Systemic administration of low dosage of tetanus toxin decreases cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus

Bing Chun Yan,In Hye Kim,Joon Ha Park,Ji Hyeon Ahn,Jeong-Hwi Cho,Bai Hui Chen,Jae-Chul Lee,Jung Hoon Choi,Ki-Yeon Yoo,Choong Hyun Lee,Jun Hwi Cho,Jong-Dai Kim,Moo-Ho Won 한국실험동물학회 2013 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.29 No.3

In the present study, we investigated the effect of Tetaus toxin (TeT) on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation using specific markers: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as an exogenous marker for cell proliferation, Ki-67 as an endogenous marker for cell proliferation and doublecortin (DCX) as a marker for neuroblasts in the mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) after TeT treatment. Mice were intraperitoneally administered 2.5 and 10 ng/kg TeT and sacrificed 15 days after the treatment. In both the TeT-treated groups, no neuronal death occurred in any layers of the DG using neuronal nuclei (NeuN, a neuron nuclei maker) and Fluoro-Jade B (F-J B, a high-affinity fluorescent marker for the localization of neuronal degeneration). In addition, no significant change in glial activation in both the 2.5 and 10 ng/kg TeT-treated-groups was found by GFAP (a marker for astrocytes) and Iba-1 (a marker for microglia) immunohistochemistry. However, in the 2.5 ng/kg TeT-treated-group, the mean number of BrdU, Ki-67 and DCX immunoreactive cells, respectively, were apparently decreased compared to the control group, and the mean number of each in the 10 ng/kg TeT-treated-group was much more decreased. In addition, processes of DCX-immunoreactive cells, which projected into the molecular layer, were short compared to those in the control group. In brief, our present results show that low dosage (10 ng/kg) TeT treatment apparently decreased cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the mouse hippocampal DG without distinct gliosis as well as any loss of adult neurons.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

經濟危機 以後 勞動契約 軟性化에 관한 硏究

趙俊模,金基湖 한국경제학회 2002 經濟學硏究 Vol.50 No.4

경제위기로 인하여 발생한 노동시장의 구조변화에 대한 추정작업은 향후 우리나라 노동시장의 효율성을 가늠하는 데 매우 의미 있는 작업이 될 것이다. 특히, 노동시장을 파생시장으로 이해하면서 노동시장의 제 문제들을 해결할 수 있는 자연스러운 방법이 경기활성화라고 생각하는 견해가 지배적인 상황에서, 이를 과학적으로 검증해 보는 연구가 시급하다고 사료된다. 본 연구는 경제위기 이후에 노동계약의 변화를 분석함으로써 미래노동시장의 변화방향에 대한 지침을 얻어보고자 하였다. '노동계약의 연성화'(weak attachment 혹은 fragility)란, 쌍방간에 발생하는 기회주의의 크기를 의미하며, 연성화된 노동계약을 통하여 사용자는 유동성 확보 등 단기적인 편익을 얻고, 근로자도 이직을 도모하기 위한 투자를 하여 단기편익을 얻을 수 있다. 그러나 그 결과로서 노사양측은 비협조적 전략(nonco-operative strategy)으로부터 장기적으로 효율적인 매칭을 포기하는 비용을 지불하게 된다. 만일 노동계약의 연성화가 경기변화에 의해 야기되었다면 노동계약 연성화는 경제위기동안에 위축된 노동시장 상황하에서 일시적으로 발생하였을 가능성이 크다. 반면 고용구조의 점진적인 추세변화에 의해서 야기되었다면 노동계약 파라미터(contract parameter)가 고용유연화 방향으로 점차 변화하였을 의미한다. 본고의 실증분석에 의하면 노동계약 연성화는 고용유연화의 장기추세에 의한 것이라기보다는 주로 경기적 요인에 의해 주도되어 평생직업시대의 도래를 아직은 실증적으로 확인할 수 없었다. 또한 연성화의 양태가 근로자특성별로 상이하게 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. 즉, 화이트칼라와 대졸 이상의 근로자군에서 노동계약 연성화는 비자발적 이직과 자발적 이직 모두에 의해 야기되는 대칭적(symmetric) 양태를 보이지만 여타 근로자군에서는 연성화가 비자발적 이직에 의해서 주도되는 비대칭적(asymmetric) 양태를 보임을 알 수 있었다. The estimation for structural changes in the labor market which have been caused by the financial crisis will be much instrumental in evaluating the efficiency of the labor market in Korea. In particular the study scientifically verifying the direction of structural changes would be urgent, now that opinions such as an economic boom is regarded as a more natural way to solve the current problems in labor market have prevailed. The fragility of the labor contract refers to the size of opportunism committed by management and labor. Employers are able to obtain short-term benefits such as temporary cost containment via a weakly attached labor contract, and workers are also able to obtain short-term benefits from a high degree of voluntary turnover. However, as a result of the short-term opportunistic strategies, both management and labor come to pay the cost of giving up a long-term effective matching. If the contractual fragility is caused by the depression, it will take place only temporarily. On the contrary, if it is caused by employers' positive human resource managements with a long run perspective of achieving the overall employment flexibility, it will last even in the long run. According to the empirical analysis in this paper, the contractual fragility has been boosted primarily by business-cyclical elements than by a long-term secular trend of employment flexibility. Aspects of fragile labor contract also vary across sectors. In white collars and high educated groups, both voluntary separation and involuntary separation cause the contractual fragility in a symmetric fashion. On the contrary, an asymmetric mode is observed in other comparison groups where only involuntary separation causes the contractual fragility.

