이덕무(李德懋)의 김창협(金昌協)비평 수용 연구 -이규보(李奎報)에 대한 비평을 중심으로-

김경 ( Kim Kyung ) 민족어문학회 2016 어문논집 Vol.- No.78

본고는 李德懋의 비평형성에 있어서 金昌協과의 영향관계를 파악하고자 하는 것이다. 즉 이덕무가 어떤 경로로 김창협의 비평관을 접하게 되었고, 무엇 때문에 김창협을 적극적으로 수용하려 하였는가라는 의문을 구명한 것이다. 이를 위해 李奎報 漢詩에 대한 비평에 한정하여 김창협의 「雜識外篇」 25칙과이덕무의 「李春卿」을 비교분석하였다. 먼저 이덕무가 유독 農巖系 문인들 중 李縡의 문하생들과 교유양상을 보여주는 것은 처가의 영향이라 할 수 있다. 또한 이들 문하생 중 이덕무와 직접적인 교류를 보인 인물은 金鍾厚와 金用謙인데, 특히 김용겸은 이덕무가 김창협의 문풍을 수용하는 과정에 있어 가장 큰영향을 준 인물이었다. 다음으로는 이규보 한시에 대한 비평인 김창협의 「잡지외편」 25칙과 이덕무의 「이춘경」을 비교분석하였다. 이덕무가 김창협의 비평에서 주목한 점은 첫째는 치밀한 비평과 전대 비평에 대한 비판적 수용태도이고, 둘째는 창작 태도와 관련된 작가에게 요구되는 내적수양의 중시였다. 이덕무와 김창협은 주자학을 바탕으로 하면서도 문예영역에서 유연한 자세를 보인다는 측면에서 유사한 면모를 확인하였고, 이를 통해 이덕무의 이러한 비평태도가 김창협과 연계되어 있다는 점 역시 알 수 있었다. 하지만, 창작에 있어서 이덕무는 작가의 내적조건보다 창작태도를 우선시 하였는데, 이는 김창협의 비평을 재해석하려는 태도였다. 따라서 이덕무는 김창협 비평에 대해 모방이 아니라, 무엇보다 그의 비평태도와 학문적 자세에 주목하여 적극적인 수용 자세를 보였고 비평에서도 이에 상응하는 모습을 보인 것이다. This paper aims to grasp the influential relationship with Kim Changhyeop in a development of Lee Deokmu`s literary criticism. In other word, it investigates questions about how Lee Deokmu encounters Kim Changhyeop`s critical perspectives and why he tries to accept it actively. To this end, I verified in which way Lee Deokmu accepted for Kim Changhyeop`s literary criticism and comparatively analyzed Kim`s Number 25 of 「JapJiOePyeon」 and Lee`s 「LeeChunGyeong」. Firstly, Lee Deokmu had associated particularly with disciples of Lee Jae among the line of NongAm because of his wife`s family. This explains in which way Lee Deokmu accepted for Kim`s literary criticism. Among these disciples, Kim Jonghu and Kim Yonggyeom had interacted with Lee Deokmu directly. Especially Kim Yonggyeom had the greatest impact in a process of his reception for the literary spirit of Kim Changhyeop. Secondly, I comparatively analyzed Kim`s Number 25 of 「JapJiOePyeon」 and Lee`s 「LeeChunGyeong」. Lee Deokmu focuses on Kim Changhyeop`s literary criticism in two points. Lee concentrates on Kim`s precise literary criticism and his critical attitude of accepting the criticisms of previous generations. And Lee focuses on his attitude of writing and his emphasis on a inner cultivation. I confirmed that they were similar in their stances, which was flexible toward literature even though it was based on the neo-Confucianism. I also assured that Lee Deokmu`s such attitude toward criticism was closely linked to Kim Changhyeop. However, Lee Deokmu gave his priority to writer`s attitude of writing over his inner condition in creative writing. That is a reinterpretation to Kim Changhyeop` literary criticism. Consequently, it can be said that Lee Deokmu is not a mere imitator but an active accepter of Kim Changhyeop by focusing on his critical and academic attitudes.

