The Evolving Policy Debate on Border Closure in Korea

Su-Jin Kang,Jihyun Moon,Heewon Kang,Heekyoung Nam,Sangwoo Tak,Sung-Il Cho 대한예방의학회 2020 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.53 No.5

302 Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine J Prev Med Public Health 2020;53:302-306 • https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.20.213 The Evolving Policy Debate on Border Closure in Korea SuJin Kang1, Jihyun Moon2, Heewon Kang1, Heekyoung Nam3, Sangwoo Tak1, Sung-il Cho1,3 1Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea; 2Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea; 3Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Brief Report Objectives: In this paper, we aimed to investigate the evolving debate over border closure in Korea during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, to address the main themes associated with border closure, and to discuss the factors that need to be considered when making such decisions. Methods: We collated and reviewed previously conducted review studies on border closures during infectious disease outbreaks to derive relevant themes and factors. Results: According to our systematic review on border closures and travel restrictions, the effects of such containment efforts are limited. We suggest considering the following factors when determining whether to impose border closure measures: (1) disease characteristics, (2) timeliness of implementation, (3) transmission delay and the basic reproduction number, (4) globalization and pandemics, and (5) social and economic costs. Conclusions: Our assessment indicates that the effects of border closures are at best temporary and limited. Alternative measures must be contemplated and implemented to suppress the spread of COVID-19 in particular and infectious diseases more broadly.

Investigation of the April 2000 forest fire damage in Kang-won Province, Korea, using RADARSAT data

Kang, Sung Chul,Seo, Jin Won,Lee, Tae Hee,Park, Sang Eun,Hong, Suk Young,Moon, Wooil M. 대한원격탐사학회 2000 International Symposium on Remote Sensing Vol.16 No.1

The series of forest Fires in Kangwon Province in April, 2000, were one of the mast serious ones in the Kang-won Province in recent years. The fire damaged areas are extensive and this paper investigates the utility of the satellite image data, particularly the RADARSAT SAR data. One of the main objectives of this study included evaluation of potential usefulness of the C-band RADARSAT data in the detection of forest fires in mountainous areas. Among several fire damaged sites, the area near Samchuk (city) was selected as the main study area and mufti-temporal RADARSAT(raw) data were acquired and the processed results were comparatively investigated with the IRS-1c data acquired shortly after the fire. To identify the burnt area from the undamaged background in the optical imagery, supervised classification and NDVI processing were carried out and tested with the IRS-1C data. For this experiment, several sets of raw RADARSAT standard and Fine mode (S4, F3, ascending orbit) data were processed and the final image was formed. In addition to the final image, sigma nought (σ°) was catnputed and compared for the burnt area against the undamaged areas. Because of the steep slopes in the study area and subsequent deviation from the flat surface scattering models, the fire scars in the sigma nought (σ°) image were not apparent. However, fire scars are slightly detected in the difference and ratio images obtained from the signal intensity data acquired at different dates (bath before and after fire). Texture analysis of the image data including the burnt areas were carried out using the Multiplicative Markov Random-Field (MMRF) algorithm. The detection of the fire damaged area from both standard mode and fine mode RADARSAT was not as straightforward as in optical data. However, Previous studies with ERS-1 S_AR and RADARSAT data in Indonesia and in the North American Plains indicate that C-band SAR data provide us with an effective tool for studying the forest fire damages. However, the application of C-band SAR data to the analysis of the forest fire areas requires careful processing of the data with realistic scattering models.

