Calcium signalling mediated the regulation of growth and polysaccharide accumulation by light quality in Dendrobium offi cinale protocorms

Ting Lei,Suping Gao,Xiao Lin,Kaihui Zhang,Yingqi Liu,Wenji Li,Di Hu,Xiaofang Yu,Mingyan Jiang,Qibing Chen,Ying Sun 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.2

This study selected Dendrobium offi cinale protocorms as the experimental material and used diff erent light-quality treatmentsand calcium signalling inhibitors to explore the mechanism of the biological response of calcium to light quality. The results indicate that a 1:3 red:blue (R:B) light ratio promotes the accumulation of biomass and polysaccharides in theprotocorm. Nevertheless, this eff ect can be entirely counteracted by calmodulin (CaM) inhibitors and calcium ion-chelatingagents. The possible mechanisms of this eff ect are as follows: (1) The Ca 2+ -CaM signal-regulated photosynthetic apparatusis improved by the R:B 1:3 light, increasing the CaM content and Ca 2+ -ATPase activity. Thus, R:B 1:3 light increases thedevelopment of the photosynthetic apparatus in the D. offi cinale protocorm, enhances its photosynthetic productivity, andpromotes the activities of sucrose phosphatase; accordingly, biomass and sucrose accumulation increase. (2) R:B 1:3 lightenhances Ca 2+ -CaM signalling and regulates glycometabolic processes to promote the activities of sucrose synthase, thusincreasing fructose and glucose levels and providing suffi cient synthetic precursors to promote polysaccharide production.

Modeling and Analyzing Per-flow Throughput in IEEE 802.11 Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks

( Lei Lei ),( Xinru Zhao ),( Shengsuo Cai ),( Xiaoqin Song ),( Ting Zhang ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2016 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.10 No.10

In this paper, we focus on the per-flow throughput analysis of IEEE 802.11 multi-hop ad hoc networks. The importance of an accurate saturation throughput model lies in establishing the theoretical foundation for effective protocol performance improvements. We argue that the challenge in modeling the per-flow throughput in IEEE 802.11 multi-hop ad hoc networks lies in the analysis of the freezing process and probability of collisions. We first classify collisions occurring in the whole transmission process into instantaneous collisions and persistent collisions. Then we present a four-dimensional Markov chain model based on the notion of the fixed length channel slot to model the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm performed by a tagged node. We further adopt a continuous time Markov model to analyze the freezing process. Through an iterative way, we derive the per-flow throughput of the network. Finally, we validate the accuracy of our model by comparing the analytical results with that obtained by simulations.

Rapid separation and identification of 31 major saponins in Shizhu ginseng by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-MS/MS

Ting-Ting Sun,Xin-Lei Liang,He-Yun Zhu,Xu-Ling Peng,Xing-Jie Guo,Long-Shan Zhao 고려인삼학회 2016 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.40 No.3

Background: Among the various ginseng strains, Shizhu ginseng is endemic to China, mainly distributed in Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County (Liaoning Province, China); however, not much is known about the compounds (especially saponins) in Shizhu ginseng. Methods: A rapid, sensitive, and reliable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with MS/MS (UHPLCeMS/MS) method was developed to separate and identify saponins in Shizhu ginseng. Results: The separation was carried out on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 ㎛) with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution as the mobile phase under a gradient elution at 40℃. The detection was performed on a Micromass Quattro Micro API mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization source in both positive and negative modes. Under the optimized conditions, a total of 31 saponins were identified or tentatively characterized by comparing retention time and MS data with related literatures and reference substances. Conclusion: The developed UHPLCeMS/MS method was suitable for identifying and characterizing the chemical constituents in Shizhu ginseng, which provided a helpful chemical basis for further research on Shizhu ginseng.

Geisteswissenschaft of Sittlichkeit and Political Umwelt: Sinnverstehen in the East

( Ting Lei ) 인하대학교 국제관계연구소 1990 Pacific Focus Vol.5 No.1

Geisteswissenschaft of Sittlichkeit and Political Umwelt : Sinnverstehen in the East

Lei, Ting the Center for International Studies, Inha Univers 1990 Pacific Focus Vol.5 No.1

