Survey of Cultivation and Status of Gerbera Smart Farms

Oh Keun Kwon,Jae Ah Jung,Myung Suk Ahn,Hyun Young Song,Manjulatha Mekapogu,Dan Hye Kim,Doo Jong Ha 한국화훼학회 2021 화훼연구 Vol.29 No.4

본 연구는 거베라 주산지인 경북과 경남 지역의 농가 재배 및 스마트팜 현황을 조사하고 분석하고자 수행하였다. 조사방법은 2020년 81 농가를 대상으로 대면 설문조사를 실시하였다. 거베라 경영주 연령은 50∼60대가 71.6%로 가장 많았고, 30∼ 40대가 16%, 70세 이상이 9.9%, 30세 이하는 2.5% 순이었다. 거베라 재배 경력은 5년 이하가 37%였으며, 6∼10년 25.9%, 11∼20년 29.6%, 21년 이상 농가가 7.4%였다. 재배 면적은 0.3 ∼0.6ha가 61.7%로 가장 많았고, 0.3ha 미만이 30.9%, 0.6ha 이상이 7.4%였으며, 전체 평균재배 면적은 0.37ha였다. 거베라 재배 농가당 평균 인력은 자가 노동력 2.1명, 고용 노동력 0.8명 이었다. 재배 방식에서 토경 88.9%, 양액재배 농가는 11.1%였다. 국산품종을 전체 또는 일부라도 재배하고 있는 농가는 61.7%였고 외국산 거베라 품종만 재배하고 있는 농가는 38.3% 였다. 거베라 병해충 발생조사에서 병 발생이 많았다고 응답한 농가는 91.4%였으며, 충 발생이 많았다고 응답한 농가는 98.8% 였다. 스마트팜 시스템을 설치한 농가는 12.3%였으며, 설치하지 않은 농가에서 향후 설치할 의향이 있다고 응답한 농가는 76.9% 였다. 향후 경영계획을 묻는 질문에서 현상유지 80.2%, 축소 8.6%, 경영확대 11.1%였으며, 경영 확대를 대답한 농가는 경북 지역이 8농가로 경남지역 1농가 보다 많았다. This study was conducted to investigate and analyze gerbera cultivation and the status of smart farms in Korea. The survey was conducted in person for 81 farms, in 2020. About 71.6% managers of the gerbera farms were in their 50s and 60s, 16% in their 30s and 40s, 9.9% were over 70, and 2.5% under 30. About 37% of the farmers have cultivation experience of less than five years; 25.9%, 6–10 years; 29.6%, 11–20 years; and 7.4%, over 21 years. Around 61.7% of the area under gerbera cultivation was 0.3–0.6 ha, 30.9% was less than 0.3 ha, and 7.4% was over 0.6 ha; and the average area under cultivation was 0.37 ha. The average family labor of the gerbera farms was 2.1 people and the employed labor was 0.8 people. The cultivation methods included about 88.9% soil and 11.1% nutrient cultivation farms. However, 61.7% of the farmers cultivated all or part of the domestic gerbera varieties, whereas 38.3% only cultivated foreign varieties. In the pest survey, around 91.4% of the farm managers responded to have observed different diseases, and around 98.8% farms exhibited various pests. The smart farm system has been installed by 12.3% of the farming households. However, 76.9% of farming households with no prior smart farms are planning to install them in the future. Future plans include the status quo of 80.2%, reduction in total area by 8.6% and expansion in total area by 11.1%, and around eight farms in Gyeongbuk and one farm in Gyeongnam area are planning to expand their management.

안정 동위체 표지 다차원 NMR 법에 의한 c-Ha-Ras 단백질의 구조해석

하종명 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 2004 自然科學論文集 Vol.13 No.-

In order to elucidate the structural change between the GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms of the Ras protein, isotope-aided 2D) and 3D NMR experiments were performed for uniformly ^(15)N-^(13)C labeled sample. First, most of the backbone resonances (N, NH, C_(α), CO) were assigned for the GDP-bound form by HNCO, HNCA and HCACO experiments. Next, HCCH-TOCSY and CT-HCCH-COSY experiments were performed for observation of side chain resonances of the Ras protein. For the GTP-bound form, the resonances due to G10-G13, I21, Y32-S39, and D57-Y64 were not identified clearly due to line broadening. Strength of the magnetic field strongly influenced the line shape of the resonances of residues near these regions of the GTP-bound form in ^(1)H-^(15)N HSQC spectrum, otherwise such an effect was not observed for the GDP-bound form. These results suggested that chemical exchange between multiple conformations occurred in the GTP-bound form.

