하빈 신후담의 『주역』 해석 일고찰

최영진(Choi, Young-jin),이선경(Yi, Suhn-gyohng) 한국학중앙연구원 2014 한국학 Vol.37 No.2

이 글은 조선 후기 실학자이자 역학자인 하빈(河濱) 신후담(愼後聃, 1702?1761)의 역학사상을 그의 주저 『주역상사신편(周易象辭新編)』을 통하여 고찰한 것이다. 이 글은 신후담 역학사상연구의 첫걸음으로 건괘(乾卦)를 중심으로 그의 『주역』해석의 특징을 살펴보았다. 『주역상사신편』은 신후담의 중기역학사상을 담고 있는 저작이다. 27세에 집필에 착수하여 33세에 완료한 이 저작에서 신후담은 정주(程朱)역학을 기반으로 하면서 이미 자신만의『주역』해석방법을 제시하고 있다. 먼저 『주역』의 편제에 대하여 신후담은『주역전의(周易傳義)』와 같이 전체를 12편으로 나누지만, 곤괘(坤卦) 이하의 배열구조는 옳지 않다고 보고, 경(經)은 경(經)대로, 전(傳)은 전(傳)대로 분류하는 건괘의 괘사?효사?단전?상전의 체제로 『주역』전체를 다시 편집한다. 이는『주역』의 ‘경’ 부분과 ‘전’ 부분에는 일정한 사상적 차이가 있다고 보는 것이라 할 수 있다. 신후담은 괘효사를 해석할 때 각 효의 자리(位)와 그에 따른 상(象)을 면밀히 분석한다. 상을 통하여 ‘의리’를 도출하며 점(占)을 언급하지는 않는다. 특히 효변(爻變)을 효사 해석의 구체적 방법으로 명시하여 각 효를 모두 효변에 입각해 풀이한다. 상과 효변에 입각한 『주역』 해석은 신후담에게 하나의 방법론이라 할 수 있을 정도로 구체화된 것이다. 이는 정주(程朱)의 역학과는 확연히 구별되는 특징이다. 조선 역학사에서 신후담 이전에 효변을 활용한 괘효사 해석의 사례는 간간이 있었지만,『주역』 효사 전체를 효변에 입각하여 해석하는 사례는 아직 찾을 수 없다. 또한 한 세대 뒤 인물인 정약용(1762?1836)이 효변을『주역』 해석의 방법론으로 체계화하였음을 볼 때, 양자의 효변론에 대한 비교연구, 더 나아가 성호(이익)학파 역학사상의 특징을 전체적으로 조감하는 연구가 필요할 것이다. 신후담의 역학은 ‘의리’를 추구한다는 점에서 정주의 역학을 계승하고 있으며, 효의 자리와 상의 관계를 철저하게 분석·종합하고, 효변을 괘효사 해석의 중심방법론으로 체계화하였다는 점에서『주역』 해석에 새로운 지평을 연 것으로 생각된다. This paper investigates the theory of Yi(易) held by Shin Hudam(愼後聃, 1702?1761) by examining his Zhouyixiangcixinbian(『周易象辭新編』). In particular, I focus on his interpretation of Qian Gua(乾卦) as it is the steppingstone of studying his theory of Yi. Shin starts to write Zhouyixiangcixinbian when he is 27 and finishes it at the age of 33. So, it represents his thoughts of Yi in the middle period of his academic career. In this book, Shin develops his own interpretation of Zhouyi (『周易』), drawing upon Cheng Yi’s and Zhu Xi’s theories. He divides Zhouyi with 12 sections as in Zhouyizhuanyi (『周易傳義』). However, unlike the existing way, he rearranged Zhouyi separating the Scriptures (經) from the Interpretations(傳). This reorganization reflects his view that there is a theoretical difference between the two different kinds of portions in Zhouyi. In interpreting the meaning of hexagram and the line, Shin fully analyzes the place of each line(爻) and its corresponding image(象). He draws out the implications of hexagram and the line without mentioning divination(占). Especially, he explicates each line based on the principle of lines’ change(爻變). Shin’s theory of Yi(易) is distinguished from Cheng Yi’s or Zhu Xi’s in that it is built upon the images and the principle of lines’ change in interpreting the lines. It also precedes one of the four interpretations of Zhouyi known as xiaobian(爻變) given by Jung Yakyoung(丁若鏞, 1762?1836). In conclusion, Shin’s theory succeeds Chen Yi’s and Zhu Xi’s in that it employs the implications (義理), whereas it differs from them in that it highlights the place of each line and its corresponding image and takes the principle of the lines’ change as the principal method of interpreting Zhouyi.

