Disruption of rsmA Gene of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 and Effect on Pathogenicity

Kim, Min Keun,Kang, Tae Ho,Kim, Sung Kyum,Jeong, Yu Seok,Yun, Han Dae,Kim, Hoon The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2012 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.55 No.6

The rsmA gene was cloned from soft-rot bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum LY34 (Pcc LY34), and its role in pathogenicity was investigated by marker exchange mutagenesis. From a cosmid library of Pcc LY34 genomic DNA, a positive clone carrying the rsmA gene was selected, and the gene was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The gene is 186 bp in size and encodes a protein of 62 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 6,839 Da. The calculated pI of the RsmA is 8.16. The phylogenetic tree showed that the RsmA of Pcc LY34 appeared genetically identical to the CsrA of Pectobacterium atrosepticum SCRI1043 (100% identity) and similar to the CsrA of Yersinia pestis KIM10+(98.3%). The gene was disrupted by the $Km^r$ gene, and the cells became mutated (i.e., $RsmA^-$ mutant). The pathogenicity test revealed that the disease rating of the $RsmA^-$ mutant only differed slightly from that of the wild type on a slice of potato tuber and a Chinese cabbage stalk. These results suggest that RsmA is not an essential factor for the pathogenicity of Pcc LY34 and that the rsmA gene of Pcc LY34 is not completely derepressed in the $RsmA^-$ mutant for virulence-related genes, contrary to the results of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora $RsmA^-$ mutant, which proved hypervirulent for celery petioles. These results showed that the microenvironmental conditions of the host and/or strain of pathogen are important for the coordination of virulence gene expression.

운동선수의 성격유형에 관한 비교 연구

김성휘,김익겸,박영균 경희대학교 체육과학연구소 2001 體育學論文集 Vol.29 No.-

This study was designed to investigate the personality types of college student through examining their personality types by a psychological method called the MBTI test according to sex, universities, academic years, competitive item, and collective and individual athletes. The following conclusion is obtained through the MBTI test over 325 collegiate athletes. 1. The result of the MBTI test based on sex is that in the case of male athletes, ESTJ is much more prevalent than in the case of ordinary collegiate students, while in the case of female athletes, ISTP is much more prevalent than in the case of ordinary collegiate students. 2. The result of the MBTI test based on universities is that ISTJ is prevalent in D and K universities is that ISTJ is prevalent in KP university. 3. The result of the MBTI test based on the academic year is that ISTP is prevalent in freshmen and sophomores, while ESTP is (prevalent) in juniors and ESTJ is in seniors. 4. The result of MBTI test baser on competitive items is thst ESTJ is prevalent in Rugby, Taekwondo, volleyball ; ISTJ is in soccer, basketball, badminton and hockey ; ISTJ & ESTJ are in gymnastics ; ISFP is rowing ; ISTP is in wrestling ; INTP is in boxing. 5. The result of the MBTI test baser on collective and individual athletes is that ESTJ is prevalent in collective athletes, while ISTP is in individual athlete.

