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Sohn, Kee Hoon,Segonzac, Cé,cile,Rallapalli, Ghanasyam,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Woo, Joo Yong,Williams, Simon J.,Newman, Toby E.,Paek, Kyung Hee,Kobe, Bostjan,Jones, Jonathan D. G. Public Library of Science 2014 PLoS genetics Vol.10 No.10
<▼1><P>Plant nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) disease resistance (R) proteins recognize specific “avirulent” pathogen effectors and activate immune responses. NB-LRR proteins structurally and functionally resemble mammalian Nod-like receptors (NLRs). How NB-LRR and NLR proteins activate defense is poorly understood. The divergently transcribed Arabidopsis <I>R</I> genes, <I>RPS4</I> (resistance to <I>Pseudomonas syringae</I> 4) and <I>RRS1</I> (resistance to <I>Ralstonia solanacearum</I> 1), function together to confer recognition of <I>Pseudomonas</I> AvrRps4 and <I>Ralstonia</I> PopP2. <I>RRS1</I> is the only known recessive NB-LRR <I>R</I> gene and encodes a WRKY DNA binding domain, prompting suggestions that it acts downstream of RPS4 for transcriptional activation of defense genes. We define here the early RRS1-dependent transcriptional changes upon delivery of PopP2 <I>via Pseudomonas</I> type III secretion. The Arabidopsis <I>slh1</I> (<I>sensitive to low humidity 1</I>) mutant encodes an RRS1 allele (RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>) with a single amino acid (leucine) insertion in the WRKY DNA-binding domain. Its poor growth due to constitutive defense activation is rescued at higher temperature. Transcription profiling data indicate that RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>-mediated defense activation overlaps substantially with AvrRps4- and PopP2-regulated responses. To better understand the genetic basis of RPS4/RRS1-dependent immunity, we performed a genetic screen to identify <I><U>su</U>ppressor of</I><U>s</U>l<U>h</U>1 <I><U>i</U>mmunity</I> (<I>sushi</I>) mutants. We show that many <I>sushi</I> mutants carry mutations in <I>RPS4</I>, suggesting that RPS4 acts downstream or in a complex with RRS1. Interestingly, several mutations were identified in a domain C-terminal to the RPS4 LRR domain. Using an <I>Agrobacterium</I>-mediated transient assay system, we demonstrate that the P-loop motif of RPS4 but not of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> is required for RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> function. We also recapitulate the dominant suppression of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> defense activation by wild type RRS1 and show this suppression requires an intact RRS1 P-loop. These analyses of RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> shed new light on mechanisms by which NB-LRR protein pairs activate defense signaling, or are held inactive in the absence of a pathogen effector.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>How plant NB-LRR resistance proteins and the related mammalian Nod-like receptors (NLRs) activate defense is poorly understood. Plant and animal immune receptors can function in pairs. Two Arabidopsis nuclear immune receptors, RPS4 and RRS1, confer recognition of the unrelated bacterial effectors, AvrRps4 and PopP2, and activate defense. Using delivery of PopP2 into Arabidopsis leaf cells <I>via Pseudomonas</I> type III secretion, we define early transcriptional changes upon RPS4/RRS1-dependent PopP2 recognition. We show an auto-active allele of RRS1, RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>, triggers transcriptional reprogramming of defense genes that are also reprogrammed by AvrRps4 or PopP2 in an RPS4/RRS1-dependent manner. To discover genetic requirements for RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP> auto-activation, we conducted a suppressor screen. Many <I>suppressor of</I> slh1 <I>immunity</I> (<I>sushi</I>) mutants that are impaired in RRS1<SUP>SLH1</SUP>-mediated auto-activation carry loss-of-function mutations in RPS4. This suggests that RPS4 functions as a signaling component together with or downstream of RRS1-activated immunity, in contrast to earlier hypotheses, significantly advancing our understanding of how immune receptors activate defense in plants.</P></▼2>
표면의 이슬 맺힘 저감을 위한 냉장고 가스켓 및 냉동냉장실 내벽 구조개선에 관한 연구
강석훈(Seok Hoon Kang),김성진(Seong Jin Kim),김주환(Ju Hwan Kim),민준기(June Kee Min),손창민(Chang Min Sohn),박상후(Sang Hu Park) 대한기계학회 2012 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.36 No.4
최근 사용자의 편의성과 냉장고 저장 공간의 확보를 위해 냉장고 문과 내벽을 얇게 제작하고 있다. 따라서 냉기차단 벽두께의 감소로 인하여 내ㆍ외부 온도차가 일정수준 이상으로 발생하고 이에 따라 표면의 이슬 맺힘 현상이 문제가 되는데, 이는 냉장고 설계에 있어 해결되어야 할 중요한 문제이다. 문제를 해결하기 위해 지금은 일반적으로 전기히터와 같은 발열체를 사용하였는데, 이 경우에 불필요한 전력소모가 뒤따른다. 본 연구에서는 기존방식과 달리 전기를 사용하지 않고 기계적 구조변경을 통한 해결방안으로 가스켓 최적화와 냉동냉장실 내벽두께 조정을 통해 표면에 이슬 맺힘 현상을 저감하는 방법을 제안한다. 해석결과를 살펴보면, 히터의 사용 없이 이슬 맺힘이 발생하는 부분에서의 온도가 국부적으로 0.39~3.07℃까지 상승하는 효과를 얻어서 이슬 맺힘 현상을 저감시켰다. Current refrigerators are designed to have thin doors and walls to facilitate user convenience and increase inner storage space. However, the thin doors and walls gives rise to the problem of dew generation on the outer surface of a refrigerator due to a large critical temperature difference between the outer wall and the room air; So far, an electric heater is commonly used for making the dew to evaporate; in this case, the heater inevitably requires additional electrical power. We propose a new approach to reduce the dew generation in a refrigerator by redesigning the gasket and varying the thickness of the inner case of the refrigerator. The results of simulations performed in this study indicate that the surface temperature in the region where dew was generated was increased by approximately 0.39~3.07 ℃ without the use of a heater.