Localization of Antigenic Sites at the Amino-terminus of Rinderpest Virus N Protein Using Deleted N Mutants and Monoclonal Antibody

Kang-seuk Choi,Jin-ju Nah,Young-joon Ko,Shien-young Kang,Yi-seol Joo 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

of Antigenic Sites at the Amino-terminus of Rinderpest Virus N Protein Using Deleted N Mutants and Monoclonal AntibodyKang-seuk Choi*, Jin-ju Nah, Young-joon Ko, Shien-young Kang1 and Yi-seok JooNational Veterinary Research and Quarantine service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 480 Anyang, Gyounggi 430-824, Korea1Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, KoreaReceived April 2, 2003 / Accept July 10, 2003J. Vet. Sci. (2003), 4(2), 167-173JOURNAL OFVeterinaryScience*Corresponding author: Kang-seuk Choi National Veterinary Research and Quarantine service, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 480 Anyang, Gyounggi 430-824, Korea Tel: +82-31-467-1860, Fax: +82-31-449-5882 E-mail: choiks@nvrqs.go.kr

복숭아 발효주 개발에 관한 연구

이성훈,안용근,최종승,이종수 한국식품영양학회 1996 韓國食品營養學會誌 Vol.9 No.4

복숭아 발효주를 개발하기 위하여 "유명" 과실에 효소 및 열처리하여 착즙수율을 측정하고 청주용 효모와 포도주용 야생 효모로 발효시킨 복숭아술의 성분과 기호성을 조사하였다. Pectinase와 cellulase를 혼합 처리한 경우 착즙수율이 89.2%로 가장 높았고 pectinase, hemicellulase와 cellulase등을 단독으로 처리했을 때도 80%이상의 착즙수율을 보였다. 복숭아술의 총산은 0.30%에서 0.36%이었다. 에틸알코올올 함량은 포도주용 야생 효모인 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 49-2가 14.5%로 가장 높았으나, 기호성은 고온성 효모인 Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-71로 발효시킨 술이 가장 좋았다. Juice yield of peach "Yoo Myung" by pretreatment of various enzymes and heat was determined, and physicochemical properties of peach wine fermented by some Saccharomyces cerevisiae were also investigated. 89.2% of juice yield was showed in mixture treatment of pectinase and cellulase at 35℃ for 8 hrs, 82% of yield was also showed in single treatment of pectinase and cellulase. Ethyl alcohol content of peach wine fermented by wild type Saccharomyces cerevisiae 49-2 was 14.5%. However, wine from thermophilic Saccharomyces cerevisiae D-71 was excellent in taste and flavor.

정상인 및 성인형 당뇨환자의 각종 지질(脂質) 농도에 관한 연구

李春淑,崔永吉 명지대학교 1982 明大論文集 Vol.13 No.-

Hyperlipidemia is conmonly obserbed in diabetics and the cardiovarcular complications associated with hyperlipidemia is main cause of death in diabetics. Though the diabetic populations are increasing in Korea, there are rare reports for the lipid profiles in diabetics. We analized the lipid profiles in 97 type Ⅱ, NIDDM and in 64 age and sex matched normal controls, Following results are obtained: 1. In normal controls, HDL-cholesterol concentration decreased with increasing age but statistically not significant. In females of normal controls, HDL-cholesterol concentration was slightly higher than that of males but statistically not significant. 2. Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio were significantly higher in 5th decade than in 4th decade. Other lipids and lipoproteins were also increased in 5th decade but statistically not