경영자의 국민경제적 사명 : 한국적 경영자상과 관련하여

김상겸 연세대학교 경영대학원 1970 經營論叢 Vol.4 No.1

독일 지방자치단체의 헌법소원 : 보충성을 중심으로

김상겸 東義大學校 法政硏究所 1998 공공정책연구 Vol.14 No.-

非同調的 效用函數下에서의 環境稅의 效果 : 二重配當假設에 대한 硏究 An Analysis on Double Dividend Hypothesis

金尙謙 한국경제학회 2002 經濟學硏究 Vol.50 No.4

세수중립적 환경세정책의 도입으로 환경의 질적 개선 및 조세효율성 제고라는 두 가지 정책목표를 동시에 달성할 수 있음을 요지로 한 이중배당가설(Double Dividend Hypothesis)은 1990년대 중반 이후 발표된 일련의 일반균형분석 연구들에 의해 부정되고 있는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결론이 도출된 배경에는 초기상태의 조세체계와 효용함수의 동조성이 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 지적하였다. 아울러, 계산적 일반균형모의실험(Computational General Equilibrium Simulation)을 통해서 효용함수에 특정한 형태의 비동조성이 부여되는 경우 이중배당가설이 성립할 수 있음을 밝혔다. Earlier papers, represented by Bovenberg and his co-authors, have shown that, if utility function is assumed to be homothetic, and if the utility from the consumption, leisure, and the environment are separable, it is impossible to have a "double dividend" from an environmental tax reform. This paper casts a doubt on the generality of this result, since the conclusion was derived from the rather strict assumptions such as homothetic and separable preference. In this paper, with simple-static CGE simulations, I show that, if certain kind of non-homotheticity is allowed, environmental tax reform can achieve positive non-environmental effect, which is efficiency gain in tax system. Thus, there should be no presumption regarding the idea of double dividend.

轉換期에 선 企業經營

金相謙 연세대학교 경영대학원 1969 經營論叢 Vol.3 No.2

여기에 산학협동의 긴요성이 특히 강조되는 것이지만 여기에는 먼저 경영자의 전문가적 기능을 충분히 발휘할 수 있는 여건창조로서 공개회사체의 일반호, 주식소유의 분리에 따르는 전문가 경영층의 확고한 대두가 있어야 하고 이들 경영자들의 바르고 동적인 기능 발휘를 이론면에서 뒷받침할 경영학의 발전이 또한 있어야 하겠다. 경영학은 넓은 의미의 경영과학에 속하고 특히 실천과학으로서의 성격과 임무를 지닌 것이니만큼 경영학자들의 경영참여를 통하여 응용과학으로서의 질을 발전시켜야 한다. 그렇고보면 산학협동은 경영자 정신의 능동적인 진작과 그 실천을 위하여서나 경영학자체의 발전과 그 실천적 임무의 청달을 위하여 조국근대화로의 의욕적 전진을 다짐하는 오늘날 무엇보다도 긴요한 과제라고 함은 제삼 강조할 필요도 없는 일이라고 하겠다.

환경국가와 환경영향평가제도

김상겸 한국환경법학회 2003 環境法 硏究 Vol.25 No.1

In dieser Arbeit mde das Thema Umweltstaat und Umweltvertr&&hkeitsprtifung behandelt. Heutzutage ist der Umwelt am wichtigsten der Gegenstand und fiir das Leben von uns das Ziel. Anders als das Grundgesetz in Deutschland findet sich die koreanische Verfassung keine Regelung Staatsziel Umweltschutz . Sie regelt doch das Grundrecht auf Umwelt in Art. 35. Dieser Artikel beinhaltet auch &e Umweltschutzpflicht von dem Staat und Volk. Umweltstaatsprinzip setzt trotz aller Einschr~ungen den verfassungsrechtlichen Grundsatzen von Demokratie, Souveriinitiit, Rechtsstaat und Sozialstaat, usw. gleich, und konnte dann bezeichnen. Im Umweltrecht gibt es einige Grundprinzipien: Vorsorgeprinzip, Verursacherprinzip, Gemeinlastprinzip und Kooperationsprinzip. Davon sind die Wichtige in der Umweltvertriighchkeitsprufung: Vorsorgeprinzip und Kooperationsprinzip. Da die Umweltvertr&lichkeitsprufung als eine Institution vom Umweltschutz die wichtige Rolle spielt, sind die beiden Prinzipien erforderlich. In der koreanischen Umweltrechtsgeschichte bekommt die Umweltvertrilglichkeitsprufung eine wichtige Meutung. Seit 1977 gibt es die Umweltvertr2glichkeitspnifung im koreanische Umweltgesetz. In 1999 hat sich das System von der Umweltvertr2glichkeitspriifung veriindert. Fiir den Umweltschutz wurde ein gesamtes Gesetz der Umweltvertrilglichkeitspriifung festgesetzt. Dieses Gesetz beinhaltet die Umweltvertr2glichkeitsprufung uh Umwelt, Verkehr und Ungliick usw. Das zielt auf Umweltschutz und wiirde in der Zukunft den Umweltstaat verwirklichen.