人間의 c-Ha-ras發癌性 蛋白質에 結合되어 있는 GDP와 GTP의 形態 比較

河鍾明 新羅大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

A truncated human c-Ha-ras gene product 〔ras(1-17)protein〕in which glutamine-61 was replaced by leucine 〔ras(L61/1-171)protein〕, was prepared and ligand was exchanged from GDP to GTPγS 〔Guanosine 5'(3-0-thio) triphosphate〕. A mass production of ras protein bound with GTPγS was possible using ultra-filtration with chealating agent. GTPγS bound to c-Ha-ras protein was clearly confirmed by ultra-violet spectroscopy and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance. The conformations of a bound GDP and a bound GTP to a ras(L61/1-171)protein were compared by time dependent nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy. The dependences of the H1' and H8 proton resonance intensities on duration of time-dependent NOE profiles, and the conformation of the protein-bound GDP and GTPγS were elu??dated ; as for the bound GDP, the guanosine moiety takes the antiform about N-glycosidic bond with the dihedral angle of χ=-124±2° and the riose ring takes the C2'-endo form(Ha. 1990). Whereas the bound GTPγS, the guanosine moiety, takes the anti form about N-glycosidic bond with the dihedral angle of χ=-80±2°and the ribose ring takes the C3'-endo form The conformations around effector region are of the regular structure in the GDP-bound state, and largely distorted in the GTPγS-bound state, whichis probably related to the conformational activation of the effector region of ras proteins by ligand substitution of GDP with GTPγS. The role of the interaction between the bound guanine nucleotide and effector region is discussed with regard to the mechanism of the ras protein functions.

人間의 c-Ha-ras 發癌性 蛋白質에 結合되어 있는 GDP의 形態

河鍾明 新羅大學校 1990 論文集 Vol.29 No.-

¹H-NMR spectra were analyzed of a GDP/GTP-binding domain of human c-Ha-ras gene product(residues 1-171) in which glutarmine-61 was replaced by leucine [ras(L61/1-171) protein]. By one-dimensional and two-dimensional homonuclear Hartmann-Hah spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy of the complex of the ras(L61/1-171) protein and GDP, the ribose H1', H2', H3' and H4' proton resonances of the bound GDP were identified. The guanine H8 proton resonance of the bound GDP was identified by substitution [8-²H]GDP for GDP. The dependences of the H1' and H8 proton resonance intensities in the duration of irradiation of the H1', H2', H3' and H8 protons were measured. By numerical simulation of these time-dependent NOE profiles, the conformation of the protein-bound GDP was elucidated ; the guanosine moiety takes the anti form about the N-glycosidic bond with the dihedral angle of χ=-124±2。 and the ribes ring takes the C2'-endo form. Such an analysis of the conformation of a guanine nucleotide as bound to a GTP-binding protein will be useful for further studies on the molecular mechanism of the conformational activation of ras proteins on ligand substitution of GDP with GTP.

뇌실외 배액술 시행과 관련된 뇌실염 : 원인균주와 경험적 치료약제의 적절성

도병훈,김신우,오종택,손종원,하상우,이응갑,장현하,이종명,김능수 대한감염학회 2005 감염과 화학요법 Vol.37 No.2

목적 : 본 연구는 뇌실외 배액술을 시행한 신경외과 환자들에서 뇌실염 발생 빈도, 원인균주와 감수성 추이 및 경험적 치료로 사용되는 항생제인 ceftazidime과 vancomycin의 적절성 여부에 대하여 조사하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 2000년 12월부터 2003년 10월까지 EVD를 시행한 경북대학교병원 신경외과 입원환자 340명 중 뇌실염이 발생한 39명을 대상으로 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : 340명 중 39예 (11.5%)에서 뇌실염이 발생하였고 이들 가운데 4명이 뇌실염과 연관하여 사망하였다(10.3%). EVD 시행일로부터 뇌실염 발생까지는 평균 8.4일이었다. 원인균은 33예(87.1%)에서 확인되었으며 Aci-netobacter (19예, 45%), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (9예, 22%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (9예, 22%) 등의 순이었다. 가장 많이 동정된 Acinetobacter 19예 중에서 8예(42.1%)가 ceftriaxone에 내성을 보였으며 현재 경험적으로 널리 사용되는 ceftazidime에 대해서는 11예중 3예(27%)가 내성을 보였다. 결론 : 최근 EVD 시행과 관련된 뇌실염 뇌실염 최근 그람음성 non-fermenter 특히 Acinetobacter에 의한 경우가 증가하고 있으며, 이들 그람음성 non-fermenter는 현재까지 경험적으로 사용되는 ceftazidime에 점차 내성을 보이고 있다. 경험적 치료제에 대한 성공률을 높이기 위해서는 각 병원별 내실염의 원인균주의 감수성에 대한 검사가 필요하겠다. Purpose : To investigate the etiologic microorganisms of external ventricular drain (EVD)-related ventriculitis and the appropriateness of using ceftazidime and vancomycin as an empiric therapy in neurosurgical patients with EVD-related ventriculitis. Materials and Methods : Retrospective analysis of 39 patients with EVD-related ventriculitis among 340 neurosurgical patients to whom EVD had been placed during December 2000 and October 2003 at Kyungpook National University Hospital. Results : Thirty-nine EVD-related infections (39/340, 11.5%) occurred and the attributable mortality rate was 10.3% (4/39). The average duration from the ventricular catheter placement to the development of ventriculitis was 8.4 days. All patients with EVD infection had fever and 89.7% (35/39) of the patients showed nuchal rigidity. The positive culture rate in CSF was 87.1% (34/39) and the frequency of individual organism is as follows : Acinetobacter 45% (19 cases), methicillin-resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus 22% (9 cases), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus 22% (9 cases), Enterococcus 5% (2 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae 3% (1 case), non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli 3% (1 case). The polymicrobial infection rate was 15.4% (6/39). Among 19 cases of Acinetobacter infection, 42.1% (8/19) of the strains showed resistance to ceftriaxone and 15.7% (3/11) to ceftazidime. However, all cases were sensitive to meropenem. Conclusion : These findings show that the major etiologic organisms causing EVD-related ventriculitis have recently changed to Gram-negative non-fermenters, especially Acinetobacter. Because Gram-negative non-fermenting rods resistant to ceftazidime are increasing, an immediate change from ceftazidime plus vancomycin, the widely accepted empiric antibiotic therapy, to meropenem plus vancomycin should be considered when clinical symptoms and signs show no improvement or even deterioration.

