Targeting synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease therapy.

Nistic?, Robert,Pignatelli, Marco,Piccinin, Sonia,Mercuri, Nicola B,Collingridge, Graham Humana Press 2012 Molecular neurobiology Vol.46 No.3

<P>In the past years, major efforts have been made to understand the genetics and molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been translated into extensive experimental approaches aimed at slowing down or halting disease progression. Advances in transgenic (Tg) technologies allowed the engineering of different mouse models of AD recapitulating a range of AD-like features. These Tg models provided excellent opportunities to analyze the bases for the temporal evolution of the disease. Several lines of evidence point to synaptic dysfunction as a cause of AD and that synapse loss is a pathological correlate associated with cognitive decline. Therefore, the phenotypic characterization of these animals has included electrophysiological studies to analyze hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation, a widely recognized cellular model for learning and memory. Transgenic mice, along with non-Tg models derived mainly from exogenous application of Aβ, have also been useful experimental tools to test the various therapeutic approaches. As a result, numerous pharmacological interventions have been reported to attenuate synaptic dysfunction and improve behavior in the different AD models. To date, however, very few of these findings have resulted in target validation or successful translation into disease-modifying compounds in humans. Here, we will briefly review the synaptic alterations across the different animal models and we will recapitulate the pharmacological strategies aimed at rescuing hippocampal plasticity phenotypes. Finally, we will highlight intrinsic limitations in the use of experimental systems and related challenges in translating preclinical studies into human clinical trials.</P>

자기공명 분석법을 이용한 백서 피판의 대사에 대한 연구

이윤,이대근,임태환,윤근철,고경석,이춘신,정복성 대한성형외과학회 1992 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.19 No.3

Innumerable techniques have been used to measure, index, or predict the viability of skin flaps after elevation. However, these are largely indirect and don't accurately reflect the events that occur at kthe cellular level. A method was sought that gives direct, reproducible, and accurate data about physiological and biochemical changes that occur during flap elevation. Because of its ability to monitor changes in the levels of high energy phosphorus metabolites(ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, PC or phosphocreatine, Pi or inorganic phosphate), 31-P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) holds promise of providing direct assessment of the metabolic status and biochemical changes that occur during skin flap elevation. MRS monitoring was performed on three portions of raised random pattern skin flaps of 5 rats. The spectrometer used for 31-P nuclear magnetic resonance analysis was a Bruker Biospec(4.7 Tesla) system, and a modified surface coil constructed of two layers of copper coil was used. The results have validated the ability of 31-P MRS to : 1. define the regional flxes in the levels of ATP, PCr, and Pi in skin flaps. 2. demonstrate that, of these, PCr levels represent the most sensitive indicator of flap well being. 3. measure intracellular pH through the chemical shift of the Pi resonance. 4. establish predictive correlations between profile of normal, compromised, and failing skin flaps and have thus prepared the way for noninvasive in vivo topical magnetic resonance investigations of flaps.

Robert T. Oliver : Visionary in Intercultural Communication

Robert Shuter 한국광고PR실학회 2011 광고PR실학연구 Vol.4 No.1

로버트 올리버(Robert T. Oliver)는 수사학과 커뮤니케이션 분야의 선각자이자, 문화 간 커뮤니케이션에서 아시아 중심적 접근법을 사용한 선구자였으며, 1940∼1950년대 초창기 대한민국의 발전에 영향을 미친 중요한 인물이다. 이 논문에서는 올리버 교수가 문화 간 커뮤니케이션 연구에 기여한 네 가지 영향을 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 즉, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에서 유럽 중심적 편향에 대한 비판, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에서 아시아 중심적 대안의 제시, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구에 있어서 문화 간 전망의 활성화, 수사학 및 커뮤니케이션 연구를 위한 장으로써의 국제외교의 구상이 그 네 가지 영향이다.

The Emergence of Zimbabwe's Economy and Its Persistent Obstacles

Robert Mugabe(Robert Mugabe ),Morgan Tsvangirai(Morgan Tsvangirai ) 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.9 No.1

Zimbabwe’s economy has had a tumultuous history since gaining independence in 1980. Initially, the economy was buoyed by favourable foreign investment and a flourishing agricultural sector. However, in the 1990s and 2000s, a combination of hyperinflation, sanctions, and mismanagement led to a collapse of the economy. In recent years, Zimbabwe has made progress in stabilizing its economy and has seen modest growth. Despite this progress, the country still faces numerous persistent obstacles to further economic growth. This paper will explore the emergence of Zimbabwe’s economy since its independence and examine the main obstacles that have impeded further growth. It will discuss the causes of Zimbabwe’s economic collapse in the 1990s and 2000s, and how the government has attempted to address these issues. Additionally, it will look at the impact of external factors such as sanctions and foreign investment on the economy, as well as the role of financial institutions and other organizations in promoting economic development. Finally, it will provide an assessment of whether or not Zimbabwe’s economy is likely to continue to grow in the future and what additional measures may be necessary for it to do so. Through an analysis of Zimbabwe’s economic history and the current challenges it faces, this paper will provide valuable insight into the obstacles that must be overcome for the country to achieve long-term economic growth. It will also identify potential steps that may be taken to ensure the continued success of Zimbabwe’s economy and help to inform future economic policy.

