성

소광영,최용수,윤대현,류지훈,Brian Johnstone,Jung U Yoo 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Study Design: An experimental animal study. Objectives: To create a more appropriate disc degeneration model which shows how Interleukin 1α may induce the activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus. Summary of Literature Review: There are few disc degeneration models wherein there is activation of metalloproteinases within the nucleus pulposus without structural destruction of the intervertebral disc. Materials and Methods: Three consecutive intervertebral discs in New Zealand White Rabbits were exposed. Each disc was injected with 0.1ml of saline (Saline group), 0.1ml of 1μg/ml (IL-1 group), 0.1ml of 10μg/ml (IL-10 group) of IL-1α through a 30-gauge needle. The lumbar spine was harvested 12 weeks after operation. We then analyzed radiographic findings and histological changes. Results: There was no difference in the radiological disc height index among the three groups; 0.071 in saline group, 0.045 in IL-1 group and 0.058 in IL-10 group (p=0.194). The histological cellularity of the nucleus pulposus revealed a decrease in the number of cells (p=0.0001,1.42 in saline group vs. 3.00 in IL-10 group; p=0.001, 2.00 in IL-1 group and 3.00 in IL-10). The histological matrix of the nucleus pulposus was 1.42 in saline group and 2.42 in IL-10(p=0.007), which meant that there had been condensation of the extracellular nucleus pulposus matrix. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that interleukin-1α may contribute to degradation of the nucleus pulposus. This is useful for future study into the effects of the cytokine inhibitor on matrix regeneration and cellularity in the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc disease. 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 이용한 추간판의 퇴행성 변화 모델 형성소광영 • 최용수 • 윤대현 • 류지훈 • Brian Johnstone*, Jung U Yoo*광주기독병원 정형외과, Oregon Health and Science University*연구계획: 실험 동물 연구목적: 섬유 연골의 퇴행성 변화가 추간판 세포에서 생성된 matrix metalloproteinases의 활성에 따른 보고를 근거하여 토끼의 추간판에 수핵내metalloproteinase를 활성화하기 위한 Interleukin 1α를 기계적 손상 없이 주사하여 추간판의 퇴행성 변화를 생성하고자 하였다. 선행문헌의 요약: 추간판의 퇴행성 변화에 대한 병태 생리를 밝히기 위해 다양한 분야에서 접근하고 있다. 그러나 추간판의 구조적 이상 없이 추간판의자연 경과에 따른 병태 생리를 설명하는 동물 실험 모델은 아직 드물다. 대상 및 방법: 뉴질랜드 흰 토끼를 전방 복부 도달법으로 세 개의 연속된 추간판을 노출 시킨 후 상위 추간판에 생리 식염수 0.1ml(식염수군), 중간 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 1μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-1군), 하위 추간판에 Interleukin 1α의 10μg/ml 농도 0.1ml(IL-10군)를 추간판의 기계적 손상을 방지하기 위해 30게이지 주사침을 이용하여 중앙에서 주사하였다. 주사 후 12주에 방사선학적 및 조직학적 변화를 조사하였다. 결과: 12주째 방사선학적 추간판 높이지수는 식염수군 0.071, IL-1군 0.045, IL-10군 0.058로 추간판 높이 변화에 차이가 없었다(p=0.194). 조직학적 수핵내 세포는 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 3.00의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.001), IL-1군과 IL-10군(p=0.0001)의 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵내 조성은 식염수군 평균 1.42, IL-1군 2.00, IL-10군 2.42의 결과로 식염수군과 IL-10군(p=0.007) 군의 비교에서만 차이를 보였다. 조직학적 수핵의 변화 결과는 IL-10군이 수핵내 세포 및 조성의 퇴행성 변화를 유발함을 알 수 있었다. 결론: 토끼의 추간판에서 Interleukin 1α가 수핵의 세포와 기질변화에 관여함을 시사하였다. 토끼 모델을 이용한 퇴행성 추간판 모델 형성은 사이토카인차단제 등의 수핵에서 기질 재생이나 세포 활성을 확인하는 추간판 질환의 실험을 위해 유용하게 적용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.