이호우와 김상옥 시조 비교 연구

강호정(Kang, Ho-Jung) 한국시조학회 2018 시조학논총 Vol.49 No.-

이 논문은 김상옥과 이호우 시인의 비교를 통하여 현대시조가 한국의 험난한 근현대사를 어떻게 견뎌왔는지, 또 내용과 형식에 있어서 이들의 새로움은 무엇인지 살펴보고, 이를 통해 현대시조의 방향성을 모색해보고자 했다. 두 시인의 비교의 기준점은 전통과 시대정신으로 삼았다. 김상옥과 이호우를 비교 대상으로 삼은 이유는 다음과 같다. 첫째는 두 시인 모두 가람 이병기의 추천으로 『문장』지를 통해 등단했고, 등단 이전에도 작품을 발표한 바 있는 준 기성시인이었다는 점이다. 둘째는 두 시인이 모두 일제강점기와 6.25전쟁, 4.19 등 근현대사의 변혁을 고스란히 겪은 세대로서, 동시대를 관통해 왔다는 점이다. 셋째는 시조의 형식과 내용에 있어서 독자적인 세계를 구축해 나갔다는 점이다. 넷째는 지역(경남)의 시인으로서 지역문화 발전에 이바지한 바가 크다는 것이다, 비교의 기준으로 삼은 전통과 시대정신은 역사의식을 배경으로 한다는 점에서 공통적이지만, 엄밀한 의미에서 다른 맥락의 개념으로 봐야한다. 시대정신이 공시적이라면 전통은 통시적이다. 시대정신이 당대의 근대적 인식을 보여준다면, 전통은 전근대적 인식을 포괄하는 개념이다. 시대정신이 현실에 밀착되어 있다면, 전통은 과거를 출발점으로 한다고 할 수 있다. 이호우의 시조가 시대정신을 바탕으로 자주 사회를 항하여 발언한다면 김상옥의 시는 전통적인 의미에서 인간의 내면과 자연에 집중한다. 형식적인 측면에서 김상옥의 시조는 상대적으로 자유로운 시형을 실험하고 있다. 두 시인의 세계는 다르지만 그 다른 세계는 서로를 비추는 거울이며 현대시조가 나아갈 두 개의 동력이자 방향성이기도 하다. 시조에 있어서 전통(성)에 대한 것이 꾸준히 논의되어 왔다면 상대적으로 시대정신에 대한 것이 강조될 필요가 있다. This paper aims to examine how the modern sijo(時調)) endured perilous modern history of Korea through comparison between Kim Sang-Ok and Lee Ho-Woo and find out what is the novelty of their contents and forms. The standard of comparison between two poets are tradition and `the spirit of the times`(zeitgeist) The reasons for comparing Kim Sang-Ok and Lee Ho-Woo are as follows. First, they both started their literary career through 『Munjang(文章)』magazine with the recommendation of Lee Byeong-gi, and were a quasi-poet who had published his work before debuts. Second, they are from the generation that experienced Japanese colonial period, Korean War and 4.19 Revolution and other major modern historical incidents. The third is that he has built a world of his own in the form and content of Sijo. The fourth is that he has contributed to the development of local culture as a poet of the region (Gyeongnam). The tradition and the spirit of the times are common in that they are based on historical consciousness, but strictly speaking, they are different. `The spirit of the times`(zeitgeist) is synchronic while tradition is diachronic. If the spirit of the times shows modern perceptions of the day, tradition is a concept that encompasses premodern perceptions. If the spirit of the times is close to reality, tradition can be said to be the starting point of the past. If Lee Ho-woo`s poetry frequently speaks against society, Kim Sang-ok`s poetry focuses on human inner and natural in the traditional sense. The world of the two poets is different, but the other world is a mirror that shines on each other, and it is also the two power and direction of modern poetry. If the tradition has been constantly discussed in the sijo, it is necessary to emphasize the spirit of the times relatively.