정상 성인에 경구 투여한 Cefixime 두 정제의 생물학적 동등성 비교

강진양,서성훈,이경태,문창훈,강진한,이동건,최정현,신완식 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.4

목적 : 식품의약안전청 고시 제 1998-86호(1998. 8.26) "생물학적 동등성 시험 기준"에 의하여 섹심 캅셀(시험약, 한국유나이트제약)과 슈프락스 캅셀(대조약, 동아제약)의 생물학적 동등성을 비교 검토하였다. 방법 : 2×2 라틴 방격법에 따라 건강한 성인 남성 지원자 20명에게 cefixime 100㎎씩 경구투여하였다. 약제투여 후 12시간까지 일정간격으로 채혈하였고 각 피험자들의 혈중약물농도 데이터로부터 구한 Area under the concentration (AUC), C_(max), T_(max) 등의 생체이용률 파라미터에 대해 통계학적으로 고찰하여 두 제제간의 생물학적 동등성을 평가하였다. 결과 : AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에 대한 평균값의 차가 각각 1.26%, 3.73%, 6.21%로서 모두 대조약의 20% 이내에 들어 생물학적 동등성 판정기준의 전제조건을 만족하였다. 분산분석 결과 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)의 각 비교 항목에 있어서 모두 유의수준 α=0.05의 군/순서효과 검정에서 F비가 F 분석표의 한계값보다 작아 교차시험이 제대로 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었으며, AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 유의수준 α=0.05에서 대조약에 대한 최소검출차(Δ)가 각각 17.74%, 17.05%, 15.67%로 모두 20% 이내이었으며, 검출력(1-β)도 모두 0.8 이상으로 나타나 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 만족시켰다. 또 AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 대조약에 대한 생체이용률 차이의 신뢰한계(δ)가 ±20% 이내이어야 한다는 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 모두 만족시켰다. 결론 : 이상의 실험결과로 시험약은 대조약에 대하여 생물학적 동등성 평가항목인 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에서 모두 판정기준을 만족시켜 시험약은 대조약과 생물학적으로 동등하다고 사료된다. Background : The study was designed to compare the bioeqivalence between the test (CEXIME®. United Korea. Co., Ltd) and control (SUPRAX®. Dong-a Pharm. Co.. Ltd) capsules of cefixime. Methods : Twenty. healthy, male volunteers completed the study Each subject ingested single dose (100 ㎍) of the control and test drugs in 2?2 crossover design with a week drug-free interval between the doses. Blood samples were collected serially up to 12 hours and plasma concentrations of cefixime were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A non-compartmental approach was used for analysis of the concentration-time data. Results : The area under the curve (AUC), the maximum concentration of drug (C_(max)). and time to reach C_(max)(T_(max)) did not show any significant difference between the two preparations by ANOVA. The mean differences of AUC, C_(max), and T_(max) were within 20% of the control drug, those were 1.26%. 3.73%. and 6.21%. respectively. The confidence limits of three parameters were satisfied the bioeqivalence criteria. Conclusion : These results suggest that the test drug was bioequivalent with the control drug.

악성 갑상선 우연종의 임상상 및 초음파 소견의 진단적 가치

강한욱,김광원,이병완,강보현,김형훈,김범진,정재훈,민용기,이명식,이문규 대한내분비학회 2002 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.17 No.5

