Evaluation of <i>In Vitro</i> Anti-Inflammatory Activities and Protective Effect of Fermented Preparations of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae on Intestinal Barrier Function against Lipopolysaccharide Insult

Bose, Shambhunath,Kim, Hojun Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-

<P>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a potent inducer of systemic inflammatory responses, is known to cause impairment of intestinal barrier function. Here, we evaluated the <I>in vitro</I> protective effect of an unfermented formulation of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (RAM), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine widely used in the treatment of many digestive and gastrointestinal disorders, and two fermented preparations of RAM, designated as FRAM-1 (prepared in Luria-Bertani broth) and FRAM-2 (prepared in glucose), on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) against LPS insult. In general, fermented formulations, especially FRAM-2, but not unfermented RAM, exerted an appreciable protective effect on IECs against LPS-induced perturbation of membrane resistance and permeability. Both fermented formulations exhibited appreciable anti-inflammatory activities in terms of their ability to inhibit LPS-induced gene expression and induced production of a number of key inflammatory mediators and cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. However, in most cases, FRAM-2 exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory effects than FRAM-1. Our findings also suggest that suppression of nuclear factor-<I><I>κ</I></I><I><I>β</I></I> (NF-<I><I>κ</I></I><I><I>β</I></I>) activity might be one of the possible mechanisms by which the fermented RAM exerts its anti-inflammatory effects. Collectively, our results highlight the benefits of using fermented products of RAM to protect against LPS-induced inflammatory insult and impairment in intestinal barrier function.</P>

Intestinal Protective Effects of Herbal-Based Formulations in Rats against Neomycin Insult

Bose, Shambhunath,Han, Kyung-Wan,Lee, Myeong-Jong,Kim, Hojun Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2013 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2013 No.-

<P>Disturbance in the gut microbial niche by antibiotics like neomycin produces gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Here, we evaluated the impact of a mixture of extracts of three herbs (Atractylodis Rhizoma Macrocephalae, Massa Medicata Fermentata, and Dolichoris Semen) with known GI protective activities, either laboratory unfermented (herbal formulation-1 (HF-1)) or fermented/re-fermented (herbal formulation-2 (HF-2)) on neomycin-treated rats using a commercial <I>Lactobacillus</I> probiotic as a reference. Treatment with neomycin augmented stool water content, decreased fecal population of <I>Lactobacillus</I> spp., changed the histology of intestine without inducing inflammation, reduced the colonic expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1, and elevated the serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interferon-gamma (IFN-<I><I>γ</I></I>) levels. Coadministration of either HF-2 or probiotic, but not HF-1, restored the fecal content of <I>Lactobacillus</I> spp., normalized the serum CRP level, and significantly increased the colonic expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1 in neomycin-treated rats. The combined treatment with any of the above agents ameliorated the histological changes of cecum and colon in neomycin-treated rats, and the magnitude of this effect was probiotic > HF-2 > HF-1. Our study revealed the intestinal protective effect of a mixture of three herbs against neomycin insult, which is mediated through multiple mechanisms and is potentiated upon prior fermentation/refermentation of the herbs.</P>

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo Protective Effects of Unfermented and Fermented Rhizoma coptidis Formulations Against Lipopolysaccharide Insult

Shambhunath Bose,Hojun Kim 한국식품영양과학회 2012 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2012 No.10

Preventive Effects of Pyungwi-san against Dextran Sulfate Sodium- and Clostridium difficile-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice

Yang, Meng,Bose, Shambhunath,Lim, Soo-Kyoung,Kim, Hojun MDPI AG 2019 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.20 No.24

<P>Several lines of evidence indicate that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with Clostridium difficile (CD) infection as a consequence of gut dysbiosis. Currently available treatments of IBD are either not very effective or have adverse effects. Pyungwi-san (PWS), a traditional Chinese herbal formulation, has long been used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of PWS against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) + CD-induced IBD in mice. The animals received DSS in drinking water for seven days to produce DSS-induced acute colitis. In the DSS + CD group, the DSS-fed animals were orally administered with CD spores twice during the DSS treatment period. We observed that exposure of DSS + CD-treated animals to PWS significantly decreased the disease activity index; prevented the shortening of colonic length and increases in spleen size and weight; restored colonic histological parameters by significantly increasing mucus thickness, crypt depth, and goblet cell numbers; protected the tight junction proteins; improved the profiles of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines; and normalized the abundance ratio of the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the gut. Thus, PWS exerted a number of protective effects on DSS + CD-induced colitis, which might be mediated via restoration of a balance in gut microbial communities.</P>

3T3-L1 전지방세포에서 발효 삼정환의 지방 분화 억제 효과

송미영(Mi-Young Song),Shambhunath Bose,김호준(Ho-Jun Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.1

