Fusarium Species from Sorghum in Thailand

Nik M. I. Mohamed Nor,Baharuddin Salleh,John F. Leslie 한국식물병리학회 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.4

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide, spreading from Africa throughout the world. It is particularly important in the semi-arid tropics due to its drought tolerance, and when cultivated in Southeast Asia commonly occurs as a second crop during the dry season. We recovered Fusarium from sorghum in Thailand and found F. proliferatum, F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides most frequently, and intermittent isolates of F. sacchari and F. beomiforme. The relatively high frequencies of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, suggest mycotoxin contamination, particularly fumonisins and moniliformin, should be evaluated. Genetic variation within the three commonly recovered species was characterized with vegetative compatibility, mating type, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), and female fertility. Effective population number (Ne) was highest for F. verticillioides and lowest for F. thapsinum with values based on mating type allele frequencies higher than those based on female fertility. Based on AFLP genetic variation, the F. thapsinum populations were the most closely related, the F. verticillioides populations were the most distantly related, and the F. proliferatum populations were in an intermediate position. The genetic variation observed could result if F. thapsinum is introduced primarily with seed, while F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides could arrive with seed or be carried over from previous crops, e.g., rice or maize, which sorghum is following. Confirmation of species transmission patterns is needed to understand the agricultural systems in which sorghum is grown in Southeast Asia, which are quite different from the systems found in Africa, Australia, India and the Americas.

Fusarium Species from Sorghum in Thailand

Mohamed Nor, Nik M.I.,Salleh, Baharuddin,Leslie, John F. The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.4

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide, spreading from Africa throughout the world. It is particularly important in the semi-arid tropics due to its drought tolerance, and when cultivated in Southeast Asia commonly occurs as a second crop during the dry season. We recovered Fusarium from sorghum in Thailand and found F. proliferatum, F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides most frequently, and intermittent isolates of F. sacchari and F. beomiforme. The relatively high frequencies of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, suggest mycotoxin contamination, particularly fumonisins and moniliformin, should be evaluated. Genetic variation within the three commonly recovered species was characterized with vegetative compatibility, mating type, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), and female fertility. Effective population number ($N_e$) was highest for F. verticillioides and lowest for F. thapsinum with values based on mating type allele frequencies higher than those based on female fertility. Based on AFLP genetic variation, the F. thapsinum populations were the most closely related, the F. verticillioides populations were the most distantly related, and the F. proliferatum populations were in an intermediate position. The genetic variation observed could result if F. thapsinum is introduced primarily with seed, while F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides could arrive with seed or be carried over from previous crops, e.g., rice or maize, which sorghum is following. Confirmation of species transmission patterns is needed to understand the agricultural systems in which sorghum is grown in Southeast Asia, which are quite different from the systems found in Africa, Australia, India and the Americas.

Comparison of acute infection of calves exposed to a high-virulence or low-virulence bovine viral diarrhea virus or a HoBi-like virus.

Ridpath, Julia F,Falkenberg, Shollie M,Bauermann, Fernando V,VanderLey, Brian L,Do, YoonJung,Flores, Eduardo F,Rodman, Dianne M,Neill, John D American Veterinary Medical Association 2013 American journal of veterinary research Vol.74 No.3

<P>To compare acute infection of cattle exposed to a high-virulence (HV) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), low-virulence (LV) BVDV, or HoBi-like virus.</P>

Effects of the lunar cycle in the catch composition and total catch of stationary lift nets in the coastal waters of Miagao, Iloilo, the Philippines

Vergara, Christopher John C.,Quinitio, Gerald F.,BAECK, Gun Wook The Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technolo 2017 수산해양기술연구 Vol.53 No.4

The catch composition of commercially important species of the stationary lift net at Barangay Gines, Miagao, Iloilo, the Philippines was investigated from December 2013 to May 2014 during the different phases of the moon. A total of 486 kg of fish coming from 12 different genera, including mollusk and crustaceans, was caught and identified from the catch of the stationary lift net. Among the 12 genera identified from the catch of stationary lift net, anchovy (Stolephorus), sardines (Sardinella), squid (Loligo) and mysid shrimp (Acetes) were considered to be commercially important due to their value. Acetes catch was highest during the new moon in the month of January. Loligo catch was also high during the new moon except in the month of May. Stolephorus catch was also highest during the new moon except in the month of January. Sardinella catch was highest during the first quarter in the month of February. Full moon had the lowest catch all throughout the duration of the study while new moon had the highest catch during December 2013 to March 2014 and first quarter was the highest in the months of April and May.