연구배경: 최근 갑상선 초음파 검사의 빈번한 시행으로 갑상선 우연종의 발견이 증가하고 있다. 이러한 갑상선 우연종은 임상적으로 어떻게 접근하고 치료를 해야 하는지 적지 않은 문제가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 직경 1.5㎝ 이하의 갑상선 우연종의 유병률, 입상적 특징 및 초음파 특성, 그리고 가장 효율적인 진단적 접근에 대해 알아 봤다. 방법: 1999년 1월부터 2000년 12월까지 삼성서울병원 내과 및 일반외과로 갑상선 결절을 주소로 내원한 1457명을 대상으로 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 우연히 발견된 직경 1.5㎝ 이하의 갑상선 결절을 가지는 환자들에서 갑상선 결절의 촉지 유무, 갑상선 기능검사, 항갑상선 항체, 갑상선 초음파 및 미세침 흡인세포검사, 99m^Tc 갑상선 스켄, 수술 조직검사 및 병기를 검토하였다. 결과: 분석한 갑상선 결절 1475예 중 갑상선 우연종의 유병률은 13.4%(198예)였다. 갑상선 우연종에서 악성률은 28.8%(57예)으로 나왔다. 양성 및 악성 갑상선 우연종에서 나이, 성별, 갑상선 기능검사, 결절 크기에는 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 갑상선 스켄은 갑상선 우연종의 감별에 적합하지 않았다. 갑상선 결절의 초음파 지표 점수만이 양성 및 악석 갑상선 우연종의 감별에서 초음파 지표 점수의 민감도는 88.9%, 특이도는 74.4%, 양성 예측률은 92.4%로 나왔고 진단적 정환도는 85.5%였다. 갑상선암으로 수술을 받은 50명중 stage 1은 34명, stage 2는 6명, stage 3은 10명으로 대부분의 악성 갑상선 우연종은 낮은 TNM 병기로 나타났으나, 상당수에서는 국소 침범의 소견을 보였다. TNM 병기의 3기 환자 전부는 45세 이상이였고, 주로 갑상선암의 피막 침범에 의한 것이었다. 임파절 전이는 6명의 환자에서 나왔다. 결론: 악성 갑상선 우연종은 비교적 흔히 접할 수 있는 질환이며 양성 우연종과는 임상적으로 구별이 안 된다. 악성 갑상선 우연종은 발견 당시 대부분 낮은 병기이나, 갑상선의 피막 침범 및 임파절 전이가 상당수에서 발견되었다. 갑상선 우연종의 초음파 소견은 향후의 진단 방향을 제시하는 중요한 길잡이가 될 수 있다. 초음파 지표 점수 2점 이상의 갑상선 우연종에서만 초음파 유도 미세침 흡입검사를 권장한다. Background: High-resolution ultrasonography has made the detection of asymptomatic small thyroid possible. Recent increases in the detection of incidentalomas have created a clinical dilemma on how to properly manage such incidental nodules. We investigated the prevalence, clinical and ultrasonographic characteristics, and optimal diagnostic approach toward incidentally detected benign and malignant thyroid nodules of less than 1.5㎝ in size. Methods: A retrospective review was undertaken on the 1,475 patients who had visited Samsung Medical Center, Seoul Korea between January 1999 and December 2000. The review consisted of a physical examination of the thyroid gland, thyroid function test, antithyroid antibodies, thyroid ultrasonography, fine-needle aspiration biopsy, pathology and TNA staging of the incidentally detected thyroid nodules of less than 1.5㎝ in size. Results: The prevalence of thyroid incidentalomas was 13.4% and the malignancy rate within them was 28.8%. There were no significant differences in age, sex, thyroid function test and size between the benign and malignant incidentalomas. Ultrasonographic characteristics showed meaningful diagnostic value for the detection of malignancy in incidentalomas. Most malignant incidentalomas were of a low stage. Conclusion: Occult thyroid cancers are fairly common finding. There are no clinical difference between benign and malignant thyroid nodules less than 1.5㎝; however, ultrasonographic findings can be used to decision of optimal management strategies (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 17:649∼656, 2002).

1997~2001년 제주도 고산지역 PM2.5 미세분진의 오염 특성

강창희,김원형,한진석,선우영,문길주 한국대기환경학회 2003 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.19 No.3

PM_(2.5) fine particles have been collected at the Gosan measurement station in Jeju Island, and the major water-soluble components have been analyzed in order to investigate the aerosol compositions and pollution characteristics. The mean concentrations of the components were in the order of SO₄²^(-) > NH₄^(-) > NO₃^(-) >Na¹ > K > Cl^(-) > Ca²^(+) > Mg²^(+). The major components were SO₄²^(-), NH₄^(-) and NO₃^(-), whose compositions were 58%, 18% and 10% of the total ions, respectively. Most of the components showed higher concentrations in spring season, and especially Ca²^(+), NO₃^(-) and SO₄²^(-) concentrations were increased 2.8, 1.9 and 1.2 times higher than the annual mean concentrations. The most parts of SO₄²^(-) and NH₄^(-) were distributed in the particles below 2.1μm size, but the Ca²^(+), Na^(+) and Cl^(-) showed relatively higher concentrations in coarse particles. Based on the factor analysis, the PM_(2.5) line particles were considered to be largely influenced by anthropogenic sources, and followed by sea salt and soil sources. In the variations of concentrations as a function of wind direction. Most components have shown higher concentrations natably as the northwesterly prevails.