방사선치료 조사영역 내에 발생한 설암 환자에서 입체조형방사선치료 경험 : 증례보고

조문준,장지영,김기환,김병국,송창준,김준상,김재성 충남대학교 암연구소 2003 암연구소 업적집 Vol.3 No.-

Objectives : We report an interim result of conformal radiotherapy in a patient with early stage cancer at the base of the tongue, which developed in a previously irradiated area. Materials and Methods : A 64-year-old male patient was diagnosed with T4NOMO supraglottic cancer. He received 72Gy of radiation therapy from 21 November 1988 to 24 February 1989. He had local failure and underwent a salvage total laryngectomy on 28 August 1989. Subsequently, he did well. In early 1999, he suffered from throat pain. He had a 2.5cm ulcerative mass at the base of his tongue, in the area that had been irradiated previously. Biopsy showed squamous cell carcinoma. After workup, he was diagnosed with base of tongue cancer with T2NOMO. Surgery was not feasible because the morbidity was not acceptable. Since it was difficult to re-irradiate the area with a curable dose using conventional 2D radiation therapy with an acceptable morbidity, we decided to try conformal radiotherapy. We used 7 static beam ports with field sizes from 7×6.4 to 8×8㎠, using 6 and 10MV photons. The fractionation regimen was 1.8Gy, 5 times per week. He received 64.8Gy in 36 fractions from 9 April 1999 to 1 June 1999. Results : In the 21 months since radiotherapy, the patient has not experienced any acute or chronic complications, such as xerostomia. He experienced relief of pain shortly after the start of radiotherapy, showed a complete response, and is still doing well. Conclusion : Conformal radiotherapy can be used to treat cancer that develops within a previously irradiated field, with curative intent.