Induction of heme oxygenase-1 protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions

Lee, Sang Choel,Han, Seung Hyeok,Li, Jin Ji,Lee, Sun Ha,Jung, Dong-Sub,Kwak, Seung-Jae,Kim, Seung Hye,Kim, Dong Ki,Yoo, Tae-Hyun,Kim, Jin Hyun,Chang, Se-Ho,Han, Dae Suk,Kang, Shin-Wook International Society of Nephrology 2009 Kidney international Vol.76 No.8

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an anti-oxidant enzyme normally upregulated in response to oxidant injury. Here we determined the role of HO-1 in podocyte apoptosis in glomeruli of streptozotocin-treated rats and in immortalized mouse podocytes cultured in media containing normal or high glucose. HO-1 expression, its activity, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein, and active caspase-3 fragments were all significantly higher in isolated glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose–treated podocytes. These increases were inhibited by zinc protoporphyrin treatment of the rats or by HO-1 siRNA treatment of the podocytes in culture. The number of apoptotic cells was also significantly increased in the glomeruli of diabetic rats and in high glucose–treated podocytes. Inhibition of HO-1 accentuated the increase in apoptotic cells both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that HO-1 expression protects against podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions.

Ethanol Extract of Ganoderma lucidum Augments Cellular Anti-oxidant Defense through Activation of Nrf2/HO-1

Lee, Yoo-hwan,Kim, Jung-hee,Song, Choon-ho,Jang, Kyung-jeon,kim, Cheol-hong,Kang, Ji-Sook,Choi, Yung-hyun,Yoon, Hyun-Min KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2016 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for many years. Although several studies have focused on the anti-oxidative activity of this mushroom, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity have not yet been clearly established. The present study investigated the cytoprotective effect of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (EGL) against oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide, $H_2O_2$) and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in a C2C12 myoblast cell line. Methods: Oxidative stress markers were determined by using the comet assay to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. Cell viability and Western blotting analyses were employed to evaluate the cellular response to EGL and $H_2O_2$ in C2C12 cells. Transfection with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-specific small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) was conducted to understand the relationship between Nrf2 expression and $H_2O_2$-induced growth inhibition. Results: The results showed that EGL effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced growth and the generation of ROS. EGL markedly suppressed $H_2O_2$-induced comet-like DNA formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 ($p-{\gamma}H2AX$), a widely used marker of DNA damage, suggesting that EGL prevented $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, the EGL treatment effectively induced the expression of Nrf2, as well as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), with parallel phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the C2C12 myoblasts. However, zinc protoporphyrin IX, a HO-1 inhibitor, significantly abolished the protective effects of EGL against $H_2O_2$-induced accumulation of ROS and reduced cell growth. Notably, transient transfection with Nrf2-specific siRNA attenuated the cytoprotective effects and HO-1 induction by EGL, indicating that EGL induced the expression of HO-1 in an Nrf2-dependent manner. Conclusion: Collectively, these results demonstrate that EGL augments the cellular anti-oxidant defense capacity through activation of Nrf2/HO-1, thereby protecting C2C12 myoblasts from $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cytotoxicity.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

8년간(1992~1999) 산업안전보건연구원에 의뢰된 직업병 심의 사례 분석

강성규,김규상,김양호,최정근,안연순,진영우,최병순,양정선,김은아,채창호,최용휴,김대성,박정선,정호근 대한산업의학회 2000 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.12 No.2