위암에서 p53 유전자의 변이에 대한 연구

강현욱,김창진,정문석 순천향의학연구소 1997 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.3 No.2

The pathogenic mechanisms of gastric carcinoma, which is the most common malignant tumor in Korea, have not been completely elucidated. Recently the carcinogenic mechanisms have been explored in depth of genetic mutations. Several lines of evidence showed that oncogenes and anti-oncogenes played some roles in the pathogenesis of human malignant tumors. Among several anti-oncogenes, p53 is the most commonly mutated in varoius human malignat tumors. This study is conducted to see the rate of p53 gene nutation in gastric carcinoma by the loss of heterozygosity(LOH). The DNA is extracted from the cells harvested from paraffin block sections. The exon 4 of p53 is amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and the product is digested with Tha I endonuclease. Among 20 informative cases, 7 (35%) revealed loss of heterozygosity. Among 14 cases of well differentiated carcinoma and 6 cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma, LOH was observed in 5 cases (36%)and 2 cases (33%) respectively. The above results revealed that p53 mutation plays some roles in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma. But to elucidate the roles genetic mutaton in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma, more numbers of different exons should be searched.

다발성 외상 후 횡문근융해증 환자에서의 손상초기 급성신부전의 예측인자

문중범,이강현,황성오,이진웅,한병근,최승옥,강성준 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Background: Acute renal failure(ARF) is a serious complication of rhabdomyolysis after multiple trauma, and may increase morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to elucidate predicting factors for the development of ARF induced by rhabdomyolysis at an early stage of multiple trauma. Methods: This prospective, observational study was conducted at the emergency department of a level I trauma center. Patients with acute multiple trauma, whose plasma levels of creatine phosphokinase(CPK) were higher than 1,000 IU, were included in this study. We excluded patients with any history of myocardial infarction, stroke, underlying renal disease, and/or infectious disease. We collected clinical and laboratory data including age, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, injury severity score, serum myoglobin, lactic dehydrogenase, creating phosphokinase, and base excess. Collected data were compared between patients who had ARF and patients who did not have ARF. Results: Eighty-eight patients were enrolled in this study. Eighteen patients(20.5%) developed ARF. The injury severity score(ISS)(p=0.001), the base excess(p<0.001), CPK(p=0.003), and myoglobin(p<0.001) were higher in patients with ARF than in patient without ARF. Logistic regression analysis revealed that early predictors for ARF were high ISS, high base excess, high CPK, and high myoglobin. Conclusion: We could identify early predicting factors for acute renal failure induced by rhabdomyolysis, these factors included ISS, serum CPK and myoglobin, and base excess in the arterial blood gas analysis performed at the emergency department.