Moral, Metamorphosis, Merriment : The Mix of Earnest and Play in Henryson's Fables

Robert Newlin 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2007 영미연구 Vol.17 No.-

Moral gravity and ludic energy lie close but uneasily together in the medieval animal fable. These elements are particularly active in Robert Henryson's Morall Fabilis; even as he presents his traditionally didactic tales, Henryson explores the tensions and potentials of this mix. This paper focuses upon Henryson's fifth fable, "The Trial of the Fox"-and explores how that trial (and its animal participants) rewrites the fable form.

Forging A New Judicial Attitude to International Commercial Arbitration in Canada; the UNCITRAL Model Law in Canadian Courts

Robert K. Paterson(Robert K. Paterson ) 한국캐나다학회 1998 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.4 No.-

CANADA’S WORLD IDENTITY IN SPORT: A LEGACY OF WINTER

Robert A. Stebbins(Robert A. Stebbins ) 한국캐나다학회 2010 Asia-Pacific Journal of Canadian Studies (APJCS) Vol.16 No.1·2

Canada has an international image in sport that rests on six winter activities: curling, ice-hockey, figure skating, freestyle skiing, short-track speed skating, and snowboarding. A world-wide reputation for one or more sports or leisure activities is not an uncommon national identifier, even while it is impossible to view many countries in this light. The six winter sports are briefly described and Canada’s prominence in them supported with data from the Olympic Games. The serious leisure perspective is then presented as the theoretic framework for understanding these activities and their place in Canadian society. Finally, some implications of this wintery identity for Canada and Canadians are considered.

Ekphrasis and Whiteness in Recent American Poetry

( Robert Grotjohn ) 한국영어영문학회 2014 영어 영문학 Vol.60 No.3

The ekphrastic has become a frequent exercise for contemporary American poets. This study adds to the growing research on varieties of ekphrasis by discussing the various functions of whiteness in works by four poets. Natasha Trethewey, in her most recent volume, Thrall (2012), offers a series of poems inspired by 17th- and 18th-century Latin American casta paintings, which depict and catalogue variations of mixed-race couples and their children. After considering the eclipsing of whiteness in Trethewey’s “ethnic ekphrasis,” I will turn to the whiteness in Robert Hass’s ekphrastic on Vermeer’s Woman Pouring Milk titled “Art and Life,” from his National Book Award and Pulitzer Prize winning collection Time & Materials (2008), as an example of “elliptical ekphrasis.” The play on whiteness continues with Alice Fulton’s “fractal ekphrasis in “Close,” from her volume Felt (2001), in which she considers Joan Mitchell’s White Territory, an abstract expressionist painting. Finally, Harryette Mullens’ “Xenophobic Nightmare in a Foreign Language” from Sleeping with the Dictionary (2002), challenges the traditions of the ekphrastic and of poetry itself in her “post-ethnic/postekphrastic ekphrasis.”

THE U.S. INITIATIVE ON JOINT IMPLEMENTATION : AN ASIA-PACIFIC PERSPECTIVE

Dixon, Robert K. The Institute for Far Eastern Studies, Kyungnam Un 1998 人文學硏究 Vol.23 No.-

Economic, energy, and environmental security is a tripartite challenge to developing and develped countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the burning of fossil fuels are growing rapidly in Asia. Flexible economic instruments, such as joint implementation (JI) and emissions trading, offer a means concomitantly to facilitate economic, energy, and environmental security. The U.S. Initiative on Joint Implementation (IJI) was established as a pilot program to facilitate voluntary project investments by U.S. entities to reduce GHG emissions worldwide. U.S. IJI, working under guidelines established by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), has developed a set of operational criteria for evaluating project proposals. To date, U.S. IJI has received more than 150 project proposals, of which thirty-one have been accepted into the pilot program. These projects represent a diverse set of innovative technologies and practices in thirteen countries. Preliminary estimates suggest that cumulative net emission reductions as a result of these project are expected to be more than 30 million Mt C (megatons of carbon). Descriptions and case studies of two U.S. IJI projects in Southeast Asia are considered: carbon sequestration in Indonesia through reduced impact logging, and a rural electrification project in Sri Lanka. Experiences from U.S. IJI provide a basis for considering ways to implement emissions reductions under the UN FCCC Kyoto Protocol.

Inhibition of Nuclear Factor κB Activation and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression by Aqueous Extracts of Hispanic Medicinal Herbs

Robert A. Orlando,Amanda M.,Lucy A. Hunsaker,Carolina R.,Robert E. Royer,David L. Vander Jagt,Dorothy J. Vander Jagt 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.4

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a primary choice of therapy for diseases with a chronic inflammatory component. Unfortunately, long-term NSAID therapy is often accompanied by severe side effects, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal complications. Because of this, there is critical need for identification of new and safer treatments for chronic inflammation to circumvent these side effects. Inflammatory diseases have been successfully remedied with natural herbs by many cultures. To better understand the potential of natural herbs in treating chronic inflammation and to identify their mechanism of action, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of 20 medicinal herbs commonly used in the Hispanic culture. We have established a standardized method for preparing aqueous extracts (teas) from the selected medicinal herbs and screened for inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which is the central signaling pathway of the inflammatory response. A number of herbal teas were identified that exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. In particular, tea from the herb commonly called laurel was found to be an especially potent inhibitor of NF-κB-dependent cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression and prostaglandin E2 production in cultured murine macrophages. These findings indicate that laurel tea extract contains potent anti-inflammatory compounds that function by inhibiting the major signal transduction pathway responsible for inducing an inflammatory event. Based on these results, laurel may represent a new, safe therapeutic agent for managing chronic inflammation.