한번의 간질발작 후 혈청 Neuron-Specific Enolase 농도 변화

최승호,박영춘,이장준,임정근,김지언,이상도 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1999 계명의대학술지 Vol.18 No.4

An increase in neuron-specific enolase (NSE) levels in serum and CSF has been shown to be an useful marker of brain damage after stroke, global ischemia, and coma. We report the changes of serum NSE levels after seizure attacks in epileptic patients compared with the levels in normal controls and epileptic patients without seizure attack at least 7 days (epileptic controls). Twenty-four seizures were included in this study. Blood was drawn within 1 hour, at 12 hour, 24 hour, and 48 hour after seizure attack. Serum NSE levels were measured with radioimmunoassay. The mean NSE levels for normal controls and epileptic controls were 6.94 ng/ml and 7.46 ng/ml, respectively. There were significant increase in level of serum NSE measured within 1 hour after seizure attack in epileptics compared with the level in normal controls (15.10ng/ml versus 6.94ng/ml, p<0.05) and epileptic controls (15.10ng/ml versus 7.46ng/ml, p<0.05). Serum NSE measured at 12 hours after seizure also increased compared with normal controls (12.32ng/ml versus 6.94ng/ml, p<0.05) and epileptic controls (12.43ng/ml versus 7.46ng/ml, p<0.05). Between normal controls and epileptic controls, there were no significant difference in serum NSE levels. We conclude that serum NSE level was elevated in epileptic patients who had seizure attack within 12 hours. Serum NSE levels can be useful marker for seizure within 12 hours after onser. The elevated serum NSE level after single seizure attack may suggest that the brain was injured in single seizure.

영어 의문문의 인지적 담화기능 연구

최영이 부산외국어대학교 외국어연구소 2020 외국어연구 Vol.33 No.-

The basic characteristic of the English interrogations is that wh-question comes in the beginning of a sentence, or that with no wh-question, a movement by syntactic quality takes place in the sentence. In this study, I want to solve the discrepancy between the question form and function, which is difficult to explain in a syntactic manner, from a cognitive semantics and a pragmatic perspective. In particular, I show that the action of linguistic reasoning must be understood in the context of discourse in order to see the correspondence between the form of the interrogation sentence and the semantic function. I want to discuss the characteristics in a wide range of interrogations that appear to be of special use by contemplating the important lexical markers and linguistic reasoning, focusing on the rhetorical question, tag question, and pseudo-question. Key words: discourse context, non-standard question, rhetorical question, tag question, pseudo-question, lexical marker

테니스에 대한 태도와 참가 의도의 관계

최재운,한이영 한국스포츠리서치 2001 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.12 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between attitude toward tennis and intention across tennis participation stage. Subjects(N = 281) of this study were tennis participants of N and C city in C province who were selected using systemic purposeful sampling. All subjects completed the attitude toward tennis and intention questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using correlation analysis, regression analysis, and structural equation modeling for latent variables. The conclusions were as followings: First, the planned behavior theory have higher structural validity to explain the tennis participating phenomena of tennis adoption stage. Second, the direct effect of attitude toward tennis on intention is greater than subjective norm in tennis adoption stage. Third, the planned behavior theory have higher structural validity to explain the tennis participating phenomena of tennis adherence stage. Fourth, the direct effect of subjective norm on intention is greater than attitude toward tennis in tennis adherence stage.

IgA 신병증의 임상 및 병리학적 고찰

이강욱,최영환,신영태,노흥규,서광선 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1986 충남의대잡지 Vol.13 No.1