Objectives : Pneumoconisis and noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) have been reported as main occupational diseases by the Special Health Examination. The Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance has reported various work-related diseases, however, these two diseases occupied almost a half of compensated cases. Therefore, it was not well known about the status of occupational diseases other than pneumoconiosis, NIHL, and cardio-cerebrovascular accident (CVA). This study was conducted to analyze claimed cases as an occupational disease, that was requested to the Korea Industrial Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA). Methods : The local office of the Korea Labor Welfare Corporation (KLWC) has asked the KOSHA for confirmation of claimed cases as an occupational disease. We analyzed 379 cases requested from KLWC, the Ministry of Labor, employers, unions and occupational health agencies from 1992 to 1999. Results : Male was 80.7 % of the requested cases. Their mean age was 42 years old and 75.5 % of them were more than 35 years old. The requested cases were increased rapidly from 25 cases in 1992 to 108 cases in 1999 and the accept rate was 50.7 %. The majority of requested cases were respiratory diseases(22.4%), cancers(18.5%), Neuropsychiatric problems(14.5%), and musculoskeletal problems(13.5%). The accept rate was high in reproductive, respiratory, musculoskeletal and digestive disorders and low in neuropsychiatric, renal and otologic problems and occupational cancers. 73.6% of them were caused by chemical agents, especially 28.5 % were by organic solvents. 67% of them were clinically confirmed at university hospitals. A half of the cases were from KyongIn area, even the request came from the whole country. Conclusions : A claim was common in workers whose age was over 35 years old and exposure history was over 10 years. The respiratory diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders were still main problems in occupational health and occupational cancers was increasing even though its accept rate was not high yet.

유아 로타바이러스 설사증에 대한 IgY 난황 항체의 효과시험

정동혁, 박효선, 김경미, 정규항, 김강영, 정후길, 윤숭섭, 전호남, 강신영 충북대학교 동물의학연구소 2006 Journal of Biomedical and Translational Research Vol.7 No.2

본문참고

해방기 동인지 『죽순』 연구

강호정(Kang Ho jung) 한국문학회 2015 韓國文學論叢 Vol.69 No.-

이 글은 『죽순』의 시론과 시를 통하여 해방기에 있어서 『죽순』의 시세계를 고찰하고, 대구라는 지역성의 발현으로서 『죽순』의 역할 그리고. 『죽순』의 한계와 현재적 의의에 대해 파악하고자 했다. 해방기 최초의 동인지 『죽순』은 '죽순시인구락부'를 발행인으로 하여 1946년 5월 1일자로 대구에서 처음 발간되었다. 이후 1949년 7월 11집으로 종간할 때까지 임시증간호를 포함 총 12집의 잡지를 발간하였다. 발행인은 '죽순시인구락부'로 되어 있어서 클럽(Club)으로서의 동인의 활동임을 분명히 하고 있지만, 실질적인 것(경제적 후원, 편집, 발송 등)은 시인 이윤수에 의해 이루어졌다. 이후 1979년 30년 만에 다시 복간하여 현재에도 간행되고 있다. 해방기에 있어서 『죽순』의 등장은 몇 가지 점에서 특징적이다. 1. 동인지로 출발하여 순수문예지로서의 위상을 정립하려고 했다는 점. 2. 문학사에 등장하는 유명 시인들을 포섭하고 있으나 그것이 양날의 검처럼 작용하고 있다는 점. 3. 시조문학에 깊은 관심을 보였다는 점. 4. 대구 지역을 대표하는 동인지로서 '향토문학운동'의 선봉에 서 있다는 점 등이다. 이와 관련하여 『죽순』과 '조선청년문학가협회'와의 관계가 자리하고 있다는 점도 무시할 수 없을 것이다. 이 글은 『죽순』에 수록된 시론을 통하여 『죽순』 동인들의 동인의식을 살펴보고, 그 시론에 입각하여 동인들의 시를 살펴보고자 했다. 『죽순』에 작품을 수록하였지만, 동인의식의 다소 미흡하다고 판단되는 김춘수, 유치환 등 유명 시인들보다도 순수하게 『죽순』 동인으로서 열정을 보인시인들을 대상으로 하였다. This article is to study the poetic worlds of 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 in the liberation period and to comprehend its role in revealing the locality of Daegu, with its limit and modern meanings, through poetics and poems contained in 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』, the first literary coterie magazine in the liberation period, was published in Daegu, on May. 1st, 1946, by Jook-soon Poets Club as a publisher. Since then 12 magazines including an extra edition were published until the cessation of publication with 11th issue on July of 1949. Even though 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 clarified pointing the activity of literary coterie as a club by clearly designating Jook-soon Poets Club as its publisher, actual managements such as financial support, editing, and mailing were lead by a poet Lee Yoon-soo. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 was reissued in 1979, for the first time in 30 years, and has been continuously published until now. The appearance of 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 in the liberation period has following features: 1. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 started as literary coterie magazine and tried to establish status as pure literary magazine, 2. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 published the poems of well-known poets who appeared in literary history, but it worked double-edged sword. 3. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 took a profound interest in shijo literature even though it was caused by the special cases of Lee Ho-woo and Lee Young-do. 4. 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 was spearheading 'a local literary movement' as a representative literary coterie magazine in Daegu. In this connection, it is impossible to ignore its relation with 'Joseon Youth Literary Association.' This article is to study the coterie awareness of 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 members through poetics contained in 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 and to examine their poems based on those poetics. The object of investigation was decided to be poets who showed pure enthusiasm as members of 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』 rather than famous poets such as Kim Choon-soo and Yoo Chi-hwan who seemed to lack coterie awareness even though their poems were contained in 『Jook-soon(Bamboo shoot)』.