2007년 대한감염학회 권장 성인 예방접종 권장안

강진한,김홍빈,손장욱,이상오,정문현,정희진,최영화,최정현,최준용,최희정 대한감염학회 2008 감염과 화학요법 Vol.40 No.1

In 2007, the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases recommended an immunization schedule for adults residing in Korea. This recommendation includes four categories: standard immunization for healthy persons, supplementary immunization for persons with underlying illnesses, recommendations for health-care personnel and for international travelers. The Standard Immunization Schedule consists of universal vaccination (tetanus-diphtheria/tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis (Td/Tdap); hepatitis A vaccine for persons aged 20s; human papilloma virus vaccine for women under 26 years old; meningococcal vaccine for military recruits and college students in dormitories; influenza vaccination for persons aged 50 years or more and pregnant women; and pneumococcal vaccination for persons aged 65 years or more) and catch-up vaccination (hepatitis A vaccine for persons aged 30s; hepatitis B vaccine, varicella and MMR vaccines for persons who have uncertain specific immunities). The Supplementary Immunization Schedule recommends 4 vaccines, i.e., pneumococcal, influenza, meningococcal, and Haemophilus influenzae type b, appropriate to the underlying illnesses, and confirmation of the presence of antibodies to hepatitis A and hepatitis B. The Recommendation for Health-Care Personnel includes universal vaccination (influenza and pertussis) and catch-up vaccination (hepatitis B, measles-mumps-rubella and varicella for seronegative health-care personnel). The Recommended Immunization for International Travelers focuses reinforcement of vaccinations for healthy persons and includes certain immunizations necessary for international travel (yellow fever, meningococcal, plaque, tick-borne encephalitis, and cholera). These guidelines can be seen at www.ksid.or.kr.

레이저와 2차원 배열의 광전검출기를 이용한 구조물의 변위측정 시스템의 개발에 관한 연구

강문필,이진이,김민수,김대정,최원하,강기훈,김종수,김훈 한국비파괴검사학회 2002 한국비파괴검사학회지 Vol.22 No.1

일반적으로 구조물은 외부의 정적 및 동적 하중과 외부환경으로 인하여 피로균열과 부식이 발생하며, 이것은 구조물의 변형을 유발하여 결국 파단으로 이어지기 때문에 균열과 부식의 검출 및 평가와 함께 구조물의 변형에 의한 진동, 변위 기울기와 같은 거동을 감시하는 것도 매우 중요하다. 이에 레이저 센서 시스템을 이용하여 이러한 거동을 측정하여 이상 유무를 모니터링할 수 있는 구조물 안전감시 시스템을 개발하였다. 본 시스템은 2차원으로 배열한 광전센서를 이용하여 구조물의 변형에 의해 유발된 광궤적의 변화를 감시하며 또한 데이터를 취득하고 신호처리 할 수 있는 운용 프로그램도 갖추고 있다. 본 연구에서는 개발한 안전 진단 시스템의 필드 적용에 앞서 실험실에서의 몇 가지 실험을 통하여 그 효용성을 검증하였다. A Safety Monitoring System using a laser and 2-D arrayed photo sensors is developed. To monitor of the deformation and small rotation of structure the developed optical system using 2-D photo sensor array was used to detect the variation of optical orbit of laser which was induced by deformation of the structure. Also, an operating program to manage the system and an algorithm for the data acquisition and the database are introduced. In this study, we demonstrated the capabilities of this system by laboratory experiments before applying the system to the field.

Sr·페라이트 플라스틱자석의 제조에 관한 연구

문현욱,최희태,서강수,신용진 明知大學校 産業技術硏究所 1995 産業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.14 No.-

In this paper, we mention he fabrication of Sr ferrite plastic magnet. In order to compose Sr ferrite, first, a little CaO, SiO₂, Na₂SiO₃, and Al₂O₃ are added to SrO5.9Fe₂O₃. Then, the composition is calcinated at 1225℃ under N₂ enviroment for 1 hourwith addition of PVA 5wt% solution. The carbon coating method increase grinding effect on powder fabrication. To fabricate anisotropic Sr ferrite plastic magnet, 80-89wt% of Sr ferrite and polyamide6 are kneaded and then 0-12kOe of magnetic field is applied. On magnet fabrication, an optimal condition of injection mold is obtained under the injection temperature 270℃, the injection pressure 120㎏/㎠, the magnetic field 8kOe and magnetic field applied time 8sec. As the result of experiments, we obtain (BH)max = 2.09MGOe property on anisotropic plastic magnet which is fabricated by using injection mold method in magnetic field.