성폭력 피해자/생존자로서의 근대 최고 여성작가 김명순

김경애 ( Kim Kyung-ai ) 한국여성사학회 2011 여성과 역사 Vol.- No.14

근대최초의 여성작가 김명순은 탕녀의 대표적인 표상으로 인식되고 있다. 그러나 김명순은 데이트강간과 조선지식인남성들과 언론이 가한 2차 성폭력의 피해자이다. 성폭력의 피해자가 오히려 비난받은 가부장적 사회문화 속에서 김명순은 어머니가 기생 출신의 소실이었다는 사실이 덧붙여져 성적으로 문란한 여성으로 비난의 대상이 되었다. 성폭력 피해자 김명순은 일반적인 피해자들과 마찬가지로 고통을 겪었다. 우울증과 히스테리, 자살시도,남성과의 성관계와 결혼기피, 성폭력자들에 대한 분노와 증오로 복수를 꿈꾸었다. 또한, 자신의 고통을 통해 여성이 남성으로부터 억압을 비판하고 해방을 꿈꾸지만 홀로 이를 성취할 수 없음에 좌절하였다. 그러나 김명순은 홀로 처절한 노력과 종교의 힘으로 성폭력자들을 용서하였고 생존자로 거듭났다. 그러나 김동인이 김명순을 모델로 했다는 「김연실전」을 연재하기 시작하자 조선사회에서 사라졌는데, 그 이후의 김명순의 삶은 앞으로 연구해야 할 과제로 남아있다. Kim Myoung Soon, one of earliest Korean modern women writers has been known as a symbol of femme fatal. However, Kim was a victim of `date rape` and secondary sexual violence imposed by male intellectuals and media of Chosun. Under patriarchal socio-cultural background where victims of sexual violences are blamed, the fact that Kim`s mother was an ex-gisaeng concubine was added to brand Kim as sexually promiscuous. Like any victim of violence, Kim suffered from aftereffect-depression, hysteria, series of suicidal attempts, fear of sexual relationship with men and marriage, and rage and hatred against the attackers. Kim criticized the oppression women suffer from men and dream of women`s liberation, only to be disheartened by awareness that she alone cannot achieve the goal. However, through wretched effort and the power of religious(catholic) prayers, she forgave the attackers and was reborn as a survivor. When Kim Dong-in started to publish a novel `a story of Kim YeonSil` in serials, which allegedly was taken from the life of Kim Myoung Soon, she disappeared from Chosun society. The remaining life story of Kim is to be researched.

일반논문 : 근대 최초의 여성작가 김명순의 자아 정체성

김경애 ( Kyung Ai Kim ) 한국사상사학회 2011 韓國思想史學 Vol.0 No.39

김명순은 "나쁜 피"를 가진 부도덕한 여성, 탕녀, 연애지상주의자로 규정되어 왔다. 그러나 김명순은 강렬한 지적 욕구와 뛰어난 지적 능력을 토대로 열심히 공부하는 여성으로, 공부를 통해 가부장제 사회가 덧씌운 태생적 한계에서 벗어나고자 노력하여 당시 누구도 뛰어넘을 수 없을 만큼의 지적 수준에 도달한다. 김명순은 지적 능력과 수준이 뛰어난 작가로 일본어, 영어, 독일어, 불어 등의 외국어 실력을 쌓았고 이를 바탕으로 당시 세계적인 문학작품을 탐독하여, 이의 영향을 받고, 그리스신화, 서양철학사상과 문학작품을 인용하며 또한 세계문학작품을 번역, 소개하는 역할을 한다. 또한 김명순은 서양음악에 정통한 피아니스트이다. 김명순은 공부를 열심히 하여 태생적 한계를 극복하여 "정숙한 여성"이 되어 어머니와 다른 삶을 살고 싶다는 욕구와 함께, 일본의 압제에서 벗어나 조선사회가 발전하기 위한 사회적인 역할을 하기를 소망한다. 그러나 평생 오해와 학대, 그리고 따돌림 받아 외롭고 서러워하며 가난에서 헤어나지 못하여 사회적인 역할을 하고자하는 자신의 뜻을 펼쳐볼 기회를 가지지 못하고 좌절한다. 그리고 김명순은 자신의 외모는 아름답고 순수하다고 자부하며 자신의 출신 배경과 지적 수준에 대해서도 자부심으로 넘친다. 그러나 이러한 자부심은 전통여성에게 용납되지 않는 것으로 가부장적 사고를 벗어나지 못한 근대 지식인남성들은 자부심이 넘치는 김명순을 봉건적 신분차별의 윤리와 정절이데올로기를 기반으로 김명순을 신여성 중에 가장 심하게 매도한다. Kim Myung-soon had been branded as immoral woman whore of ``bad blood`` who believed in love for love`s sake. However Kim was a woman of strong intellect who tried to overcome the limitation enforced by the patriarchal society through vigorous academical pursuit. Fluent in Japanese, English, German and French, Kim was familiar with literature of the world and Greek myths and Western philosophy influenced her work. Kim translated western literature into Korean to introduce to Korean society, and she was also known as a pianist well-versed in western music. Kim had hoped that by achieving high level of intellect she could live a life of ``virtuous lady`` unlike her mother, while aspiring to play a role in Chosun society towards its independence from Japanese colonial oppression. However Kim led a lonely and outcast life of misunderstanding, abuse and poverty without a chance to serve the society. Kim``s pride in her beauty, background and intellect was not acceptable to patriarchal modern intelligent men who retained traditional idea of woman`s role, and Kim was condemned most severely among modern women of the day based on feudal hierarchy and chastity ideology.

