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Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Fungal Occurrence in Dried Red Pepper during Storage
Sosoo Kim,Seul Gi Baek,Nguyen Bao Hung,Se-Ri Kim,Ja Yeong Jang,Jeomsoon Kim,Theresa Lee 한국식물병리학회 2021 식물병연구 Vol.27 No.4
Dried red peppers are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins during storage. To determine the effect of storage environments on fungal occurrence and subsequent mycotoxin accumulation in dried red peppers, we monitored red pepper powder and whole fruit samples for fungal occurrence under various tempera- tures and relative humidity (RH) conditions during 340 days. Fungal occurrences fluctuated in both pepper forms throughout the storage but they were higher in pepper powder than whole one, higher under low temperatures (-20°C, 0°C, or 4°C) than others (10°C, 25°C, or 30°C), and higher under RH 93% than RH 51% and 69% in both peppers. The samples exhibiting high fungal occurrences were associated mainly with dom- inant species such as Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium solitum, P. roqueforti, P. polonicum, or P. chrysogenum. My- cotoxigenic species, including A. flavus, A. ochraceus, A. westerdijkiae, A. tubingensis, and P. citrinum, were also detected throughout the samples. Although mycotoxins were not detected in the samples, mycotoxigenic potential of A. flavus, A. ochraceus, and A. westerdijkiae isolates were confirmed. These results show that low temperatures (-20°C, 0°C, or 4°C) and/or high surrounding RH (>93%) are not safe environments for storage of dried red peppers as fungal growth can occur under these conditions.
Characterization of Nivalenol-Producing Fusarium asiaticum That Causes Cereal Head Blight in Korea
Jang, Ja Yeong,Baek, Seul Gi,Choi, Jung-Hye,Kim, Sosoo,Kim, Jeomsoon,Kim, Da-Woon,Yun, Sung-Hwan,Lee, Theresa The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2019 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.35 No.6
Fusarium asiaticum of the F. graminearum species complex causes head blight in small-grain cereals. The nivalenol (NIV) chemotypes of F. asiaticum is more common than the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotypes of F. asiaticum or F. graminearum in Korea. To understand the prevalence of F. asiaticum-NIV in Korean cereals, we characterized the biological traits of 80 cereal isolates of F. asiaticum producing NIV or 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), and 54 F. graminearum with 3-ADON or 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (15-ADON). There was no significant difference in mycelial growth between the chemotypes, but F. asiaticum isolates grew approximately 30% faster than F. graminearum isolates on potato dextrose agar. Sexual and asexual reproduction capacities differed markedly between the two species. Both chemotypes of F. graminearum (3-ADON and 15-ADON) produced significantly higher numbers of perithecia and conidia than F. asiaticum-NIV. The highest level of mycotoxins (sum of trichothecenes and zearalenone) was produced by F. graminearum-3-ADON on rice medium, followed by F. graminearum-15-ADON, F. asiaticum-3-ADON, and F. asiaticum-NIV. Zearalenone levels were correlated with DON levels in some chemotypes, but not with NIV levels. Disease assessment on barley, maize, rice, and wheat revealed that both F. asiaticum and F. graminearum isolates were virulent toward all crops tested. However, there is a tendency that virulence levels of F. asiaticum-NIV isolates on rice were higher than those of F. graminearum isolates. Taken together, the phenotypic traits found among the Korean F. asiaticum-NIV isolates suggest an association with their host adaptation to certain environments in Korea.
Seul Gi Baek(Seul Gi Baek),Jin Ju Park(Jin Ju Park),Sosoo Kim(Sosoo Kim),Mi-Jeong Lee(Mi-Jeong Lee),Ji-Seon Paek(Ji-Seon Paek),Jangnam Choi(Jangnam Choi),Ja Yeong Jang(Ja Yeong Jang),Jeomsoon Kim(Jeom 한국식물병리학회 2022 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.38 No.6
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most serious diseases in barley and wheat, as it is usually accompanied by the production of harmful mycotoxins in the grains. To identify FHB-resistant breeding resources, we evaluated 60 elite germplasm accessions of barley (24) and wheat (36) for FHB and mycotoxin accumulation. Assessments were performed in a greenhouse and five heads per accession were inoculated with both Fusarium asiaticum (Fa73, nivalenol producer) and F. graminearum (Fg39, deoxynivalenol producer) strains. While the accessions varied in disease severity and mycotoxin production, four wheat and one barley showed <20% FHB severity repeatedly by both strains. Mycotoxin levels in these accessions ranged up to 3.9 mg/ kg. FHB severity was generally higher in barley than in wheat, and Fa73 was more aggressive in both crops than Fg39. Fg39 itself, however, was more aggressive toward wheat and produced more mycotoxin in wheat than in barley. FHB severity by Fa73 and Fg39 were moderately correlated in both crops (r = 0.57/0.60 in barley and 0.42/0.58 in wheat). FHB severity and toxin production were also correlated in both crops, with a stronger correlation for Fa73 (r = 0.42/0.82 in barley, 0.70 in wheat) than for Fg39.
