孫文의 民族主義에 관한 硏究 : 辛亥革命期를 中心으로 With a Major Focus on the Shin Hai Revolution

羅善吉 東亞大學校 大學院 1986 大學院論文集 Vol.11 No.-

This paper aims to investigate how sun wenism became the foremost political doctrine of today's China, wich a major focus upon the developmental processes of historical events. Sun Wen walked the course of anti-imperialism, anti-Ch'ing revolutionist to save China from the incompetent Ch'ing dynasty and the economic exploitation of western powers. Sun Wen initiated his unique Three People's Principles, which acted not only as central ideas behind a series of revolutionary movements in his time but still are providing with a core political ideology for China today. Under this perspective, this paper is composed of following frameworks. In Chapter Two, Sun's activities are summerized centering aroung the Tung meng Hui which was established before the shinhai revolution. The organization functioned as a unifying center for the various revolutionary forces that were widely diversified during Sun's esile in Japan. It was during this time that Sun Wenism came into being, acting both as a central idea for the anti-Ch'ing revolution and as an underlying ideology of the foundation of the Republic of China. Chater three illustrates the development of the shinhai Revolution alng with the then Sun Wen's diplomatic activities. It also clarifies how Sun's revolutionary spirit shows up throughthe progress of the formation of the Republic of China. wian s'kai's anti-revolutionary government which drove the revolution into a failure, and the process of the formation of the Kuomintang are also explained in detail. Finally, The author tried to point out some limitations of Sun's nationalism and his revolutionary movements and to explain how they influenced the revolutionitself and caused subsequent political events in chiness history. Sun Wen's nationalism should be understood not as a mere racial emotionalism but as a revelation of modern democracy in that he advocated the people's rights objecting to th imperial despotism. He longed for a democratic government in China and his efforts contributed to the birth of the first republican government in Asia, wherein lies the historical singnificance.

만성기침 환자의 면역학적 지표와 기도과민성

나문준,백만순 凡石學術奬學財團 2000 凡石學術論文集 Vol.4 No.-

孫文의 民族主義에 관한 硏究 : 主로 民族主義轉換의 背景을 中心으로

羅善吉 東亞大學校 1986 東亞論叢 Vol.23 No.1

Sun Wen's nationalism witnessed a grand Switchover from the old San Min Chu I revolution to the brand new stage, triggered by the May 4th Revolution in 1919, after the development extending over a guarter of century from the late 19th century through the early 20th. It came in evidence at length in November 1923, as the advocation of Anti-imperialism and Anti-militarists ideology and the reshuffling of Kuomintang which followed. It was also characterized by a declaration of pro-communism and the acceptance of the policy for laborers and farmers, which provided the momentum and the kuomintang to take off from a local construction centering around the kwantung province supported by Huitang and foreign immigrants toward a nation-wide and mass organization. This study aimed to clarify the fundamental factors underlying this historical tunover and proceeded the discussions in following order; First, the domestic situation of china since after the second revolution until sunk switchover of nationalism was examined. Second, the relations between Sun Wen and the then Sino-Politics of western powers were analized of which the details include: ① the relation between Sun Wen and Western powers, ② the relation between Sun Wen and Japan. ③ the relation between Sun Wen and Comintern. Third, the determinants and nature of the reorganization of the Kuomintang and the evolution of nationalism thereafter were investigated. Through the aforementioned discussions, the author concluded that the motive for the switch-over of the Sun Wen's nationalism could be summed up as follows: The reflection on the successive frustrations during the so-called old San Min Chu I period, the lessons from the subsequent new cultural movement and the May 4th movement, the deepened understanding of the October Revolution in Russia and the rise of the Chinese Communist Party were considered to have had major influences. Specifically, the denouncement from the part of the imperialistic countries including Japan, and the rapprochement policy toward Sun of Comintern on the other side, which was the result of Lenin's oriental policy acted as a decisive factor.