저자동시인용 연결망 분석을 통한 스포츠 안전사고의 지적 구조 규명

김경식 ( Kim Kyung-sik ) 한국융합과학회 2017 한국융합과학회지 Vol.6 No.3

연구목적: 이 연구는 저자동시인용 연결망 분석을 통하여 스포츠 안전사고의 지적 구조를 규명하고자 한다. 구체적으로는 스포츠 안전사고 연구에서 저자동시인용 연결망 구조를 규명한 다음, 스포츠 안 전사고 연구에서 중앙성이 높고 저자인용 출현빈도가 높은 저자가 누구인지를 밝혀내는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 이 연구는 한국학술정보(KISS)와 디비피아(Dbpia)에서 제공하는 스포츠 안전사고에 관한 논문을 검색하여 총 71편의 논문을 수집하였다. 이 연구에서는 검색 키워드를 “스포츠”와 “안전사고”로 한정하여 검색하였으며, 저자와 저자가 인용한 참고문헌을 엑셀에 정리하였다. 참고 문헌은 논문과 저서의 저자로 한정하였으며, 잡지나 신문 등은 제외하였다. 저자동시인용 연결망을 분석하기 위해 이 연구에서는 NetMiner 프로그램을 활용하였으며, 활동중심성(degree centrality)과 매개중앙성(betweenness centrality)을 분석하였다. 활동중심성은 어떤 저자가 다른 저자들에게 많이 인용되었다면 연결망 중심에 위치하게 된다. 매개중앙성은 저자와 저자의 관계를 매개하는 위치에 있는 정도를 말한다. 결론: 이상과 같은 연구방법 및 절차를 통해 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 저자동시인용 연결망 구조는 거대 연결망과 하위집단 연결망으로 구성되었다. 연구자들 간의 교류가 매우 활발히 전개될 수 있는 구조적 조건을 갖추고 있다. 평균 연결정도는 1.3명이고, 군집계수는 .20 이다. 인용된 저자의 자아연결망 크기는 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon, Kiwhan Go 등의 순이며, 이들 저자는 스포츠 안전 연구에서 다른 저자들에게 상대적으로 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 그러 나 저자동시인용 연결망에서 등장하는 통계적으로 의미 있는 허브는 존재하지 않았다. 둘째, 저자동 시인용 연결망 활동중앙성은 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon 등의 순이며, 매개중앙성은 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim 등의 순이다. 중앙성이 높은 저자들은 스포츠 안전 연구에 다른 저자들과 함께 많이 등장했다. 저자 인용과 피인용의 출현 빈도는 Seokjung Son → Seokjung Son, Youngchul Park → Youngchul Park, Doohyeon Kim → Doohyeon Kim 등의 순으로 높다. 즉, 자기 인용이 많았다. Pupose: The purpose of this study is to clarify the intellectual structure of the sports safety accident through the analysis of the authors` co-citation network. The research problems set in this study are as follows. First, what kind of network structure does the authors` co-citation network show in sports safety accident research? Second, who is the author who has high centralism and high frequency of author quotation in sports safety accident research? Methods: In this study, 71 papers were collected by searching articles related to sports safety accident provided by Korean Academic Information (KISS) and Dbpia. The search keywords were limited to "sports" and "safety accident", and the references cited by author were summarized in Excel. Conclusion: First, the authors` co-citation network structure consists of a huge network and a subgroup network. There is a structural condition in which exchanges among researchers can be actively developed. Average degree is 1.3 and clustering coefficient is .20. The authors` ego network size is listed in the order of Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon, and Kiwhan Go. These authors have had a relatively large impact on other authors in sports safety research. But This network have not significant hubs. Second, frequency of authors` co-citation are Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, and Kiyoung Yeon in order. Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, etc. Authors with a high degree of centralism have appeared with other authors in sports safety research. The frequency of author citation is higher in order of Seokjung Son → Seokjung Son, Youngchul Park → Youngchul Park, Doohyeon Kim → Doohyeon Kim. In other words, there were many self-quotes.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria Gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1996)