韩国学生可能式“V得/不上”语义习得的偏误分析 — 基于语料库

雷?(Lei, Ting),?依?(Chen, Yinuo) 한국중국어교육학회 2021 중국어교육과연구 Vol.- No.35

Based on the Chinese inter-language corpus of Korean students, this paper examines the Korean students’ acquisition of the structure ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’. The conclusions are as follows: Firstly, the number of use cases of ‘V bu shang(V不上)’ is higher than that of ‘V de shang(V得上)’, but the error rate of ‘V de shang(V得上)’ is higher than that of ‘V bu shang(V不上)’. In the process of acquisition, there are five types of errors, such as misorder, confusion of ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ with other complement, confusion of ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ with other possible complement, other confusion, misuse and omission. Secondly, the error characteristics and rules of Korean learners in acquiring the possible expression ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ can be roughly sorted out as follows: 1) The use case proportion of Korean students using the term ‘realistic upward displacement’ is much lower than that of Chinese native speakers, indicating that Korean students may avoid using the construction ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’ when expressing the meaning of ‘upward movement’; 2) ‘reach a certain standard’ is the most common meaning in Korean students’ use cases, and also the most frequent type of errors, including omission, confusion, misuse and misorder; 3) ‘achieve a certain goal’ has the highest error rate and is the most difficult meaning for Korean students to learn; 4) The error rate of each meaning of the positive expression ‘V shang(V上)’ is slightly higher than that of ‘V bushang(V不上)’, which may be related to the asymmetry of ‘possible/impossible’ expressions in Chinese and Korean. 5) Overall, when Korean learners acquire the possible expression ‘V de/bu shang(V得/不上)’, there are confusion, misorder, misuse, omission, among which confusion is most frequent type, which occurs in the acquisition process of all meanings and runs through the whole learning stage of learners. Finally, according to the results of error analysis, this paper puts forward some advices for teaching ‘V de/bu shang’ to Korean students.

『북상기(北廂記)』의 곡문(曲文)에 나타난 글쓰기 특징 -김성탄 비평본 『서상기(西廂記)』와 『도화선(桃花扇)』의 비교를 중심으로-

雷挺 ( LEI TING ) 민족어문학회 2015 어문논집 Vol.- No.75

본고에는 『북상기』의 曲文(노래가사)에 나타난 형식 특징을 고찰하고, 동시에 그 특징이 형성된 이유를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 삼았다. 『北廂記』는 19세기에 창작된 한문 희곡이다. 지금까지 『북상기』에 대한 연구는 주로 창작 시기, 체재 분석, 주제, 인물, 욕망,性담론, 음악, 창작의식 등 방면에서 이루어졌다. 그러나 『북상기』작품의 曲文을 고찰한 연구가 아직 없었다. 따라서 본고에서는 『북상기』 곡문에 나타난 글쓰기특징을 분석하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 특징이 나타났다. 먼저 중국 희곡의 특유한 특징인 ‘.字’를 중심으로 『북상기』와 『西廂記』, 『桃花扇』을 각각 비교하면서 친자의 有無를 고찰하였다. 『서상기』는 元雜劇으로 친자가 많고, 『도화선』은 명`청 전기로 친자가 약간 적은 편이다. 한편 『북상기』에는 친자가 거의 나타나지 않는 양상을 보인다. 이러한 특징이 나타나게 된 배경으로는 『북상기』가 독서물로서 창작된 목적성이 강하게 띄고 있는 점에서 기인한듯하다. 아울러 명`청 전기의 영향도 작용한 듯하다. 다음으로 詞라는 문학 양식을 통해, 『북상기』의 곡문 형식을 고찰하고 비교하였다. 詞는 모두 片으로 나누어져 있는데, 대부분이 上下 兩片으로 구성되어 있다. 『북상기』의 곡문도 역시 사와 같이 上下 양편으로 되어 있다. 그 중에 중국 詞의 격식과 운율을 가끔 무시해 지은 곡문이 있었다. 이러한 점은 중국 詞 문학 양식이 조선에 들어와 변용된 것에서 어느 정도 영향관계를 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 동시에 조선문인들이 중국 詞·曲 문학에 대해 능통했다는 것을 짐작해 볼 수 있다. 『북상기』는 희곡작품이면서도 사대부의 독서물로서의 전아한 취향을 고려하여 변용한 글쓰기 양식을 보이고 있다. 이러한 특성은 『동상기』등의 여타 한국한문희곡과 비교해 보았을 때, 뚜렷이 변별되는 지점이다. 아울러 『북상기』가 명·청전기의 문체를 수용하면서 새로운 문체를 모색하려고 시도하려 한 흔적이 있었다고 볼 수 있다. This study is intended to review the structural characteristics of Gokmun(lyrics) in Buksanggi and identify the reasons why these characteristics are embodied. Buksanggi is a Chinese drama written in Korea in the 19th century. There have been several studies conducted on Buksanggi, however, with focus on the date of writing, system analysis, themes, figures, desires, discourse on sex, music, and creative consciousness, etc. In this study, the author analyzed the characteristics of writing identified in Gokmunof Buksanggi. The findings can be summarized as follows: First, the author reviewed the presence of Chinja while comparing Buksanggi, Seosanggi and Dohwasoen with focus on Chinja which is peculiar to Chienese dramas. Seosanggi, poetic drama of the Yuan Dynasty, has a lot of Chinja whereas Dohawswon, drama of the Ming and Qing Dynasty, hasless Chinja. Meanwhile, Chinja almost does not appear in Buksanggi. It was deemed that Buksanggi was written since it functioned as a reading material, as well as being influenced by the dramas of the Ming and Qing Chuan Qi. Second, the author reviewed the structure of Gokmun of Buksanggi through the form of literature called Sa. Sa mostly consist of 2 Pyeons-the first Pyeon and the second Pyeon. Likewise, the lyrics of Buksanggi also consists of 2 Pyeons-the first Pyeon and the second Pyeon. Of them, some Gokmunignored the formality and rhymes of Chinese Sa, implying this serves as the background to the transformation of Chinese Sa literature form in the Chosun Dynasty. At the same time it explained why the literary circle of the Chosun Dynasty was proficient in Chinese Sa. Gok literature. Buksanggi is a drama, yet shows the transformed form of writing considering the graceful taste as the reading materials for the gentry society. These characteristics become distinct when compared with the Korean dramas in Chinese letters such as Dongsanggi. Furthermore, Buksanggi shows a hint that it attempted to seek new writing style when accommodating the writing style of the dramas in the Ming and Qing Chuan Qi.