孫文의 民族主義의 展開過程 : with respect to Huijhou Rebellion

惠州起義를 中心으로 東亞大學校 1983 東亞論叢 Vol.20 No.2

Huijhou Rebellion was attempted in Japan after Sun Yat-Sen's failure in the First Kwangju Rebellion in 1895 and its progress had a close relationship with Japanese continental policy. In August 1897, Sun Yat-Sen arrived in Japan, putting an end to his 2 years' exile in Europe and since that time on he exerted all his energy to the expansion of Anti-Ching revolutionary organizaiton. As a result, he succeded in binding together several parties as a unified body of Anti-Ching revolutionary power, despite the failure in cooperation with Baohuang pai which had basically different ideas. By the end of 1899 Hsing Han Hui was established and Sun Yat-Sen was elected as its president in general. Meanwhile he got involved in the Philippine independence movement of 1899 and as the movement ended in failure, the weapon of the Philippine independence force was passed on to Sun Yat-Sen's disposal. Also he received Japanese promise to aid in the Huijhou Rebelion in exchange for Macao problem which had long been the target of Japanese government's political design for continental invasion. However, with the advent of new I-to Cabinet in 1900 October 19th, and the consequent change in Japanese diplomatic policy, the Rebellion was proved to be a total failure. By carefully observing the process of the Huijhou Rebellion, following several ideas can be summed up. First, since the rebellion was designed in cooperation with the conflicting Japanese aggressive policy, it was rather natural that the design was frustrated by the Japanese policy variables. Second, Sun Yat-Sen's policitcal ideas thoroughly directed to the western democratic model. Third, his nationalism in this phase was limited only to Anti-Ching nationalism. However Sun Yat-sen's secret involvement in Philippine independence movement in this period proved to be an expression of nationalism, anti-imperialistic in its nature and common among the suppressed nations. Furthermore, a severe oppression imposed by both Britain and Japan upon Sun Yat-sen and his Anti-Ching nationalistic followers had a great impact upon the later development of sun Yat-sen's nationalism.

孫文의 民族主義의 形成背景과 初期의 展開過程

羅善吉 東亞大學校 大學院 1983 大學院論文集 Vol.7 No.-

This paper aims to find out Sun Wen's political thoughts with special references to the formation of the early stages and its development. Sun Wen's nationalism was developed against the inefficiency and corruption of the conquering Ching dynasty from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, and the wretchedness of China which had been deprived of her political, economic and territorial rights by the gunboat diplomacy of the Western powers. Sun Wen born in Kuang Doong where he was easily touched by anti-Ching nationalism and reformism, was already infected by the revolutionary ideas of anti-Ching nationalism in his early days. Living and being educated in Western cultural area as a boy, he had fully realized the back wardness of his own country and deepened his political senses. He became a Christian and adhered to the Western cultures and especially he was charmed by American democracy. In 1885, at the age of 19, he fixed his aim of anti-Ching revolution, and in 1886 entered a modern Western medical school, and in 1892, became doctor. Sun Wen carefully prepared the ground for an anti-Ching revolution during the 5 years in the medical school and the days as a practitioner. He finally established the Hsing Choong Hui, the predecessor of the Kuomintang, and he gave rise to the First Kuangju Rebellion which was the first armed strife against the Ching Dynasty. Since this rebellion proved a complete failure, he fled from his own country as a revolutionist in exile. Living in exile, he rose that famous London Event, and during the following 2 years' stay in London, the Three People's Principles were built up. With the above mentioned background, discussions in this study can be summarized as follows: First, Sun Wen, who yielded the seat of honor which would be the head of the future Government, was a model of true leader. Secondly, he had many admirable qualifications to be a gifted leader; magnanimity, broad perspective, calmness and courage. He was also a great reader who constantly pursued self-development, which manifests that he was endowed with talents to be a good leader who could lead a right way of revolution. Finally, Sun Wen's political thoughts can be condensed to the Three People's Principles along with the Five Rights Constitution, which was based upon Western thought of civil rights. The Sun Wenism consists of the principles of nationalism, of people's right, and of people's welfare, which, after all, refers to the national democracy, the political democracy and the social democracy. His nationalism in this period was confined only to anti-Ching nationalism and his social democracy, the theory of the people's welfare was characterized as social reformism.