영상복원을 이용한 다중 열화된 영상의 디지털 자동초점 장치 개발

조충남,백준기 중앙대학교정보통신연구소 2000 정보통신연구소논문집 Vol.2 No.1

영상복원의 문제에서 blind deconvolution의 문제는 열화함수를 미리 알고 있지 않을 경우를 말한다. 이런한 blind deconvolution은 입력된 영상으로부터 알지 못하는 열화시스템의 정보를 찾아내서 원래의 영상을 복원하는 것이다. 이런 가술은 우리가 보통 사용하는 사진이나 우주영상, 현미경영상 등의 영상에 사용하여 보다 나은 영상으로 개선하는데 사용된다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 자동초점장치는 얻어진 영상에 다중 열화된 물체들이 있는 경우에 적용되는 blind deconvolution이다. 최근들어 인터넷의 보급과 일반 자정집의 통신선로의 확장 및 확대가 단지 텍스트위주의 컴퓨터 통신을 음성 및 영상과 동영상으로 발전되어지며, 이도 통신의 시장에서도 IMF 2000이 본격적으로 상용화의 궤도에 올라가면서 음성 못지 않게 영상의 비중이 더욱더 커지는 것은 말할 나위가 없다. 일반전화선을 이용해서 H.324 기반 영상전화기 기술에서도 전송되어지는 영상의 화질을 개선하기 위한 여러 전, 후처리 기술들이 속속히 개발되어지고 있는데, 그 기술 중 촬영되어진 영상을 전송하기 전에 열화되어 초점이 맞지 않은 영상을 기계적인 어떤 부가 장비 없이 초점이 맞도록 하는 자동초점장치의 역할은 전송하기 전의 원영상의 화질 개선에 매우 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 자동 초점시스템을 구현하기 위해서는 입력되어진 초점 불안전 열화 영상에서 실제 카메라의 열화모델의 점확산 함수 추정은 매우 중요하다. 점확산 함수의 정확한 추정은 영상복원으로 얻어진 well-focus 된 결과영상이 원 영상에 얼마나 근접 할 수 있는가를 결정하기 때문에 영상처리 기술에서 매우 중요한 연구 주제이다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 점확산 함수에 의해 열화된 물체들의 영상을 영상분할 기반 반복적 영상복원기법을 이용해서 원래 well-focus된 영상으로 복원하는 점에 중점을 두었다. The images of three dimensions scene recorded by a camera are in general defocused, due to limited depth-of-field of the camera. So, some objects are in focus and others are out-of-focus in the images, which is suffered from degradation due to spatially varying out-of-focus blur. In this paper, we proposed a new method for auto-focusing of multiple objects blurred by a different valued point spread function(PSF). The multiple blurred objects are defocused respectively in proportion to the circle of the confusion (COC), so the multiple blurred objects (MBOs) have individually the PSFs in the image. In order to obtain all range well-focused image, we first divide the MBOs into the same degree blurred objects using the several segmentation methods. But, in this paper, we do not focus on the segmentation methods, so we discuss about that methods later. We divide the region of same blurred value in manual. And we compute amount of out-of-focus by estimation two-dimensional(2D) PSF, finally we acquire the all region well-focused image using the proposed the boundary model of between objects and background and segmentation-based spatially adaptive image restoration algorithm and boundary. We proposed a new degradation model for auto focus blur between multiple objects with different out of focus parameters and the segmentation-based spatially adaptive regularized iterative restoration algorithm. In the proposed model, the boundary effect of out of focus objects is mathematically analyzed. By using experimental results, we show that the proposed restoration algorithm can efficiently remove the space-variant out of focus blur of multiple blurred objects image.

방사선치료 조사영역 내에 발생한 설암 환자에서 입체조형방사선치료 경험 : 증례보고

조문준,장지영,김기환,김병국,송창준,김준상,김재성 충남대학교 암공동연구소 2003 암공동연구소 업적집 Vol.3 No.

Objectives : We report an interim result of conformal radiotherapy in a patient with early stage cancer at the base of the tongue, which developed in a previously irradiated area. Materials and Methods : A 64-year-old male patient was diagnosed with T4NOMO supraglottic cancer. He received 72Gy of radiation therapy from 21 November 1988 to 24 February 1989. He had local failure and underwent a salvage total laryngectomy on 28 August 1989. Subsequently, he did well. In early 1999, he suffered from throat pain. He had a 2.5cm ulcerative mass at the base of his tongue, in the area that had been irradiated previously. Biopsy showed squamous cell carcinoma. After workup, he was diagnosed with base of tongue cancer with T2NOMO. Surgery was not feasible because the morbidity was not acceptable. Since it was difficult to re-irradiate the area with a curable dose using conventional 2D radiation therapy with an acceptable morbidity, we decided to try conformal radiotherapy. We used 7 static beam ports with field sizes from 7×6.4 to 8×8㎠, using 6 and 10MV photons. The fractionation regimen was 1.8Gy, 5 times per week. He received 64.8Gy in 36 fractions from 9 April 1999 to 1 June 1999. Results : In the 21 months since radiotherapy, the patient has not experienced any acute or chronic complications, such as xerostomia. He experienced relief of pain shortly after the start of radiotherapy, showed a complete response, and is still doing well. Conclusion : Conformal radiotherapy can be used to treat cancer that develops within a previously irradiated field, with curative intent.