한국에 있어서 법과전문대학원의 도입에 관한 연구

김상겸 東國大學校 比較法文化硏究所 2005 比較法硏究 Vol.6 No.1

현대사회는 정보사회이다. 정보가 모든 것을 좌우하는 사회에서는 정보를 가진 자가 상대적 우위를 가지고 활동하게 된다. 컴퓨터와 인터넷으로 구성된 정보사회는 시간적 요소에 따라 그 가치가 결정된다. 이런 현상은 이미 사회 각 분야에서 나타나고 있다. 이를 위하여 세계 각국은 시대에 맞는 인재를 배출하기 위하여 다양한 노력을 있다. 법학의 분야에서도 예외는 아니다. 사법제도개혁추진위원회의 법학전문대학원제도의 도입은 그 취지에도 불구하고 시간을 요하는 정보화 시대에 맞지 않는 제도이다. 대학을 졸업하고 법학교육을 받는다는 것이 법학의 전문화에 어떻게 기여하는지 그 효과도 의문이다. 그리고 장기간의 교육과 노력으로 얻어진다고 현대 정보사회에서 경쟁력을 확보할 수는 없다. 또한 법학전문대학원을 졸업하고 사법시험을 통과한다고 전문법률가가 될 수 있는지도 의문이다. 더 나아가 법학이란 학문적 특수성이 3년이란 기간을 통하여 법전문가를 양성할 수 있는 것은 아니기 때문에 오히려 시간과 경제적 소모만 부추길 가능성이 많다. 어떤 제도든 완벽한 제도는 없다. 왜냐하면 완벽한 인간은 없기 때문이다. 제도란 한번 만들면 고치기 그리 쉽지 않기 때문에 제도의 개선을 위하여 좀 더 신중하게 중지를 모으는 것이 필요하다. 그런 점에서 이번 개혁안은 우선 문제가 있다고 본다. 오히려 현행 법학교육제도의 개선과 이와 연계하여 사법시험제도를 손질함으로써 현 시대적 상황에 맞는 개선방안을 강구하는 것이 옳다고 본다. 즉 법학교육제도개혁의 취지가 보다 나은 국민에 대한 법률서비스의 강화와 세계화 시대에 부합하는 법조인의 양성이라면 현 제도를 중심으로 보다 집중화와 신속성을 통하여 법률가를 양성하면 될 것이다. Modern society is a information-based society. In a society where information control everything, one gains the relative power when having the information. Information-based society made up of computer and internet varies its value according to chronological factor. This phenomenon is already seen in various areas of society. For the preparation of this, the world is now striving to get competent people proper for the current age. The area of law is not an exception. The introduction of law school executed by the Judicial Reformation Committee does not fit the current time-requiring-information-based society in spite of its objective. It is also questionable how it contributes to the specialization of law to receive law education after graduating university. Further, long term education and effort does not produce competitive power in the modern information-based society. It is also doubtful if graduating law school and passing the Bar-examination make specialists of law. Further, due to the academic characteristic of law, 3 years of education does not guarantee production of competitive specialists, this institution is highly possible to become a economical waste. Every institution has a flaw because there is no perfect person. Institution is hard to improve and change once it is made, it is necessary to have a more cautious attitude in order to reach agreement. In this aspect, the reform bill has some problems. It might be better instead to improve and mend the current law education system and the Bar-examination institution according to the modern social environment. In other words, if the purpose of law education reform is to enforce services toward the people and to produce competent lawyers who fit the global age, improving the current institution through concentration and rapidity might be the answer.