치료하지 않은 폐암 환자군의 생존율

백만순,나문준 凡石學術奬學財團 2000 凡石學術論文集 Vol.4 No.-

孫文의 生涯와 救國主義 : with respect to his theory and practices 그 理論과 實踐

羅善吉 東亞大學校 1990 東亞論叢 Vol.27 No.1

This paper deals with the nationalistic activities of the Great Sun Wen of China throuhout his life. This places emphasis on his theory and the ways of directing a revolution in order to save China from extreme ditress, whcih is caused by the invasive policy of the advanced imperialistic powers, as well as the severe incompetent and deterioated Ch'ing dynasty from the late 19th century thrugh the early 20th. He was born in Gwantung, where he could beinfluenced by the ideas of anti-Ch'ing nationalism and social reforms. He was deeply involved in the idea fo anti-Ching nationlism during the period of private learning in his childhood. As he grew up and was eduacted amist the atmosphere of the advanced western culture, he realized that his own country as underdeveloped. Consequently he was firmly determined to devote himself to the modernization of his country. He became a doctor at the age of 27 in 1892 after he had learned the medicine of modern western countries. But he always regarded the establishement of a rich and powerful country as his foremost aim, while his career as a doctor only as means. Therefore, the period of his learning medicine was characterized by the basic formational stage of a revolution, which was designed to overturn the old incompetent and deteriorated Ch'ing dynasty. On the other hand, the period of his carrer as a doctor was characterized by the concrete operational stage for a revolution. He established a revolutionary group, Heung Jung Hoi in Hawii, the predecessor of Chinese Kuomintang, in November, 1894, which was followed by the first revolution of anti-Ch'ing in October, 1895. which turned out to be a failure. After the event he flew to England and lived there in exile, devoting himself to reading at the library in London. It was this peiod that he formulated his political theory, the Three People's Principles. The theory was characterized by the priciples of nationalism. The people's right, and the public welfare, that was the national democracy, the policical democarcy, and the social democracy. The revolutionary group, Heung Jung Hoi, which was followed by the enlarged Hsing Han Hoi, developed into the nation-wide organization, Chinease Dong maeng Hoi, in 1905, finally the Shin Hai Revlution in 1911 put and end to the rulling of the Ch'ing dynasty during the peirod of around 260 years adn the system of an Emperor for two millennium, and gave rise to the foundation of the first democratic system in Asia. the Republic of China. He was elected as the first president, but yield his position to Wian S'kai, who held the real power in the Ch'ing dynasty, in order to prevent the civil war and achieve the peaceful unification. However, Wian turned to the anti-revolutionary government and the Sun Wen's revolutionary group again had to live in exile. Then Wian formed a conspiracy to become an Emperor, which ended in failure, and he died from a desease in 1916. After Wian's death, China still maintained the military bureaucratic government amid the tangled militarists. And the advanced powers, in collusion with the militarists, extended the period of a militaristic phase. Under this unfavorable condition. Sun Wen consistenly kept on pursuing his revolutionary line with a firm resolution. He coped the change of the situation wiht an appropriate theory, the Three People's Principles and the Five Fights Constitution as a Political theory, along with his enormous publications on such as revolutionary strategies, foundational strategies, and industrial plans. His idealism was 'the world of the community', which was based upon' sharing everything under heaven'. which was a chinese traditional idea. From his theory the translated his democracy adn explaned the socialism. He changed his ideas gradually and described his strategies, copign withe the change of the domestic and foreign situation, in the road fo the revolution facing with the danger of life or death. He fully recognized the nature of the powers, but earnestly requested and appealed to their support with his extraordinary patience. Nevertheless, all the great powers reacted as anti-Sun Wenism. Only Soviet Russia palyed an active role in supporting the revolutionary group. In 1921, the chinese communistparty was established and in January, 1924, the Chinese Kuomintang and the communist party were finally unified by the active intervention of Comintern. The reform of the Kuomintang was based upon the policy toward anti-imperalism, anti-militarists, joining with Russia and acceptance of communism, and cooperation of agriculture andindustry, At the same time he declared the United Front of People's Revolution in the same year, and moving toward the north at the rist of his life in order to reach a compromise with the militarists. he died from a disease on the 12th of March, 1925. Nowadays he is respected as the Father of a nation or the forerunner of a revolution in the devided China, In a word, the political prestige of Sun Wen stems from the spirit of the eminent leader, which consistently made him devote himself to his own country as a man of noble character with high moral repute, as well as the leader of a revolution who had both his theory and practies.