Bridgman법에 의한 CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정 성장과 defect 연구

하종호,홍명석,홍광준 조선대학교 에너지.자원신기술연구소 2003 에너지·자원신기술연구소 논문지 Vol.25 No.2

수평 전기로에서 CdIn₂Te₄ 다결정을 합성하여 Bridgeman 법으로 3단 수직 전기로에서 CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정을 성장하였다. 성장된 결정의 특성은 x선 회절과 광발광 측정으로 조사하였다. CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정 시료는 Laue에 배면 반사법에 의해서 (001)면으로 성장되었음을 확인하였다. Hall 효과는 van der Pauw 방법에 의해 측정되었으며, 온도에 의존하는 운반자 농도와 이동도는 293K에서 각각 8.61×10^(16) /㎤, 242 cm²/V·s였다. CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정의 광흡수와 광전류 spectra를 293K에서 10K까지 측정하였다. 광흡수 스펙트럼으로부터 band gap E_(g)(T)는 Varshni 공식에 따라 계산한 결과 1.4750eV-(7.69×10^(-3) eV/K)T²/(T+2147 K)임을 확인하였다. 막 성장된(as-grown) CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정 시료를 Cd-, In-, Te 분위기에서 열처리하여 10K에서 photolumine science(PL) spectra를 측정하여 점 결함의 기원을 알아보았다. CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정내에서 내재된 결함들의 기원을 10 K에서 광발광을 측정하여 연구되었다. PL 측정으로부터 얻어진 V_(Te), Cd_(int), 그리고 V_(Cd) Te_(int)는 주개와 받개로 분류되어졌다. CdIn₂Te₄ 단결정 시료를 Cd 분위기에서 열처리하면 n형으로 변환됨을 알 수 있었고, In 분위기에서 열처리하면 열처리 이전의 PL spectra를 보이고 있어서 I₂, I₁ 및 S.A emission에 의한 PL peak에는 영향을 주지 않는다고 보았다. A stoichiometric mixture for CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal was prepared from horizontal electric furnace. The CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal was grown in the three-stage vertical electric furnace by using Bridgman method. The quality of the grown crystal has been investigated by the x-ray diffraction and the photoluminescence measurements. The (001) growth plane of oriented CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal was confirmed from back-reflection Laue patterns. The carrier density and mobility of CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal measured with Hall effect by van der Pauw method are 8.61×10^(16) ㎤ and 242 ㎠/V·s at 293K, respectively. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal obtained from the absorption spectra was well described by the Varshni's relation, E_(g)(T) = 1.4750 eV - (7.69× 10^(-3) eV)T²/(T+ 2147). After the as-grown CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal was annealed in Cd-, In-, and Te-atmospheres, the origin of point defects of CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal has been investigated by the photoluminescence(PL) at 10 K. The native defects of V_(Te), Cd_(int), and V_(Cd), Te_(int) obtained by PL measurements were classified as a donors or acceptors type. And we concluded that the heat-treatment in the Cd-atmosphere converted CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal to an optical n-type. Also, we confirmed that In in CdIn₂Te₄ did not form the native defects because In in CdIn₂Te₄ single crystal existed in the form of stable bonds.

