가상통화 거래의 국제법적 문제에 대한 고찰

이상훈 ( Lee¸ Sanghoon ) 한국지급결제학회 2021 지급결제학회지 Vol.13 No.2

가상통화의 규제법, 가상통화는 그 유용한 가능성도 인식되는 한편, 외환위기 등에 빠진 나라에서 자국통화를 기피하여 비트코인으로 도피하는 움직임, 위법거래의 결제나 자금세탁에 이용하는 움직임이나, IS국 등의 테러자금 조달에 이용하는 움직임이 있는 등 국제사회에서도 문제시되기에 이르렀다. 그래서 2015년 6월 독일 엘마우에서의 G7 정상회담에서의 국제합의 및 이를 받은 FATF(Financial Action Task Force)의 안내에 따라 면허제 또는 등록제에 의한 규제를 해야 하는 것으로 정해졌다. 그런데 가상통화 거래가 국가 간에 이루어지고 여기서 분쟁이 발생한 경우 복잡한 문제가 발생한다. 분산대장기술을 이용해 이루어지는 가상화폐의 거래에 있어서는 ① 어느 나라의 법원이 관할권을 가지는가(국제재판관할권의 문제), ② 각국의 규제는 어느 정도까지 역외적용되는가(규제의 역외적용의 문제), ③ 어느 나라의 법이 적용되는가(국제사법·준거법의 문제)라는 국경을 초월한 법률문제가 쉽게 발생한다. 이러한 국경을 초월한 법률문제에 대해서는 각각의 문제에 대해 기존의 법적 틀이 존재하지만, 분산대장 기술을 이용한 가상통화이기 때문에 뭔가 특별한 법적 틀이나 고려가 필요할지가 문제가 된다. 암호화폐에 관해 발생할 수 있는 분쟁에는 암호화폐 그 자체가 다양할 것(이미 기술한 바와 같이 비트코인과 같은 발행자가 없는 암호화폐 뿐만 아니라 특정 발행자가 존재하여 자금조달을 위해 이용되는 토큰 등도 있다), 분산대장기술을 이용해 이루어지는 가상화폐의 거래에는 다양한 당사자가 관계할 수 있을 것이다. 즉, 가상화폐 거래의 고객 등의 거래 당사자, 가상화폐 교환업자 외에 발행자가 있는 가상화폐의 발행자, 플랫폼의 운영자, 어플리케이션의 개발자, 하드웨어의 제조자나 판매자, 블록체인의 노드 등 여러 가지를 생각할 수 있다. 또, 분쟁의 유형도 채무불이행을 이유로 한 이행청구나 손해배상, 불법행위를 이유로 한 손해배상이라고 하는 채권적인 청구 외 가상통화나 가상통화가 표장하는 재산적 가치나 자산 등의 반환이나 그것들의 귀속을 다툴 물권적인 청구 등도 생각할 수 있다. 규제법과의 관계에서도 분산대장기술을 이용한 금융거래와 종래의 금융기관을 중심으로 한 전통적인 거래간의 구조와 관계자의 차이를 반영하여 규제의 수신인도 다양할 수 있다. 따라서 국제재판 관할, 규제의 역외적인 적용, 준거법에 관한 문제도 어떠한 가상화폐에 관한, 어느 당사자 간의 어떠한 문제인가에 따라 적용되어야 할 법적 틀이나 검토되어야 할 문제도 다르다. 이 글에서는 그 모든 것에 대해 검토할 수는 없지만, 우선 국경을 넘는 암호화폐의 거래에 관한 법적 문제를 검토한 것으로써, ① 스위스 연방참사회의 리포트, ② 미국의 판례, ③ 영국의 Financial Markets Law Committee의 리포트 내용을 본 다음, 국제재판관할, 역외적용, 준거법에 관한 기본적인 생각과 몇 가지 구체적인 문제에 대해 검토하고자 한다. The regulatory law of cryptocurrency, the useful potential of cryptocurrency is also recognized. On the other hand, in countries that have fallen into the foreign exchange crisis, etc., there is a movement to avoid their own currency and use Bitcoin to escape, use it for payment of illegal transactions or money laundering, and a movement to use it to finance terrorism by IS countries, etc. reached. Therefore, in accordance with the international agreement at the G7 summit in Elmau, Germany in June 2015 and the guidance of the FATF (Financial Action Task Force) that received it, it was decided that regulation by the license system or registration system should be implemented. However, when cryptocurrency transactions are made between countries and disputes arise there, complex problems arise. In the case of cryptocurrency transactions made using distributed ledger technology, ① which country court has jurisdiction (a matter of international jurisdiction), ② to what extent are regulations of each country applied offshore (problem of offshore application of regulations), ③ A legal problem that transcends national borders, such as which country’s law applies (a matter of private international law and governing law), easily arises. For these cross-border legal issues, there is an existing legal framework for each issue, but since it is a cryptocurrency using distributed ledger technology, it is a question whether any special legal framework or consideration is necessary. In disputes that may arise regarding cryptocurrency, the cryptocurrency itself will be diverse (as already described, there are not only cryptocurrencies that do not have an issuer such as Bitcoin, but also tokens that are used for financing because a specific issuer exists), a variety of parties will be able to engage in cryptocurrency transactions made using distributed ledger technology. In other words, it is possible to think of various things such as transaction parties such as customers of cryptocurrency transactions, issuers of cryptocurrency with issuers other than cryptocurrency exchange companies, operators of platforms, developers of applications, manufacturers or sellers of hardware, and nodes of block chains. In addition, the type of dispute also includes claims for performance or damages on the ground of default, and claims for damages on the ground of torts, as well as the return or attribution of cryptocurrency or property values or assets marked by the cryptocurrency. We can also think of a claim for property rights to fight against it. In relation to regulatory laws, the recipients of regulations may also vary by reflecting the differences in the structure and stakeholders between financial transactions using distributed ledger technology and traditional transactions centered on conventional financial institutions. Therefore, the legal framework to be applied and the issues to be considered are different depending on the issue of international jurisdiction, extraterritorial application of regulations, and applicable law, depending on what kind of cryptocurrency or between the parties. Although it is not possible to review all of them in this article, first, the legal issues related to cross-border cryptocurrency trading are reviewed. After reading the report of the Committee, I would like to review the basic ideas and some specific issues regarding international jurisdiction, extraterritorial application, and applicable law.