본 연구에서는 3T3-L1 전지방세포를 이용하여 발효 삼정환의 지방 분화 억제 효과를 확인하고자 하였다. 삼정환을 5가지 주요 유산균으로 각각 발효시킨 후, Oil Red O 염색법으로 지방세포 분화 억제 여부를 알아보고, 이의 기전을 알기 위해서 지방생성에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 transcription factor 및 지질 조절 효소의 유전자 발현량을 비교하여 보았다. Oil Red O 염색 분석에서는 Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium으로 발효한 삼정환에서 지방구 수의 감소를 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 transcription factor로 C/EPBα, PPARγ, UCP-2 및 콜레스테롤 조절과 관련된 효소인 HMG-CoA reductase의 4가지 유전자 발현 정도를 분석하였는데, 발효시키지 않은 삼정환의 경우 농도가 100 μL/mL 이상일 때 네 가지 항목에서 억제 효과를 나타냈으며, 발효시켰을 때는 유산균의 종류에 따라 효과 억제효과가 있었는데, Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환이 효과가 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. Lactobacillus plantarum으로 발효한 삼정환은 동일 농도의 발효하지 않은 삼정환과 비교했을 때, Oil Red O 실험에서 염색된 지방구 수가 더욱 감소하였으며, PPARγ, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase의 경우 농도가 200 μL/mL일 때 각각 35%, 57%, 54%로 5가지 발효 삼정환 중 가장 높은 억제율을 나타내었다. 이에 지방분화 억제 효과를 가진 삼정환을 발효시키면 그 효과가 더욱 증가하는 것으로 나타났는데, 특히 Lactobacillus plantarum 으로 발효한 삼정환은 PPARγ, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reduc tase의 유전자 발현조절을 통해 지방 분화를 억제시키는 것으로 밝혀져 발효 삼정환은 항비만 혹은 항고지혈증 약물로 개발 가능성이 있는 것으로 사료된다. Samjunghwan (SJH) was fermented using five different probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococcus faecium, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus acidophilus or Bifidobacterium longum) separately. We examined the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation through Oil Red O staining and analyzed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EPBα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ), uncoupling protein (UCP)-2, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase which are adipogenic transcription factors. Both Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium-fermented SJH reduced Oil Red O dye staining compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. Only Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH inhibited all adipogenic transcription factors and showed the best down-regulation of PPAR γ, UCP-2, and HMG-CoA reductase compared with the same dose of non-fermented SJH. The effect of SJH on the inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation was more prominent from the fermented SJH. Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented SJH, in particular, blocks the expression of PPARγ, UCP-2, HMG-CoA reductase.

원저 : 방기황기탕의 유전자 다형성에 따른 비만 치료 효과: 무작위 배정, 이중 맹검, 위약-대조군 임상시험

박정현 ( Jung Hyun Park ),( Shambhunath Bose ),임지연 ( Chi Yeon Lim ),김호준 ( Ho Jun Kim ) 한방비만학회 2012 한방비만학회지 Vol.12 No.2

The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of Boiogito for obesity. We examined the efficacy of Boiogito for obese patients and we expected the reaction of Boiogito would vary according to the single nucleotide polymorphism(SNPs). Methods 111 subjects(body mass index≥25m/kg2) were recruited and randomized to receive Boiogito(n=55) or Placebo(n=56) for 8weeks. Anthropometric factors, serum lipid profile, glucose, blood pressure(BP), pulse rate, resting metabolic rate and Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale measured at baseline and 8weeks. SNPs(β3-adrenergic receptor(ADRB3), G protein β3(GNB3), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma 2 gene(PPAR-γ2), uncoupling protein(UCP2)) were conducted at baseline. Adverse reactions and safety outcome variables were also checked during trials. Results Both groups showed significant improvement on obesity after treatment. Boiogito group decreased triglyceride than did control group and improved KOQOL. Boiogito showed a significant higher efficacy in C/T and T/T genotype of GNB3 gene / in Trp64 and Arg64 genotype of ADRB3 gene / in D/D genotype of UCP2 gene / in Pro/Pro genotype of PPAR-γ gene. Conclusions Boiogito promoted obesity indexes without severe adverse reactions and proved its safety. Pharmacogenetical studies of Boiogito on obesity could be a effective method for the individualized treatment and prevention of obesity.