Furosemide에 의한 소디움 운반체 발현의 변화

오윤규 ( Yoon Kyu Oh ),나기영 ( Ki Young Na ),이재욱 ( Jay Wook Lee ),장혜련 ( Hye Ryun Chang ),박영선 ( Young Sun Park ),박정환 ( Jung Hwan Park ),주권욱 ( Kwon Wook Joo ),김근호 ( Gheun Ho Kim ),이정상 ( Jung Sang Lee ),한진석 ( 대한신장학회 2003 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.22 No.2

배경 : 임상에서 흔히 사용하는 이뇨제 furosemide는 비후상행각에서 Na+-K+-2CI- cotranspoter (NKCC2)를 억제하여 NaCl 재흡수를 차단하여 이뇨작용을 나타낸다. Furosemide를 장기간 투여하면 내성과 대사성 알카리증의 부작용이 발생할 수 있는데, 이는 집합관에 도달하는 소디움 증가와 관련 있을 가능성이 있다. 방법 : 저자들은 furosemide의 내성이나 부작용이 집합관 상피 소디움 통로 (ENaC) 단백발현의 변화와 관련이 있는지를 확인하고자, Sprague-Dawley rat에서 farosemide (12 mg/day)을 7일간 지속적 피하 주입한 후 반정량적 immunoblotting과 면역조직화학법을 이용하여 NKCC2, Na +-CL- cotransporter (NCC), ENaC 단백의 발현을 관찰하였다. 실험기간 동안 수분과 전해질 용액 (0.8% NaCl & 0.1% KCl)을 자유롭게 섭취하도록 하여 체액 감소를 방지하였다. 결과 : 부형약 (vehicle)을 투여한 대조군에 비하여, furosemide를 투여한 군에서 각각 요량과 요 소디움 배설이 증가하였으나, 체중, 혈청 알도스테론치 및 크레아티닌 청소율은 차이가 없었다. Furosemid 투여 후 NKCC2 단백은 피질 (151±10 vs. 100±10%, p<0.05)과 외수질 (122±5 vs. 100±3%, p<0.01)에서 증가해 있었다. ENaC 단백은 세 가지 subunit 모두 furosemide 투여 후 대조군에 비하여 피질 (α:187±25 vs. 100±22%, p<0.05; β:155±8 vs. 100±15%, p<0.05; γ:168±16 vs. 100±9%, p<0.05)과 외수질 (α:171±27 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β :986±91 vs. 100±33%, p<0.01; γ :242±24 vs. 100±22%, p<0.01)에서 증 가하였다. 면역조직화학법에서도 furosemide를 투여한 군의 집합관 주세포에서 ENaC β-subunit가 더 강하게 염색되었다. 결론 : 이상에서 장기간 furosemide 투여시 집합관 ENaC 발현이 증가하며, 이러한 원위부네프론의 적응 반응이 이뇨제 내성을 유발하는데 기여할 것으로 생각한다. Background : Furosemide inhibit NaCl absorption in the thick ascending limb and produce an increase in distal delivery of Na+. We carried out semiquantitative immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry of rat kidneys to investigate whether chronic furosemide infusion is associated with compensatory increases in the abundance of Na+ transporters in distal nephron. Methods : Osmotic minipumps were implanted into Sprague-Dawley rats to deliver 12 mg/day of furosemide(n=6) with simultaneous administration of 0.8% NaCl and 0.1% KCl in drinking water for 7days. Results : Compared with vehicle infused controls, urine volume and urine sodium amount were increased. However, there were no differences in body weight, serum aldosterone, and creatinine clearance. The abundance of Na+-K+-2CI - cotransporter after furosemide infusion was increased in cortex (151±10 vs. 100±10%, p<0.05) and outer medulla (122±5 vs. 100±3%, p<0.01). In furosemide infusion group, the abundance of all three subunits of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) was increased both in cortex (α:187±25 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β:155±8 vs. 100±15%, p<0.05; γ :168±16 vs. 100±9%, p<0.05) and outer medulla (α:171±27 vs. 100±17%, p<0.05; β :986±91 vs. 100±33%, p<0.01; γ :242±24 vs. 100±22%, p<0.01). Consistent with these results, ENaC β-subunit immunohistochemistry showed a remarkable increase in immunoreactivity in the principal cells of collecting ducts with furosemide treatment. Conclusion : These increases in the abundance of ENaC protein may account for the generation of diuretic tolerance.