<백상루기(百祥樓記)>의 곡문(曲文)에 나타난 형식적 특징

雷挺(LEI TING) 한국고전연구학회 2018 한국고전연구 Vol.0 No.42

본고에서는 정상현(鄭尙玄)이 창작한 한문 희곡 <백상루기(百祥樓記)>의 곡문(曲文)(노래가사)에 나타난 형식적 특징을 고찰하고, 동시에 이런 형식적 특징이 형성된 이유를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 삼았다. 지금까지 <백상루기>에 관한 연구는 주로 작자 규명, 체재 분석, 언어표현상의 특징, 김성탄(金聖嘆) 비평본(批評本) <서상기(西廂記)>와의 비교, 평비(評批)의 특징, 인물형상, 성(性)담론 등의 방면에서 이루어졌다. 그러나 작품의 곡문에 나타난 형식적 특징에 대한 연구는 아직 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본고에서는 <백상루기> 곡문에 나타난 형식적 특징을 분석했다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 <백상루기>에 나타난 곡패(曲牌)를 정리하여, 각각 북곡(北曲)이나 남곡(南曲)에 속하는지를 구분한다. 그리하여 중국 북곡에 속하는 곡패들이 많았음을 확인하였다. 나머지의 다른 곡패들 중에서 일부분의 이름은 중국 희곡 곡패의 이름과 비슷하게 나타나고 있다. 또한 희곡 각 折의 마무리를 뜻하는 곡패인 【잠살미(賺煞尾)】, 【살미(煞尾)】, 【미(尾)】는 원잡극(元雜劇) 투곡(套曲)의 마무리 부분이고, 套曲에서의 제일 중요한 표시이기 때문에 더욱 <백상루기>의 음악은 중국 북곡에 따라 창작했을 가능성이 높다고 볼 수 있다. 다음으로 <백상루기>에 나타난 곡패와 김성탄 비평본 <서상기>에 나타난 곡패를 비교하였다. <백상루기>와 <서상기>에 공통적으로 나타난 곡문은 중국 희곡 곡패의 정격(正格)에 안 맞고, 물론 구수(句數)나 매구(每句)의 글자 수에도 큰 차이가 있다는 결과를 얻었다. 또한 <백상루기> 【금초엽(金蕉葉)】의 곡문은 [선려(仙呂)]【점강순(點絳脣)】의 정격과 거의 비슷하게 나타나고 있다. 그 외에도 <서상기>의 곡문과 <서상기>에서 사용되지 않고 북곡 곡패에서 찾을 수 있는 곡패인 【쌍원앙(雙鴛鴦)】에 관한 곡패를 비교하고 분석하였다. 그리고 <백상루기>에서 친자(襯字)도 거의 안 보인다. 그러므로 <백상루기> 곡패에 관한 곡문들을 통해 작가가 중국 희곡에서 사용하는 곡패에 대한 이해, 사용함 등에서 중국 희곡의 곡문을 창작하는 방법과 많이 다르다고 알 수 있다. 이러한 북곡 형식에 안 맞는 <백상루기> 곡문의 특성은 김성탄 비평본 <서상기>뿐만 아니라 명· 청 전기의 문체를 수용하면서 새로운 문체를 모색하려고 시도한 흔적이 있었다고 볼 수 있다. This study is intended to look into the formal characteristics in Gokmun(lyrics) of Beaksangrugi, an opera written in Chinese by Jung Sanghyun, and to verify the reason why such writing formal characteristics were formed. The studies on Beaksangrugi so far focused on writer investigation, format analysis, characteristics of linguistic expressions, comparison with Jin, Shengtan s critique Seosanggi, characteristics of the critique, character images, sexual discourse and etc. However, there hasn t been any studies on the characteristics of writing in gokmun of the work. Therefore, this study analyzed the formal characteristics in gokmun of Beaksangrugi, and the results are as follows. First, gokpaes of Beaksangrugi were classified, to see whether they belong to Bukgok or Namgok. It was found that there were many gokpaes belonged to Bukgok of China, and some names of the remaining gokpaes were similar to those of Chinese opera gokpae. Also, the gokpaes 【Zhuanshawei(賺煞尾)】, 【Shawei(煞尾)】 and 【Wei(尾)】 which indicate the end of each act of the opera were the ending part of Yuan opera music and are also the most important part of the