Mn-ferrite 의 중금속 흡착특성 - 폐 페라이트의 중금속폐수 처리 활용 가능성

이상훈(Sanghoon Lee),윤창주(Changjoo Yoon),이희란(Heeran Lee) 대한자원환경지질학회 2003 자원환경지질 Vol.36 No.5

본 연구는 폐산화철을 이용한 폐수 중금속 제거 가능성을 알아보고자 시도되었다. 실제 폐수와폐산화철을 적용하 기에 앞서 상업적으로 구입가능한 Mn-ferrite 를 이용하여 실내 회분식 시험을 통한 흡착실험을 실시하여 pH, 접촉시 간, 중금속 농도 및 온도 등과 같은 다양한 흡착 조절인자들을 이용하여 페라이트에 의한 Cd 과 Pb 의 흡착 및 제거특 성을 알아보았다. 접촉시간을 1 에서 360 분까지 변화하여 흡착속도를 측정하였으며 일정온도에서 Cd 와 Pb 의 농도를 변화시켜 흡착등온선을 구하였다. 또한 온도(15~35 o C) 와 pH(4~10) 변화에 따른 흡착특성 변화를 고찰하였다. Cd 과 Pb 는 Freundlich 식에 잘 맞았으며 Cd 에 비하여 Pb 가 더 흡착이 잘 되었다. pH 가 높을수록 Cd 와 Pb 가 더 잘 흡착 되었으며 이는 pH 증가에 따라 수소이온 농도가 감소하고 결과적으로 표면의 흡착가용 장소가 증가하기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 같은 pH 에서 원소의 농도가 증가할 때 흡착이 더 잘 일어났다. 온도 역시 Pb 와 Cd 의 흡착능에 영향을 미쳤으며 Pb 의 경우 온도가 증가할수록 흡착정도가 높아지는 반면 Cd 의 경우 덜 흡착이 되었다. Cd 는 Pb 에 비하여더 온도에 영향을 받으며 이러한 Cd 와 Pb 의 흡착특성 차이는 Cd 에 비하여 Pb 가 더 hard 한 특성 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 폐산화철을 이용하여 각종 폐수 중금속을 제거하는 공정에 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다. We investigated possible application of waste ferrite in treating Cd and Pb in wastewater. Adsorption of Cd and Pb on Mn-Ferrite are influenced by several controlling factors such as contact time, heavy metal concentrations, pH and temperature . Both Cd and Pb achieved adsorption equilibrium within 5 minutes. Based upon this kinetic data, 24 hours of contact time was allowed for other experiment. The adsoprtion of Cd and Pb was high at high pH and high ion concentrations. The reaction was also affected by temperature. Adsorption isotherms fits well with the Freundlich isotherm equation. pH is the main controlling fator in Cd, Pb adsoption on the Mn-ferrite. Cd showed S type adsorption curve while Pb showed sorption edges, depending on the Pb concentrations.