유아기 아동들의 넓이뛰기에서의 뛴거리와 발달 단계와의 관계

Hanbenstricker, John L.,Branta, Crystal F. 한국초등무용학회 1998 한국초등무용학회지 Vol.3 No.1

This study examined the relationship between the movement patterns used by young children in performing the standing long jump and the distance that they jumped. The qualitative jumping behavior of 765 boys and 587 girls ranging in age from 24 to 72 months was determined using the four-swage developmental sequence proposed by Seefeldt, Reuschlein, and Vogel (1972) and supported by Haubenstricker, Seefeldt, and Branta (1983). Concurrently, the distance jumped was recorded. Significant main effects were found for age, gender, and development level. There were no significant two-way or three-way interactions. Pearson correlation coefficients between developmental level and distance jumped for ages two through five years were .270, .467, .442 and .372, respectively. Although all of the coefficients were significant, their magnitude suggests that, in addition to developmental level, other factors such as body size, body fat, strength, maturation, motivation, and opportunity for practice may contribute to the success of young children when jumping for distance.

Cloning and Sequencing of the α-1->6 Dextransucrase Gene from Leuconostoc mensenteroides B-742CB

Kim, Ho Sang,Kim, Do Man,Ryu, Hwa Ja,John F.Robyt 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2000 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.10 No.4

A dextransucrase gene (dsrB742) that expresses a dextransucrase to synthesize mostly α-1→6 linked dextran with a low amount (3-5%) of α-1→3 branching was cloned and sequenced from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-742CB. The 6.1-kb PstI fragments were ligated with pGEM-3Zf(-) and transformed into E. coli DH5α. The recombinant clone (pDSRB742) synthesized dextran on an agar plate containing 2%(w/v) sucrose. The dextran synthesized was hydrolyzed with Penicillium endo-dextranase. The hydrolyzate was composed of glucose, isomaltose, isomaltotriose, and branched pentasaccharide. The nucleotide sequence of dsrB742 showed one open reading frame (ORF) composed of 4,524bp encoding dextransucrase. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed a calculated molecular mass of 168.6kDa. It also showed an activity band of 184kDa on a non-denaturing SDS-PAGE (10%). The amino acid sequence of DSRB742 exhibited a 50% similarity with DSRA from L. mesenteroides B-1299, a 70% similarity with DSRS from L. mesenteroides B-512 (F, FMCM) and a 45-56% similarity with Streptococcal GTFs.

Time and Space as Unpredictable Biological Constructions

( John M. Myers ),( F. Hadi Madjid ) 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2018 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.19 No.2

Whatever we can say, we say in rhythms of symbols―e.g., words written as marks on paper. What a mark symbolizes to us or to other agents cannot be predicted on the basis of measurement and calculation. Without admitting any explicit notion of an agent, quantum theory implies a role for an unpredictable symbol-handling agent.To accept agents and symbols into physics is to see mechanisms, especially clocks, not in isolation but as tools that agents build and adjust as needed. We model a symbol-handling agent by combining a modified Turing machine with an adjustable clock, needed to allow communication of symbols from one agent to another. To communicate, agents must adjust their clocks so as to mesh their rhythms of oper- ation. We call this meshing of rhythms logical synchronization and display its features. While symbols are digital, maintaining logical synchronization requires something analog, idiosyncratic, and unpredictable, beyond symbols. Our main claim is that logically synchronized rhythms of symbols need not be seen as taking place in some externally supplied “space and time,” but instead are the raw material out of which physicists construct time, space, and spacetime. We hypothesize that all living organisms employ logically synchronized rhythms of symbols. We invite collaboration to explore, in a variety of contexts for people and other living organisms, the situations involv- ing logical synchronization of rhythms of symbols that differ from those used in physics. Accompanying such initial study, we would like to see the development of mathematical expressions of logical synchronization applicable to more complex cybernetic systems than those we discuss here.