whole set of music, so the music of Baeksangrugi was highly likely to be made according to Bokgok of China. Second, the gokpeas appeared in Beaksangrugi and Jin, Shengtan s critique Seosanggi were compared. Gokmun which commonly appeared in both Beaksangrugi and Seosanggi didn t correspond to the tandard format of Chinese opera gokpae, and surely the number of sentences and the number of letters in each sentence had a lot of differences. Also, the gokmun of Beaksangrugi 【Jinjiaoye(金蕉葉)】 showed almost the same pattern of [Xianlv(仙呂)]【Dianjiangchun(點絳脣)】. Furthermore, gokpae related to 【Shuangyuanyang(雙鴛鴦)】, which can be found in Bukgok gokpae but didn t used in Seosanggi Gokmun and Seosanggi, was compared and analyzed. As a result, it was also found that gokmun of Beaksangrugi didn t correspond to the standard format of Chinese opera gokpae, and surely the number of sentences and the number of letters in each sentence had a lot of differences,and also Chenzi(襯字) was almost not found in Beaksangrugi. Therefore, it can be concluded from the Gokmun of Beakssangruji gokpae that the Beaksangrugi author s understanding and the using of Chinese opera gokpae had many differences from the writing way of Chinese opera gokmun. Such formal characteristics in gokmun of Beaksangrugi, which doesn t correspond to the standard format, is evidences of attempts to seek a new style while adopting literary styles of Ming and early Qing Dynasty, in addition to Jin, Shengtan s critique Seosanggi.

‘熱족사’ 속 ‘熱’의 의미 범주 및 조어 기제에 대한 인지적 고찰

雷?(Lei Ting),明洋洋(Ming Yangyang),朱珊瑚(Zhu Shanhu) 중국어문학연구회 2021 중국어문학논집 Vol.- No.131

This paper probes into the semantic category of the temperature word "hot(熱)", and analyzes the semantic extension mechanism of "hot(熱)" and the word formation mechanism of "hot(熱)" word family. The conclusions are as follows: "hot(熱)" has other abstract meanings besides the prototypical meaning of "high temperature". Metonymy and metaphor are important cognitive models, which are the origin of new linguistic meanings. Through the process of metaphor and metonymy, these concepts are mapped onto more complex conceptual domains beyond the temperature perception domain, forming a variety of meanings. On the basis of these extended meanings, many new words are constructed by analogy, and finally these words combine into a regular and systematic "hot(熱)" word family.

“冷X”系列词汇中“冷”的词义范畴及构词机制的认知考察

雷?(LEI, TING),黎承睿(LI, CHENGRUI),?依?(CHEN, YINUO) 한국중국어교육학회 2022 중국어교육과연구 Vol.- No.38