Park, Dae Won,Sohn, Jang Wook,Kim, Eung-Ha,Cho, Dong-Il,Lee, Jung-Hee,Kim, Ki-Tack,Ha, Kee-Yong,Jeon, Chang-Hoon,Shim, Dae-Moo,Lee, Jin-Soo,Lee, Jang-Bo,Chun, Byung Chul,Kim, Min Ja Lippincott Williams Wilkins, Inc. 2007 1528-1159) Vol.32 No.4
STUDY DESIGN.: A retrospective study examining the clinical features, management, and treatment outcome of patients with spinal tuberculosis (TB). OBJECTIVE.: To determine the influence of disease severity and treatment modality on outcome of patients with spinal TB. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA.: Although anti-TB chemotherapy is now the mainstay treatment for spinal TB, it may not be applicable to all situations, especially in patients with risk of deformity, instability, and progression of neurologic deficit. METHODS.: In this retrospective study (1994–2003), medical records and radiographic findings of patients with spinal TB were reviewed at 7 teaching hospitals in South Korea. The duration of triple chemotherapy with isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol, disease severity, operative procedures, and outcome were analyzed. The outcome was assessed as both favorable and unfavorable according to predefined criteria. RESULTS.: A total of 137 patients were diagnosed with spinal TB during the study period. Twenty-one patients were lost to follow-up and excluded from analysis. The mean age was 44.07 ± 16.57 years. The most common vertebral area involved was the lumbar (44.8%). The mean number of vertebra involved was 2.25. The mean angle of kyphosis was 21.58°. Forty-seven patients (35.1%) had severe symptoms. Radical surgery was carried out in 84 (62.2%) patients. Twenty patients were treated with short-term chemotherapy, while 96 under long-term. At the end of chemotherapy, 94 patients had achieved a favorable status and 22 an unfavorable one. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in terms of gender, chemotherapy duration, or the severity of spinal TB; however, age (P = 0.025; odds ratio = 0.963; 95% confidence interval 0.932–0.995) and radical surgery (P = 0.043; odds ratio = 3.047; 95% confidence interval 1.038–8.942) were significantly related to a favorable outcome by logistic analysis. CONCLUSIONS.: Our results showed that a younger age and radical surgery in conjunction with anti-TB chemotherapy were significant favorable prognostic factors.
Structural Basis for Assembly and Function of a Heterodimeric Plant Immune Receptor
Williams, Simon J.,Sohn, Kee Hoon,Wan, Li,Bernoux, Maud,Sarris, Panagiotis F.,Segonzac, Cecile,Ve, Thomas,Ma, Yan,Saucet, Simon B.,Ericsson, Daniel J.,Casey, Lachlan W.,Lonhienne, Thierry,Winzor, Dona American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2014 Science Vol.344 No.6181
<P><B>Universal Immune Function</B></P><P>Certain pathogen effectors are detected in plants by cytoplasmic receptors. First solving the crystal structures of <I>Arabidopsis</I> receptors, <B>Williams <I>et al.</I></B> (p. 299; see the Perspective by <B>Nishimura and Dangl</B>) discovered that in the resting state, the structures form a heterodimer that readies the complex for effector binding and keeps the signaling domains from firing too early. Once the pathogen effector binds, the structure of the complex shifts such that the signaling domains can form a homodimer to initiate downstream signaling. Similarities between these plant-pathogen receptors and Toll-like receptors in animals suggest the molecular mechanisms may translate broadly.</P>