김재홍,황동규,전재홍,김윤석,김중환,김용준,이창균,임동진,김현수,조창근,김경문,박상훈,전우형,김희성,이호정,차명수,김갑형,김형석,김석우,황지환,박병순,권오상,이민수,송기훈,성소영,이인섭,부태성 대한화학요법학회 1999 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been panedemic and remains one of the most commom STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods: For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the VD Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results: In 1996, 139 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 53(39.0%) were PPNG. Conclusion: Our results suggests that after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, the prevalence of PPNG in Seoul is gradually declining.

신경숙의 ≪엄마를 부탁해≫ 프랑스어 번역본에 관한 고찰

김경희 ( Kyung Hee Kim ) 한국언어문화학회 2015 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.57

Please Look After Mom, is composed of four chapters and epilogue. The author sets the eldest daughter, eldest son, and husband as the main character of the first three chapters each, who confess their feelings of guilt about disappearance of their mother and wife. Uniquely, the story is developed from the Mom’s perspective throughout the novel, with the first and third chapters written in the first person point-of-view, while the second chapter written in the third person point-of-view. Please Look After Mom was translated into both English and French. While the English version is generally considered to succeed in a faithful translation of the original, though criticized for incomplete transmission of the meanings of the source text due to a domesticating translation, the French version, Prends soin de maman, has more serious problems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems of the French version by comparing it with the English version. First, the French version has lots of inaccurate translation that may result from a lack of understanding of the original. Such inaccuracies frequently failed to highlight the delicate style of writing unique to the author. Second, the English version utilized the soliloquies or thoughts of the characters in a free direct speech in the first person in the same way as the original, and marked them in italics. It would have helped make a clear distinction of this kind of soliloquies from others. In contrast, unlike the original, the soliloquies or thoughts of the characters were translated in a free indirect speech in the French version. It might have caused some confusion about whom these soliloquies belong to. Finally, while the source texts were translated faithfully in the English version, they weren’t in the French version. This translational unfaithfulness in the French version is considered to result from the various causes, including the omission, excessive abridgment, and redundant explanation of the contents of the original as well as the arbitrary insertion of the contents that do not appear in the original. While the literal translation, used in the English version, is thought to have successfully conveyed the contents of the original stories, the excessive liberal translation, used in the French version, seems to have failed to get an achievement as good as in the original. We have a prejudice that “natural translation” should be done with a liberal translation, not with a literal translation. Although the English version of Shin Kyung-Sook’s novel, Please Look After Mom, also contains faults which are mostly related to a domesticating translation, its success in gaining public favor by the faithful translation using a literal translation suggests that the literary translators keep this in mind to improve the quality of their translation.Kim, Kyunghee. 2015. A study on Prends soin de maman. Shin Kyung-Sook’s novel, Please Look After Mom, is composed of four chapters and epilogue. The author sets the eldest daughter, eldest son, and husband as the main character of the first three chapters each, who confess their feelings of guilt about disappearance of their mother and wife. Uniquely, the story is developed from the Mom’s perspective throughout the novel, with the first and third chapters written in the first person point-of-view, while the second chapter written in the third person point-of-view. Please Look After Mom was translated into both English and French. While the English version is generally considered to succeed in a faithful translation of the original, though criticized for incomplete transmission of the meanings of the source text due to a domesticating translation, the French version, Prends soin de maman, has more serious problems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems of the French version by comparing it with the English version. First, the French version has lots of inaccurate translation that may result from a lack of understanding of the original. Such inaccuracies frequently failed to highlight the delicate style of writing unique to the author. Second, the English version utilized the soliloquies or thoughts of the characters in a free direct speech in the first person in the same way as the original, and marked them in italics. It would have helped make a clear distinction of this kind of soliloquies from others. In contrast, unlike the original, the soliloquies or thoughts of the characters were translated in a free indirect speech in the French version. It might have caused some confusion about whom these soliloquies belong to. Finally, while the source texts were translated faithfully in the English version, they weren’t in the French version. This translational unfaithfulness in the French version is considered to result from the various causes, including the omission, excessive abridgment, and redundant explanation of the contents of the original as well as the arbitrary insertion of the contents that do not appear in the original. While the literal translation, used in the English version, is thought to have successfully conveyed the contents of the original stories, the excessive liberal translation, used in the French version, seems to have failed to get an achievement as good as in the original. We have a prejudice that “natural translation” should be done with a liberal translation, not with a literal translation. Although the English version of Shin Kyung-Sook’s novel, Please Look After Mom, also contains faults which are mostly related to a domesticating translation, its success in gaining public favor by the faithful translation using a literal translation suggests that the literary translators keep this in mind to improve the quality of their translation.