폐기물관련법제에 관한 헌법적 고찰

김상겸 한국환경법학회 2004 環境法 硏究 Vol.26 No.3

Late in the 20th century, as the international economy was activated, the amount of waste sharply increased. This is same as our case, doing economic activity, with manufacture in its center. The simple disposal of daily and industrial waste has come to limit and requires a turning point in waste disposal policies. Korea has taken strong measures in the matter of waste disposal since the 1990s. The government made a "national waste disposal program" and implemented the first plan from 1993 to 2001. The second one is now in progress which is planned from 2002 to 2011. This plan is a long term plan based on Art. 8 Waste Disposal Act. It is one of the superior plans of Waste Disposal with Resource Recycling and the among the Long Assembly Plan of Environmental Preservation. This is considered an innovative project in disposing the waste which is the main factor of environmental pollution. Of course, the problems cannot be solved out only by government interference. Citizens and enterprises, who have the rights to environment and who are responsible for it, should actively correspond to the government policy. Agenda 21, declared in Rio-Convention in 1992, reflects the perception that we cannot protect nature just with simple preservation. We should rather be active by minimizing waste, recycling. Through these efforts, we can make the balance between environment and exploitations. The 21th century is an era of environment. The Constitution does not define the Environmental State Principle. But the basic directions are stated for comfortable life like the right to environment or the responsibility for environmental preservation. Within the whole system of Environmental Law, provisions should be revised to directions accepting the actual contents like a certainty of role division per subject, a systematization for the effectual propelling of disposal plan. Also, along with the recycling of waste, we should present a clear criterion for facilities that enable efficient waste disposal process.

科學的 態度 및 興味를 爲한 學習方法 및 學習資料 開發에 關한 硏究

吳允謙,金英昊,左升元 濟州敎育大學 科學敎育硏究所 1977 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this study is to lead learners to observe the natural objects and phenomena correctly, and set up practical examples of effective methods for the study of elementary science by the learners participating at positive activities in the study with absorbing interest. I have analysed the problems existing in the study of elementary science which is being progressed in the proper educational institutes upon my investigation of the study from the following points of view : 1. Learning method in elementary science which pupils are desirous of. 2. Constitution of school course requested in the study of elementary science 3. Interest of the pupi1s in their study of elementary science. 4. Response shown by the parents of the pupils ill their own study of elementary science. As the result of my analysis mentioned above, the followinig problems have been detected : 1. The further pupils advance in their study of the subject, the more they are interested in independent study of method, and the more they are desirous of individual experiment needed in its study. 2. Questions, instructions, and demonstrations given on the part of teachers have great influences on durability of the pupils' interest and concern in consequence of their teaching methods. 3. The result of my analysis shows 5,2% of the pupils are fond of the subject, and 22,3% of them are not; (N=578) the followings are the reasons shown in otation as described : a. Contents of the subject are hard to make out. b. Vast bulk of contents of the subject is unbearable. c. Scientific terms used in the subject are inintelligible. d. The subject is uninteresting. The reasons of their being fond of the subject are : a. They have chances of conducting experiments and observation on the subject. b. They can enjoy pleasure experiments on the subject. 4. The subject meets with little response on the part of the parents on the occasion of their own study of the subject, proving of little service to them. The reasons ascertained are : a. They lack understanding of the contents of the subject. (54.2%) b. They can hardly afford to prepare for research materials (36.2%) This shows the fact that we can hardly warrant any sanguine expectations regarding their home learning of the subject, The following are methods of teaching conducted practically in order to solve the abovementioned problems, the result of which got the Pupils interested intensively in their study of the subject, bring on a remarkable change in their learning attitude : 1. Teaching method by funny form style ( applied by the lesson, "Light and Shawdgw", 2nd Pear grae) 2. Teaching method by vigorous mannerr of acfivity in teaching (applied by the lesson, ('Eleectric Current and Magnetic Field, 6th year grade) a. Investigation of the pupils, readiness. b. Presentation of phenomena for independent study of the subject. 3. Teaching method by analysis of teaching materials.