전방 또는 전측방 흉수 종양 수술에서 후측방도달법

조경석,박춘근,성재훈,허필우,박춘근,백민우,김달수,강준기 대한신경외과학회 1997 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.26 No.5

에틸 아크릴레이트 아이오노머의 성질에 미치는 양이온 크기의 영향

조규성,나연화,김희석,김준섭,박기주 조선대학교 생산기술연구소 1999 生産技術硏究 Vol.21 No.1

The effects of the size of cations on the properties of polyfethyl acrylate-co-metal acrylate) ionomers containing 3.8 mol% of ionic moiety were investigated. It was found that with changing cations, matrix T_(g)s seem to remain constant; however, cluster T_(g)s increase with decreasing the size of cations. Since ion-hopping occurs at a cluster T_(g) and the electrostatic force of ion pairs decreases with the size of ions increasing, it was suggested that the effect of the size of cation on a cluster T_(g) is operative, but not on a matrix T_(g). It was also found that activation energies for a cluster T_(g) were decreased with decreasing the size of cations; which means that the activation energy values for a cluster T_(g) are not directly related to the cluster T_(g)s. In the present study, the highest value of a cluster T_(g) for the Li ionomer may be one of the reasons why the Li ionomer has the lowest value for an activation energy.

파킨슨씨병에서 Selegiline HCI (MAO-B^(�))의 효과 및 안전성

조기현,김명규,김태선,김병채,이승한,황인용,김준태,김종기 全南大醫大 2000 전남의대학술지 Vol.36 No.2

한국産 황어의 종묘생산에 관한 연구 1. 産卵習性 및 初期生活史

조재권,오성현,노병율,한경호,성기백,박준택 麗水大學校 産業基術硏究所 1999 産業基術硏究所 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

강원도 양양군에 위치한 남대천과 전라남도 섬진강에 분포하고 있는 황어의 종료생산을 위한 기초자료로 産卵習性과 初期生活史에 관하여 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 황어의 産卵期는 자연상태에서 3∼6月이고, 産卵은 흐르는 하천의 자갈 밑에 하였으며, 受精된 卵은 작은 자갈의 표면에 붙어있었다. 알의 크기는 2.70∼3.20㎜(평균 3.00㎜)로 油球는 없었다. 孵化는 평균 사육수온 10.60℃에서 受精 後 300시간부터 시작되었으며, 312시간만에 완료되었다. 孵化 直後의 仔魚는 전장 6.35∼6.87㎜(평균 10.67㎜)로 난황이 거의 흡수되어 後期仔魚期로 접어들며, 입과 항문이 열려있었다. 孵化 後 7∼9일째 後期仔魚는 전장 11.35∼12.30㎜(평균 11.65㎜)로 등지느러미가 생길 부분이 융기하기 시작하였다. 孵化 後 12∼13일째 개체는 전장 12.65∼13.15㎜(평균 12.80)로 이때부터 Daphnia sp.와 Brachionus plicatilis를 攝餌하였으며, 성장이 다소 빨라졌고, 脊索의 끝부분은 45°위로 굽어져 있었다. 孵化 後 43∼45일째의 개체는 전장이 19.55∼22.85㎜(평균 21.95㎜)로 모든 지느러미 줄기가 정수에 달하여 稚魚期로 이행하였다. 孵化 後 50∼52일째의 稚魚들은 전장이 21.54∼27.35㎜(평균 24.55㎜)로 몸의 형태, 체색 및 옆줄이 완전하게 형성되어 成魚에 닮아 있었다. The spawning behavior and early life history of sea rundace, Tribolodon hakonensis were studied. Spawning of T. hakonensis occurs enmasse on bottoms of stream with a spawning season of March to June. The eggs are attached to the under surface of the gravel. The eggs riped were demersal and adhesive, and their diameter were 2.70∼3.20㎜(mean 3.00㎜). Hatching was started at 300 hours after fertilization at mean water temperature 10.60℃. Newly-hatched larvae were 6.35∼6.87㎜ in total length(TL, Mean 6.65㎜), and mouth and anus were not yet opened. 4∼5 days old larvae transformed to postlarva stage and they were 10.25㎜∼11.15㎜ in TL (mean 10.67㎜). As yolk sac were nearly absorbed, mouth and anus were opened. In 7∼9 days after hatching, total length 11.35∼12.30㎜(mean 11.65㎜). The part of the fin-fold at dorsal fin became high. 12∼13 days old larvae were 12.65∼13.15㎜ in TL(mean 12.80㎜), and they fed Daphnia sp. and Brachionus plicatilis actively. In this time the growth rate slightly increased and tip of notocord was flesed on upward. Aggregate numbers of all fin rays were completed at over 19.55∼22.85㎜ in TL(43∼45 days after hatching), at which time the larvae reached the juvenile stage. 50∼52 days old larvae(21.54∼27.35㎜ in TL) were similar in body from, lateral line and color with adult.