National Health Insurance Claim Patterns of Pediatric Appendectomy Before and after the Enforcement of DRG (Diagnosis-Related Group) System in Korea

Sanghoon LEE,Yun Jung LEE,Joonhyuk SON,Jeong-Meen SEO,Suk-Koo LEE 대한외과학회 2018 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2018 No.11

The comparative efficacy and safety of IV ferric carboxymaltose versus intravenous iron sucrose for the treatment of pre-operative anemia with menorrhagia: An open-label, multicenter, randomized study

( Sanghoon Lee ),( Eun Sil Lee ),( Keun Ho Lee ),( Jeong Jae Lee ),( Tak Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2016 대한산부인과학회 학술대회 Vol.102 No.-

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is common in patients with menorrhagia that are being considered for surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) compared to iron sucrose (IS) in the treatment of pre-operative iron deficiency anemia in women with menorrhagia. Materials and Methods: This was an open-label, multicenter, randomized, 2-arm study to assess the efficacy and safety of FCM compared to IS. Subjects with menorrhagia who on pre-op workup have IDA were included in the study. Subjects were randomized to receive either intravenous FCM up to 1,000mg per session or IS up to 200mg per session. Assessment of efficacy and safety at weekly intervals was performed until 2 weeks after last dose of IV iron. SF-12 questionnaire was conducted to assess the quality of life. Results: A total of 101 patients were included in the study and 4 patients were excluded by loss to follow up. There was no difference in the mean age (44.0±5.7 vs 43.4±5.0), body weight (56.2±6.7kg vs 57.6±9.1kg), initial Hb (8.4±1.4 g/dL vs 8.4±1.1 g/dL), Hct (27.6±4.0% vs 28.0±3.0%), ferritin (5.8±5.7ng/mL vs 5.7±3.9ng/mL), and TSAT (6.1±7.3% vs 4.8±5.9%) between the FCM and the IS group. A mean of total dose administered was similar in the FCM vs IS (923.1±207.3mg vs 939.6±352.3mg, p=0.77). Proportion of patients with Hb ≥10g/dL 2 weeks after final administration (primary endpoint) was not different between two groups (FCM=43/51 vs 43/46, p=0.21). Final increase of Hb (10.7±1.1g/dL vs 11.4±1.0g/dL, p<0.01) and Hct (34.6±2.9% vs 36.0±2.9%, p=0.02) were higher in the IS group, however the increase of ferritin (301.5±174.0ng/mL vs 119.8±75.1ng/mL, p<0.01) and TSAT (32.1±18.3% vs 24.7±12.1%) were higher in the FCM group. Increasing rate of Hb was higher (0.13 vs 0.11 g/dL/day), and calculated time to Hb 10g/dL was shorter (12.3 vs 14.5 day) in the FCM than IS group. Adverse events including mild headache (n=5), and urticaria (n=3) were minimally reported in both groups. Conclusion: FCM had similar effect in terms of correction of IDA (Hb ≥10g/dL) compared to IS. Benefits of FCM were multifactorial, including reduction of hospital resource with fewer iron administration (once for FCM vs 3-8 times for IS) and a shorter time to surgical intervention.

Application of machine learning technique to find locations of "good" groundwater for mineral water

Sanghoon Lee,Dugin Kaown,Eun-Hee Koh,Hye-Lim Lee,Kang-Kun Lee 대한지질학회 2019 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2019 No.10

Porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes selected by brilliant cresyl blue staining exhibit lower level of apoptosis in cumulus cells

Sanghoon Lee,Hyo-Gu Kang,Pil-Soo Jeong,Min Ju Kim,Soo-Hyun Park,Nanjidsuren Tsevelmaa,Seung Hwan Lee,Young-Ho Park,Jong-Hee Lee,Bong-Seok Song,Bo-Woong Sim,Sun-Uk Kim 한국실험동물학회 2020 한국실험동물학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2020 No.2

Permanent Pacemaker for Syncope after Heart Transplantation with Bicaval Technique

Lee, Kyong Joo,Jung, Yun Sook,Lee, Chan Joo,Wi, Jin,Shin, Sanghoon,Kim, Taehoon,Lee, Sang Hak,Kang, Seok-Min,Lee, Moon-Hyoung,Park, Han Ki Yonsei University College of Medicine 2009 Yonsei medical journal Vol.50 No.4

<P>Sinus node dysfunction occurs occasionally after heart transplantation and may be caused by surgical trauma, ischemia to the sinus node, rejection, drug therapy, and increasing donor age. However, the timing and indication of permanent pacemaker insertion due to sinus node dysfunction following heart transplantation is contentious. Here, we report a case of a permanent pacemaker insertion for syncope due to sinus arrest after heart transplantation, even with a bicaval technique, which has been known to associate with few incidences of sinus node dysfunction.</P>