고지방 식이를 섭취한 흰쥐에서 발효 삼정환의 항비만 효과

송미영 ( Mi Young Song ),( Shambhunath Bose ),김호준 ( Ho Jun Kim ) 한방비만학회 2013 한방비만학회지 Vol.13 No.1

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of fermented Samjung-hwan (SJH) extracts on weight, serum lipids and blood glucose. Methods: SJH was fermented using three different probiotic bacterial strains (Lactobacillus plantarum [LP], Leuconostoc mesenteroides [LM], Bifidobacterium longum [BL]) separately. Thirty-six rats were divided into normal, control (high fat diet), SJH-UF (high fat diet+unfermented SJH 200 mg/kg), SJH-LP (high fat diet+LP fermented SJH 200 mg/kg), SJH-LM (high fat diet+LM fermented SJH 200 mg/kg) and SJH-BL (high fat diet+BL fermented SJH 200 mg/kg). For 8 weeks later, we examined body weight, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and blood glucose. Results: The control group showed significantly increased weight gain compared with normal group and SJH-LP and BL groups had less weight gain than control group, significantly. In the lipid serum tests, control group showed significantly increased total cholesterol levels compared with normal group and only SJH-LP represented decreased total cholesterol levels compared with control group. However there was no significant change in the HDL-cholesteol levels. In the blood glucose tests, that of control group significantly incereased more than that of normal group, SJH-BL showed significantly decreased blood glucose levels compared with control group. Conclusions: SJH-LP, SJH-BL showed weight control effect, SJH-LP decreased TC and SJH-BL reduced blood glucose.

3T3-L1 전지방세포에서 연잎-연근 혼합 발효물의 지방세포 분화 억제 효과

이신지 ( Sin Ji Lee ),( Shambhunath Bose ),이수진 ( Su Jin Lee ),정지은 ( Ji Eun Jeong ),구병수 ( Byung Soo Koo ),김동일 ( Dong Il Kim ),김호준 ( Ho Jun Kim ) 한방비만학회 2013 한방비만학회지 Vol.13 No.2

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of fermented lotus extracts on the inhibition of differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Extracts of lotus leaf and lotus root were fermented using 4 different probiotics separately, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. Inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation was examined by Oil red O dye staining. Expressions of adipogenic transcription factors including CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBP ) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR ) were analyzed by real time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. Results: Fermented lotus extracts inhibited adipogenic transcription factors by inhibiting preadipocytes differentiation. All of the groups fermented by 4 kinds of probiotics showed reduction in Oil Red O dye staining. Bifidobacterium breve showed the most effective inhibition of C/EBP . Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum showed the best downregulation of PPAR expressions compared with the control and the unfermented lotus group. Conclusions: Fermented lotus extracts showed significant effects on inhibition of preadipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes showing correlation with insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism related with obesity.

연잎-연근 복합 발효물이 흰쥐의 내당능 및 지질대사 관련 유전자 발현에 미치는 영향

김형구 ( Hyung Gu Kim ),( Shambhunath Bose ),김동일 ( Dong Il Kim ),구병수 ( Byung Soo Koo ),김호준 ( Ho Jun Kim ) 한방재활의학과학회 2014 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.24 No.1

ObjectivesThis study was performed to evaluate the effects of fermented lotus extracts on prediabetes and hyperlipidemia in high fructose diet rats. MethodsExtracts of lotus leaf and lotus root were fermented using 4 different probiotics separately, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. Expressions of adipogenic transcription factors includ-ing Adiponectin, GLUT-4, Leptin, PPAR gamma, Resistin and Visfatin were analyzed by Real time PCR and Western blotting analysis. ResultsFermented lotus extracts reduced blood glucose. Fermented lotus extracts in-hibited adipogenic transcription factors by inhibiting preadipocytes differentiation. The level of gene expression of Adiponectin, GLUT-4, Leptin, PPAR gamma, Resistin and Visfatin in relation to that of GAPDH were increase or decrease significantly with the Fermented lotus formulation group. ConclusionsFermented lotus extracts showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects by inhibiting preadipocyte differentiation and controlling insulin sensitivity in high fructose di-et rats. (J Korean Med Rehab 2014;24(1):1-12

비만 여성에서 한방 비만 변증에 따른 홍삼의 비만 개선 효과 : 무작위 배정, 이중 맹검, 위약 대조 임상시험

권동현,이명종,임지연,Shambhunath Bose,이수진,김호준 한방비만학회 2011 한방비만학회지 Vol.11 No.1

Objectives This trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Red Ginseng by oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation on obese women as compared to placebo. Methods 50 obese women were recruited and randomized to receive Korean Red Ginseng(n=24) or placebo(n=26) for 8 weeks. Anthropometric factors,serum lipid, glucose, blood pressure, pulse rate, resting metabolic rate, Korean version of obesity-related quality of life(KOQOL) scale and oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation questionnaire were measured at baseline and 8 weeks. Adeverse events and safety outcomes variables were also checked during trials. Results and Conclusion There was significant efficacy of Red Ginseng on obese women in body weight, body fat mass, waist-hip ratio, food intake, KOQOL as compared with baseline. But there was no efficacy as compared with placebo group except KOQOL. There was no difference of efficacy compared with the oriental medical obesity syndrome differentiation.