일 대학병원 입원환자의 의료외적 서비스와 의료적 서비스 만족도가 고객충성도에 미치는 영향

하동욱,강명근,박종,김율 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2007 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.32 No.3

Background: Regarding non-medical services of hospitals, most of them have concerned and have made an efforts to managed it. But there were only a few studies on how it influenced on customers' loyalty, comparing to medical services. Purpose: Then, this study was conducted to identify the influence of satisfaction with non-medical services on customers' loyalty towards hospitals. Methods: The study subjects were 229 inpatients of a university hospital. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire from them. Results: As the results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis, adjusting with general characteristics and satisfaction with medical service, the explanatory power of satisfaction with non-medical services on overall customers' loyalty was 2.2%, which was statistically significant in borderline. But the value was very lower than that of satisfaction with medical services, Conclusions: In order to keep up with high level of customers' loyalty towards hospitals, it might be necessary to manage quality of medical service area primarily, but the importance of non-medical service areas should not be neglected because they might have a little but 'significant' influencing power.

수용액중의 아데노신-5'-삼인산의 형태 연구

하종명 新羅大學校 1994 論文集 Vol.37 No.1

It is very important to verify the structure of an ATP(Adenosine-5'-triphosphate) in aqueous solution because these are very closely related with the occurence in aqueous biological functions. The conformation of an ATP in neutral D₂O solution in the presence of Mg²+ ion has been investigated by NMR, such as chemical shifts, spin coupling constants, NOE(nuclear Overhauser effect) and relaxation times. In this study, the C2'-endo and C3'-endo forms in ribose ring were shown as 60% and 40%, respectively, and the gauche-gauche form of the exocyclic bond was 87%. In the formation of C2'-endo, anti form was given as 84% and the bond angle of glycosidic was 70°. In case of C3'-endo form, anti form was also 84% and the bond angle of glycosidic 27°. ATP in neutral aqueous solution may be predominant in the formation of C2'-endo-anti-gg consisted of a dynamic average number of interconverting polymorphic conformers. These conformations of an ATP will be very helpful to go further stuides, such as elucidation the mechanism of the protein biosynthesization.

NK-2의 Antagonist인 고리상 펩티드 cyclo-(Gln-Trp-Phe-Leu-Met)의 형태 연구

河鍾明 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 自然科學論文集 Vol.3 No.-

강력한 NK-2 antagonist이며 고리상 펩티드인 cyclo-??의 dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)용액중에서의 형태를 2차원 핵자기 공명과 분자동력학적인 계산에 의하여 결정하였다. 61개의 NOE와 그 외의 핵자기 공명의 각 파라메타를 만족시키는 25개의 구조를 얻었다. 분자내의 한 개의 약한 수소결합이 있었고 특징적인 구조는 갖고 있지 않았다. 본 연구에 앞서 보고한 바와 같이, 펩티드인 cyclo-??의 Gly이 βAla으로 치환된 펩티드는 βAla의 여분의 메틸렌이 cyclic peptide의 고리골격의 반발력을 완화시키고 수소결합들이 형태의 안정에 기여하고 있었다. 본 연구에서의 cyclo-??의 형태는 ring의 크기가 줄어든 strain에 의하여 βAla으로 치환된 펩티드에 비하여 전형적인 구조를 갖고 있지 않았다. Solution conformation of cyclo-??, potent NK-2 antagonist in dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) solution, has been determined by the use of two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(2D-NMR) in the temperature 313K combined with simulated annealing calculations. An exhaustive search yield a description of the 25 annealed structures that can explain all NMR parameters including 61 clearly observed nuclear Overhauser effects(NOEs). Temperature coefficients of NH proton resonance chemical shifts suggest that it has one weak intramolecular hydrogen bond in this cyclic peptide. We found previous study, the conformation of cyclo-?? is well-defined stabilized conformation. The addition of an extra methylene group to Gly, may relax some unfavorable restraints in the cyclic backbone structure, which results in stabilizing single conformation. In contrast, the structure of cyclo-?? is less ordered conformation than the cyclo-??.

Cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP)의 화학합성 및 구조- 항생물활성

하종명,이상현,하배진 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 自然科學論文集 Vol.5 No.-

CRAMP, a cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide was identified from cDNA sequence derived from mouse bone marrow cells. In this study, in order to investigate the structure-antibiotic function relationships of CRAMP, the mature CRAMP was synthesized by solid phase method using Fmoc-chemistry. CRAMP showed more potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of CRAMP against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli were 3.125-6.25μM and 50μM, respectively. CRAMP displayed a powerful antitumor activity against human small cell lung cancer cell lines (50% growth inhibitory concentration : 13 μM). However, CRAMP did not show hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes at peptide concentration of 50 μM. CD spectra analysis showed that CRAMP will form an amphipathic α-helical structure similar to other antimicrobial peptides such as cecropins, melittin and magainins.