Phase 1/2a Trial of a Bioartificial Liver Support System (LifeLiver) for Acute Liver Failure Patients

( Sanghoon Lee ),( Ji-hyun Lee ),( Doo-hoon Lee ),( Dong Hyun Sinn ),( Choon Hyuck David Kwon ),( Jeong-kwon Noh ),( In Keun Jang ),( Hey- Jung Park ),( Hee-hoon Yoon ),( Suk-koo Lee ) 대한간학회 2018 춘·추계 학술대회 (KASL) Vol.2018 No.1

Aims: Bioartificial liver (BAL) support offers a potential means of improving survival of acute liver failure (ALF) patients by providing partial liver function until a suitable donor liver is found or the native liver undergoes regeneration. Previous studies have suggested that ALF patients treated using BAL maintain a more stable medical condition, which may positively influence outcome after liver transplant (LT). This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the LifeLiver BAL system in ALF patients. Methods: Patients with evidence of acute liver failure exhibiting hepatic encephalopathy grade 2 or worse who were listed for deceased donor liver transplant were eligible for enrollment. Hepatocytes were harvested from 3~4 weeks old male pigs weighing 4 to 10 kg, raised in a sterile environment. The isolate hepatocytes were cultured to form spheroids and were then mixed with 1.5% alginate solution and placed in a high content/speed immobilization apparatus and dropped into 100mM calcium solution. The Ca-alginate-immobilized hepatocyte spheroid beads were packed within the bioreactor of the BAL system. BAL treatment was continued for up to 12 hours. Results: Six patients were given BAL treatment and were included in the safety analysis. Adverse events related to BAL treatment included coagulopathy (increased INR), pneumonia, sepsis and disease progression. One patient developed upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding and sepsis following BAL treatment and eventually died while waiting for transplant. No evidence of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) were seen. Five patients completed the study per protocol and were included in the efficacy analysis. Four patients showed apparent decrease in serum ammonia levels and MELD scores during BAL treatment. Hepatic encephalopathy either decreased or remained stable throughout the BAL treatment period in 4 patients. Conclusions: The LifeLiver BAL support system showed safety and efficacy in ALF patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Two patients were successfully bridged to liver transplantation.

Super learner technique to combine several learners in groundwater potential mapping

Sanghoon Lee,Dugin Kaown,Eun-Hee Koh,Hye-Lim Lee,Kyung-Seok Ko,Kang-Kun Lee 대한지질학회 2020 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2020 No.10

Development of a prognosis‐prediction model incorporating genetic polymorphism with pathologic stage in stage I non‐small cell lung cancer: A multicenter study

Lee, Won Kee,Lee, Shin Yup,Choi, Jin Eun,Seok, Yangki,Lee, Eung Bae,Lee, Hyun Cheol,Kang, Hyo‐,Gyoung,Yoo, Seung Soo,Lee, Myung Hoon,Cho, Sukki,Jheon, Sanghoon,Kim, Young Chul,Oh, In Jae,Na, Koo John WileySons Australia, Ltd 2017 Thoracic cancer Vol.8 No.3

<P><B>Background</B></P><P>This multicenter study was performed to develop a prognosis‐prediction model incorporating genetic polymorphism with pathologic stage for surgically treated non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>A replication study including 720 patients and a panel of eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which predicted the prognosis of surgically treated NSCLC in our previous study, was conducted. Using the combined cohort of current and previous studies including 1534 patients, a nomogram for predicting overall survival was made using Cox proportional hazards regression.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Among the eight SNPs, C3 rs2287845, GNB2L1 (alias RACK1), and rs3756585 were significantly associated with overall survival. A nomogram was constructed based on pathologic stage and the genotypes of the two SNPs, and the risk score was calculated for each patient in the combined cohort. Using the prognosis‐prediction model, we categorized patients into low, intermediate, and high‐risk groups, which had greater accuracy in predictive ability (log‐rank statistics = 54.66) than the conventional tumor node metastasis staging (log‐rank statistics = 39.56). Next, we generated a prognosis‐prediction model for stage I to identify a subgroup of potential candidates for adjuvant chemotherapy. Notably, 97 out of 499 stage IB patients were classified as high‐risk patients with a similar prognosis to stage II patients, suggesting the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>This prognosis‐prediction model incorporating genetic polymorphism with pathologic stage may lead to more precise prognostication in surgically resected NSCLC patients. In particular, this model may be useful in selecting a subgroup of stage IB patients who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy.</P>