맥류 종자의 페룰산(ferulic acid) 함량과 붉은곰팡이 저항성
백슬기(Seul Gi Baek),김소수(Sosoo Kim),장자영(Ja Yeong Jang),김점순(Jeomsoon Kim),이데레사(Theresa Lee) 한국식물병리학회 2020 식물병연구 Vol.26 No.4
페룰산 함량이 붉은곰팡이병과 곰팡이독소 저항성 곡류 육종의 선발지표가 될 수 있는지 알기 위해 밀, 보리, 벼 육성 품Table 4. Comparison of barley and wheat for trichothecenes produced by head blight pathogens Pathogena Trichothecene level (μg/g)b t value P-value Wheat Barley Fg(PH-1)-DON 3.86±2.92 6.16±0.28 -2.12051 0.078 Fg(Z34)-DON 3.48±2.62 4.77±2.07 -0.85405 0.426 Fa(W1D)-DON 4.41±0.77 4.75±0.73 -0.74320 0.485 Fa(#73)-NIV 3.04±2.54 5.90±0.60 -2.97238 0.025 Mean 3.69±1.51 5.40±0.40 -2.64047 0.039 aSpecies (isolate name)-trichothecene chemotype: Fg, Fusarium graminearum; Fa, F. asiaticum; DON, deoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol. bCalculated as a mean of trichothecene levels±standard deviation. Fig. 2. Trichothecenes produced by head blight pathogens in barley and wheat cultivars and ferulic acid content. The cultivars with w and b indicate wheat and barley, respectively. The pathogen names appear in parentheses. DON, deoxynivalenol; NIV, nivalenol; Mean, mean of toxin levels; FA, ferulic acid. Research in Plant Disease Vol. 26 No. 4 255 종 80점의 페룰산 함량을 조사하였다. 페룰산 함량은 보리 20품종이 1.66‒2.77 mg/g, 밀 40품종이 0.56‒1.53 mg/g이었으며 벼20품종은 0.91‒2.13 mg/g이었다. 이 중 페룰산 함량이 다른 밀과보리 각 7품종을 선정하여 F. graminearum과 F. asiaticum 각 2균주의 붉은곰팡이병과 독소 생성량을 분석하였다. 밀 품종의 평균 병원성은 페룰산 함량이 높은 보리에 비해 유의하게 낮았고밀 품종 간에는 상관관계가 없었다. 곰팡이독소도 병원성과 같이 페룰산 함량이 낮은 밀이 보리보다 생성량이 낮았다. 그러나보리에서는 F. asiaticum 균주의 병원성과 독소 생성량이 페룰산 함량과 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이 결과는 페룰산 함량이 밀과 보리에서 F. graminearum과 F. asiaticum에 의한 붉은곰팡이병과 독소 생성에 저항성 요인이 아님을 보여준다. In order to find if a ferulic acid (FA) can be used as a selection index in cereal breeding for resistance to head blight and mycotoxin production, we analyzed FA in the grains of 80 cultivars of barley, rice, and wheat. FA content ranged 1.66-2.77 mg/g in barley (n=20), 0.56-1.53 mg/g in wheat (n=40), and 0.91-2.13 mg/g in rice (n=20). Among these, 7 cultivars each of barley and wheat with different FA content were tested for head blight and mycotoxin production by 2 Fusarium graminearum and 2 F. asiaticum strains. Mean pathogenicity of the wheat cultivars was significantly less than that of barley with higher FA and among wheat cultivars, there was no correlation between FA content and pathogenicity. Mycotoxin production was also lower in the wheat than in the barley as pathogenicity. However, pathogenicity and toxins produced by F. asiaticum were negatively correlated with FA content in barley. These results indicate that FA is not a resistance factor to head blight by F. asiaticum and F. graminearum or its mycotoxin production in barley and wheat.
귀리 흑변 종자에서 분리된 Pyrenophora avenae의 특성
최정혜 ( Jung-hye Choi ),김점순 ( Jeomsoon Kim ),함현희 ( Hyeonheui Ham ),이데레사 ( Theresa Lee ),나주영 ( Ju-young Nah ),최효원 ( Hyo-won Choi ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ) 한국균학회 2018 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.46 No.4
In January 2017, discolored black oat seeds were found in the storage depot of a farmhouse in Jeongeup. Pyrenophora sp. was detected in 45% of the oat seeds surveyed. All Pyrenophora isolates obtained from the seeds were identified as Pyrenophora avenae based on the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA regions and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene and validated by morphological and cultural characterization. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the ITS and GPDH sequences showed that the Korean isolates of P. avenae comprise of four genetically distinct groups. Pathogenicity test validated that the fungus is an infectious agent responsible for discolored black seeds and leaf blotch in oat plants. This is the first study report that P. avenae causes leaf blotch disease of oat in Korea.
무 탄저병을 일으키는 Colletotrichum속의 종 동정 및 병원성
최효원 ( Hyo-won Choi ),김점순 ( Jeomsoon Kim ),홍성기 ( Sung Kee Hong ),이영기 ( Young Kee Lee ) 한국균학회 2019 韓國菌學會誌 Vol.47 No.4
In August 2017, anthracnose symptoms were observed on the petioles and leaf veins of Korean radish (Rhaphanus sativus ) in Hongcheon, Jeongseon, and Pyeongchang of the Gangwon province, Korea. Many grayish to dark-brown spots of 1-2 mm in diameter, appeared on the lower surface and leaf veins of the radish leaves. The spots gradually enlarged and coalesced to form dark-brown irregular lesions. Ten Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from the affected tissues of the Korean radish. Out of them, eight isolates were identified as C. higginsianum and two isolates were identified as C. truncatum based on morphological characteristics and multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis using the internal transcribed spacers and intervening 5.8S rDNA (ITS), partial beta-tubulin gene (TUB2), partial actin gene (ACT), and partial chitin synthase-1 gene (CHS1). The pathogenicity test was carried out on wounded and unwounded Korean radish (cv. Siraegimu and Osarimu), and Chinese cabbage (cv. Chuno and Smart) by inoculating with a spore suspension. All isolates except one C. truncatum isolate developed typical symptoms on both wounded and unwounded Korean radish. In Chinese cabbage, only the plants inoculated with C. higginsianum isolates developed symptoms regardless of the wound. This is the first report of anthracnose caused by C. truncatum on Korean radish in Korea.