원위 대퇴골의 고립성 골연골종에서 발생한 속발성 연골 육종 1례 보고

정필현,황장수,강석,김용민,오형호,채동주,김종필 동국대학교 경주대학 1996 東國論集 Vol.15 No.-

연골육종은 비교적 서서히 자라며 늦게 전이하는 악성 연골 종양으로 알려져 있다. 골 연골종에서 발생한 속발성 연골육종은 발생빈도는 드물며 타부위로의 전이가 적고 악성도가 낮은 경우가 많아 적합한 수술적 치료로서 좋은 예후를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 본 동국대학교 정형외과학 교실에서는 우측 대퇴골 원위부 골간단부에 생긴 고립성 골 연골종에서 이차적으로 발생한 연골육종을 치험한 바 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다. A case of Secondary Chondrosarcoma Arising from Solitary Osteochondroma of the Distal Femur Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, DongGuk University Phil Hyun Chung M.D., Jung Su Hwang M.D., Suk Kang M.D., Yang Mln Kim M.D., Hyung Ho Oh M.D., Dong Ju Chae M.D., Jong Pil Kim M.D. Chondrpsarcoma is a malignant cartilage-forming tumor that grows slowly and metastasis of this tumor occurs in late stage. Secondary chondrosarcomas arising from a solitary osteocartilaginous exostosis are rare and those have a better prognosis than other chondrosarcomas, and they rarely metastasize. We present our experience with a case of secondary chondrpsarcoma arising in solitary osteochondroma of distal metaphysis of right femur with clinical details.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

Vascular Protective Role of Samul-Tang in HUVECs: Involvement of Nrf2/HO-1 and NO

Choi, Eun Sik,Lee, Yun Jung,Seo, Chang Seob,Yoon, Jung Joo,Han, Byung Hyuk,Park, Min Cheol,Kang, Dae Gill,Lee, Ho Sub Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2016 Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medic Vol.2016 No.-

<P>Samul-Tang (Si-Wu-Tang, SMT), composed of four medicinal herbs, is a well-known herbal formula treating hematological disorder or gynecologic disease. However, vascular protective effects of SMT and its molecular mechanisms on the vascular endothelium, known as the central spot of vascular inflammatory process, are not reported. The aim of this study was to investigate vascular protective effects of SMT water extract in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Water extract of SMT was prepared and identified by HPLC-PDA analysis. Expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-<I>κ</I>B) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were determined by western blot. Nuclear localization of NF-<I>κ</I>B and Nrf2 was visualized by immunofluorescence and DNA binding activity of NF-<I>κ</I>B was measured. ROS production, HL-60 monocyte adhesion, and intracellular nitric oxide (NO) were also measured using a fluorescent indicator. SMT suppressed NF-<I>κ</I>B translocation and activation as well as expression of CAMs, monocyte adhesion, and ROS production induced by TNF-<I>α</I> in HUVECs. SMT treated HUVECs showed upregulation of HO-1 and NO which are responsible for vascular protective action. Our study suggests that SMT, a traditionally used herbal formula, protects the vascular endothelium from inflammation and might be used as a promising vascular protective drug.</P>