Twenty eight cases of primary IgA nephropathy were diagnosed and studied in the Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital over a period of 49 months from June 1981 to July 1985. The results were summerized as follows: 1. These cases represented 45.2% of patients with primary glomerular diseases undergoing renal biopsy and immunofluorescent studies during the same period. 2. There were 20 males and 8 females. They were 15 to 54 years old and the average age was 29.1. 3. The main symptoms were loin pain, gross hematuria, myalgia, fatigability and generalized edema in 18, 15, 12, 12, and 4 cases, respectively. Upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were presented in 50% of the cases of all patient just before and during the course of disease. 4. Proteinuria was observed in 27 cases and hematuria was seen in 23 cases, Among hematuria, the gross hematuria was observed in 15 cases. Hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia was presented in 4 cases with generalized edema. Serum BUN and creatinine were elevated in 3 cases with marked decreased Creatinine Clearence in 3 cases (Ccr<50ml/min). 5. The light microscopic findings showed mainly mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis and focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis in 11 and 7 cases, respectively. Immunofluorescent microscopic findings disclosed diffuse mesangial deposit of IgA in all cases. IgG, igM, C3 and fibrinogen deposits were observed in mesangium in 5, 4, 20, and 7 cases, respectively.

응급의료센터의 단기입원치료실 활용경험

최승필,박승현,정시경,박규남,김영민,김세경,이운정,이환 大韓應急醫學會 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Overcrowding of emergency department is a serious and growing problem at St. Mary's Hospital. This has motivated the development of short-stay unit(SSU) as an alternative ward to routine hospital admission and ED discharge. In our hospital a SSU begun to admit patients in January 6, 1997. The SSU received 247 patients from the ED during the eight month interval(January 6, 1997 to August 31, 1997). To examine the utilization of the SSU in ED, we retrospectively analyzed 247 patients admitted in SSU from the ED, and compared the average hours per patient with acute gastroenteritis spent in the ED during the 2-month intervals before(July-August 1996) and after(July-August 1997) the establishment of the SSU. The following results were obtained; 1. The total patients consist of EM 92(37.2%), GS 48(19.4%), IM 24(9.7%), PS 21(8.5%), OS 20(8.1%), OBGY 14(5.7%) and others 28(11.3%) 2. The results of EM patients admitted in SSU from ED 1) Sex ratio of male to female was 1:1.1 and the mean age was 37.3±16years 2) In diagnosis, acute gastroenteritis was 29 cases(31.5%), multiple contusion 14 cases(15.2%), drug intoxication 12 cases(13%), limb laceration 6 cases(6.5%), tendon rupture of hand 6 cases(6.5%), and others 19 cases(20.6). 3) Mean length of stay in ED was 9.18 hours. 4) Among 92 patients to the SSU, 79 patients(85.9%) were discharged, 11 patients(11.9%) formally admitted to hospital and 2 patients(2.2%) transferred to otherhospital. The mean hospital stay time of the patients admitted to SSU was 2.6 days. 3. There was a significant reduction in the average stay time spent in the ED by treat-and-releasing patients with acute gastroenteritis after the establishment of the SSU(from 14.65±9.6 to 7.52±5.4 hr/patient, p<0.001). Conclusively, the establishment of the SSU can shorten the average stay time that treat-and-releasing patients spend in the ED, and reduce the number of admitted patients waiting in the ED.

반복적인 경련을 동반한 아이소니아지드(Isoniazid) 중독환자의 치험 1례

이환,오동렬,정시경,김영민,이운정,김세경,이원재,최경호 大韓應急醫學會 1999 대한응급의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

Isoniazid(Isonicotinic acid hydrazide) is an antimicrobial drug used since 1952 as a first line agent for the prophylaxis and treatment of tuberculosis. Isoniazid is well known for problems in population having a high prevalence of isoniazid use for prophylaxis or treatment of tuberculosis. But intentional or accidental isoniazid overdose is uncommon. The ingestion of toxic amounts of isoniazid causes recurrent seizures, profound metabolic acidosis, coma and even death. In adults, toxicity can occur with the acute ingestion of as little as 1.5g of isoniazid. Doses larger than 30mg per kg often produce seizures. When ingested in amounts of 80-150mg per kg or more, isoniazid can be rapid fatal. 40-year-old woman having previous pulmonary tuberculosis ingested 7gram of isoniazid(140mg/kg) to attempt suicide approximately 30 minutes prior to visit to our emergency medical center. She had recurrent generalized tonicclonic seizures and metabolic acidosis. We report one patient treated with pyridoxine, which was equivalent to the amount of isoniazid ingested and administered as a intravenous dose and oral dose