Halofuginone and other febrifugine derivatives inhibit prolyl-tRNA synthetase

Keller, Tracy L,Zocco, Davide,Sundrud, Mark S,Hendrick, Margaret,Edenius, Maja,Yum, Jinah,Kim, Yeon-Jin,Lee, Hak-Kyo,Cortese, Joseph F,Wirth, Dyann F,Dignam, John David,Rao, Anjana,Yeo, Chang-Yeol,Maz Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2012 Nature chemical biology Vol.8 No.3

Febrifugine, the bioactive constituent of one of the 50 fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine, has been characterized for its therapeutic activity, though its molecular target has remained unknown. Febrifugine derivatives have been used to treat malaria, cancer, fibrosis and inflammatory disease. We recently demonstrated that halofuginone (HF), a widely studied derivative of febrifugine, inhibits the development of T<SUB>H</SUB>17-driven autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by activating the amino acid response (AAR) pathway. Here we show that HF binds glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS), inhibiting prolyl-tRNA synthetase activity; this inhibition is reversed by the addition of exogenous proline or EPRS. We further show that inhibition of EPRS underlies the broad bioactivities of this family of natural product derivatives. This work both explains the molecular mechanism of a promising family of therapeutics and highlights the AAR pathway as an important drug target for promoting inflammatory resolution.

A Two-Strain Mixture of Rhizobacteria Elicits Induction of Systemic Resistance Against Pseudomonas syringae and Cucumber Mosaic Virus Coupled to Promotion of Plant Growth on Arabidopsis thaliana

( Choong Min Ryu ),( John F. Murphy ),( M. S. Reddy ),( Joseph W. Kloepper ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2007 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.17 No.2

Benchmarking all-atom simulations using hydrogen exchange

Skinner, John J.,Yu, Wookyung,Gichana, Elizabeth K.,Baxa, Michael C.,Hinshaw, James R.,Freed, Karl F.,Sosnick, Tobin R. National Academy of Sciences 2014 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.111 No.45

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Molecular dynamics simulations have recently become capable of observing multiple protein unfolding and refolding events in a single-millisecond–long trajectory. This major advance produces atomic-level information with nanosecond resolution, a feat unmatched by experimental methods. Such simulations are being extensively analyzed to assess their description of protein folding, yet the results remain difficult to validate experimentally. We apply a combination of hydrogen exchange, NMR, and other techniques to test the simulations with a resolution of single H-bonds. Several significant discrepancies between the simulations and experimental data were uncovered for regions of the energy surface outside of the native basin. This comparison yields suggestions for improving the force fields and provides a general method for experimentally validating folding simulations.</P><P>Long-time molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are now able to fold small proteins reversibly to their native structures [Lindorff-Larsen K, Piana S, Dror RO, Shaw DE (2011) <I>Science</I> 334(6055):517–520]. These results indicate that modern force fields can reproduce the energy surface near the native structure. To test how well the force fields recapitulate the other regions of the energy surface, MD trajectories for a variant of protein G are compared with data from site-resolved hydrogen exchange (HX) and other biophysical measurements. Because HX monitors the breaking of individual H-bonds, this experimental technique identifies the stability and H-bond content of excited states, thus enabling quantitative comparison with the simulations. Contrary to experimental findings of a cooperative, all-or-none unfolding process, the simulated denatured state ensemble, on average, is highly collapsed with some transient or persistent native 2° structure. The MD trajectories of this protein G variant and other small proteins exhibit excessive intramolecular H-bonding even for the most expanded conformations, suggesting that the force fields require improvements in describing H-bonding and backbone hydration. Moreover, these comparisons provide a general protocol for validating the ability of simulations to accurately capture rare structural fluctuations.</P>