Characteristics of Cytosolic Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 Isolated from Rat Liver

Na, Doe Sun,Park, Young Min,Rhee, Hae Jin,Won, Jong Hak 생화학분자생물학회 1997 BMB Reports Vol.32 No.2

A calcium-independent phospholipase A₂ (iPLA₂) was identified from the cytosolic fraction of rat liver cells. On gel filtration chromatography, the iPLA₂ activity was eluted as broad peaks of 150 to 500 kDa. The enzyme was maximally active at pH 7.5, retained 75% of its original activity after heating at 50℃ for 5 h, and was inhibited by Ca^(2+), Mg^(2+), and Zn^(2+) ions, but was not affected by Na+ and K+ ions. The enzymatic activity was increased up to 150% by 1 to 4 mM DTT and was inhibited up to 25% by 0.1 to 1 mM PMSF. The iPLA₂ activity had preference for the head group of phospholipass, where phosphatidylethanolamine was preferred to phosphatidylcholine. The results suggest that the iPLA₂ may be a novel enzyme distinct from the previously reported iPLA₂s.

The Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face Trial

( Sun Young Huh ),( Jung Won Shin ),( Jung Im Na ),( Chang Hun Huh ),( Sang Woong Youn ),( Kyoung Chan Park ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.1

Background: Melasma is a common acquired symmetrical hypermelanosis that occurs on sun-exposed areas, and it is frequently observed among women. Various treatment modalities have been tried, but none are completely satisfactory. 4-n-butylresorcinol, which is a resorcinol derivative that has an inhibitory effect on both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, was introduced in 1995 and it has received increasing attention as a new hypopigmenting agent. However, the hypopigmenting effect of 4-n-butylresorcinol in human subjects has only been shown in a few studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the hypopigmenting efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma. Methods: Twenty patients with melasma were enrolled to this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study. The patients were instructed to apply 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream or vehicle to each side of the face twice daily for 8 weeks. Mexameter measurements were performed along with photography at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Adverse events were observed and recorded throughout the study. Results: All the patients completed the study. Mexameter measurements demonstrated that the melanin index of the treated side showed a significant decrease when compared with that of the vehicle-treated side after 4 weeks (p=0.006) and after 8 weeks (p<0.0005). All the adverse reactions were mild and transient. Conclusion: 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream showed rapid efficacy and it was well tolerated when used for the treatment of melasma. (Ann Dermatol 22(1) 21∼25, 2010)