영화 ‘김광석’에 비추어본 김광석법과 공소시효배제: 공동체적 관점과 피해자적 관점을 중심으로

김혜경(Kim, Hye-Kyung) 한국피해자학회 2019 被害者學硏究 Vol.27 No.2

영화 ‘김광석’과 관련하여 형사법적으로는 몇가지 영화의 내적·외적 쟁점이 부각되어 왔다. 소위 ‘모델영화’라고 동 영화는 김광석의 사망(영화에서는 이를 변사자라고 표현한다)과 관련하여 이미 공소시효가 만료된 사건의 공소시효에 대한 진정소급효가 가능한가의 문제이다. 동 영화는 그의 죽음이 자살인지 타살인지 다시 재조사 할 것을 주장한다. 다만, 그와 같은 재조사가 수사의 단서로서 국가형사사법기관에 의한 적법한 절차로 이행하기 위해서는 공소시효가 만료되지 않아야 한다. 그러나 동 사건은 2007년 개정된 현행 형사소송법 제249조 및 2015년 신설된 소위 태완이법이라 칭해지는 형사소송법 제253조의2 살인죄 공소시효배제규정에 의하더라도 공소권이 부존재하다는 결론에 이른다. 따라서 법의 제정 또는 관련법의 개정을 통해 공소시효에 관한 규정을 새로이 정립한다고 한들, 그와 같은 관련법의 진정소급효를 인정하지 않는 한 김광석의 사망은 여전히 수사 또는 공소제기가 불가능하다. 그 결과 소위 ‘김광석법’을 제정한다고 한들, 그 자체가 진정소급효의 법적 승인이 핵심내용이 되어야 하는 것이다. 여기에서는 의문사 사건의 공소시효의 진정소급효를 예외적으로 인정할 것인가 여부에 대하여 우선 공소시효의 법적 성질 및 그 함의를 살펴보고, 소위 김광석법의 본질이 진정소급효이어야 하는지를 법리적으로 검토한 후에, 그 판단을 국가형벌권 및 공동체가치의 측면, 그리고 피해자적 관점에서 논의하고자 한다. 물론 법리적 결론과 현실적 필요성 사이에 괴리가 발생할 수 있고, 그것이 우리의 법생활에서 지극히 예외적인 일은 아니다. 이를 법적 공백이라고 하며 입법론적 문제로 다루고 있다. 결론적으로 공소시효제도는 헌법원리를 직접 반영하는 제도가 아니므로, 사법제도가 어떠한 형사정책적 목적을 추구하는가에 따라, 그리고 사회구성원들의 법감정의 변화에 따라 그 존치, 중단 또는 배제가 좌우된다. 그리고 우리 형사사법은 공소시효제도를 원칙적으로 인정하면서 헌정질서파괴범죄와 같은 반인륜적 범죄들에 대하여 특별법의 제정을 통해 그 중단이나 배제의 진정소급효를 허용하는 방식을 취하고 있다. 여기에서는 살인죄의 공소시효에 대하여도 진정소급효를 인정할 수 있겠는가의 문제를 몇 가지 논거를 통해 긍정하고자 하였다. 물론 이 역시도 형사정책적 영역이므로 살인죄 공소시효의 진정소급효에 대한 찬성이나 반대 중 어느 한 쪽이 완전한 정의일수도 없고 완벽하게 옳을 수도 없다. 다만, 법리적 측면뿐만 아니라 공동체 전체의 시대감정과 연대성의 차원에서 접근한다면 보다 정치한 논거를 찾아낼 수 있지 않을까 한다. The movie titled “Kim Gwang Seok” showed in 2017 was focused on his lifetime, especially his death. He led popular movement in 1980’s as well-known song and his song has been loved even now. He passed away in 6. Jan. 1996 and investigative authority reached conclusions of his death as suicide after drinking but director of this movie as well as journalist has entertained a suspicion about announcement of investigative authority and had ridden down his death and expressed that in accidental death. But his death or accidental death passed over statute of limitations on murder at this point in time. As that result, although the true criminal would be found, he/she couldn’t be under indictment in this case. Statute of limitations means a legislative enactment prescribing the period of time within which proceedings must be instituted to enforce a right or bring an action at law. That system is accepted for offender, because this is justified for considering of legal stability as time passed. In addition, the reason that it is impossible for investigative authority to attain proof after long time because physical evidence may be scattered and lost, which makes it extremely difficult to have a fair trial, can make to reduce the criminal justice costs. But Legislative proposal of a so-called ‘Kim Gwang Seok Bill’ suggests the retroactive effect of statute of limitations on murder. This proposal presents a question, that what is substantial justice in our society. Similarly to respond to this question, the revised Criminal Procedure Law so-called, ‘Taewan-Law’ acted in 2015 abolishes the statutes of limitations on the murder crimes. But this revision couldn’t be retroactively appled in the Kim’s case because statute of limitations on his case had been statute-barred in 2011 already before ‘Taewan-Law’ was in effect for murder crime. So new bill is to be enacted for crime of expiration of the statute of limitations like Kim’s case inevitably and legalistically.

정상면역을 가진 성인에서 발생한 식도 방선균증

김현수 ( Hyun Soo Kim ),천종운 ( Jong Woon Cheon ),김민수 ( Min Su Kim ),정창길 ( Chang Kil Jung ),김경록 ( Kyung Rok Kim ),최재원 ( Jae Won Choi ),강동우 ( Dong Woo Kang ),김선영 ( Sun Young Kim ) 대한소화기학회 2013 대한소화기학회지 Vol.61 No.2

Hyun Soo Kim, Jong Woon Cheon, Min Su Kim, Chang Kil Jung, Kyung Rok Kim, Jae Won Choi, Dong Woo Kang and Sun Young Kim1 Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology1, DongKang Medical Center, Ulsan, Korea Actinomycosis is a chronic suppurative disease and caused by Actinomycosis species, principally Actinomyces israelii, which are part of the normal inhabitant on the mucous membrane of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It usually affects cervicofacial, thoracic and abdominal tissue. Cervicofacial type has the highest percentage of occurrence with 50%. Actinomycosis frequently occurs following dental extraction, jaw surgery, chronic infection or poor oral hygiene. It may also be considered as an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients such as malignancy, human immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes mellitus, steroid usage or alcoholism. But, actinomycosis rarely occurs in adults with normal immunity and rare in the esophagus. We report an unusual case of esophageal actinomycosis which was developed in a patient with normal immunity and improved by therapy with intravenous penicillin G followed oral amoxicillin, and we also reviewed the associated literature.

Surgical technique for single-port laparoscopy in huge ovarian tumors: SW Kim`s technique and comparison to laparotomy

( Jeong Sook Kim ),( In Ok Lee ),( Kyung Jin Eoh ),( Young Shin Chung ),( Inha Lee ),( Jung-yun Lee ),( Eun Ji Nam ),( Sunghoon Kim ),( Young Tae Kim ),( Sang Wun Kim ) 대한산부인과학회 2017 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.60 No.2

Objective This study aimed to introduce a method to remove huge ovarian tumors (≥15 cm) intact with single-port laparoscopic surgery (SPLS) using SW Kim`s technique and to compare the surgical outcomes with those of laparotomy. Methods Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for patients who underwent either SPLS (n=21) with SW Kim`s technique using a specially designed 30×30-cm2-sized 3XL LapBag or laparotomy (n=22) for a huge ovarian tumor from December 2008 to May 2016. Perioperative surgical outcomes were compared. Results In 19/21 (90.5%) patients, SPLS was successfully performed without any tumor spillage or conversion to multi-port laparoscopy or laparotomy. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics, including tumor diameter and total operation time, between both groups. The postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter for the SPLS group than for the laparotomy group (median, 2 [1 to 5] vs. 4 [3 to 17] days; P<0.001). The number of postoperative general diet build-up days was also significantly shorter for the SPLS group (median, 1 [1 to 4] vs. 3 [2 to 16] days; P<0.001). Immediate post-operative pain score was lower in the SPLS group (median, 2.0 [0 to 8] vs. 4.0 [0 to 8]; P=0.045). Patient-controlled anesthesia was used less in the SPLS group (61.9% vs. 100%). Conclusion SPLS was successful in removing most large ovarian tumors without rupture and showed quicker recovery and less immediate post-operative pain in comparison to laparotomy. SPLS using SW Kim`s technique could be a feasible solution to removing huge ovarian tumors.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.