영어와 한국어의 외연과 함의의 의미표시에 관한 연구

이덕만,이영헌,허장융 조선대학교 외국문화연구소 1987 外國文化硏究 Vol.10 No.1

지금까지의 논의를 통하여 불의 대수체계를 자연언어(여기서는 영어와 한국어) 기술에 도입함으로써 보다 체계적인 형식화를 모색해 보았다. 특히 외연과 함의를 두 표현의 정보량에 의하여 정의으로써 종래 전체나 함의에 대한 논란의 해결점을 마련한 셈이다. 그러나 불의의 대수체계에 의한 다음의 몇가지 문제점은 자연언어 기술에 있어서 문제점으로 지적할 수 있다. 첫째 불의 대수체계에 의한 자연언어 기술에 있어서 두 표현의 결합은 그 표현의 부분을 함의하느냐하는 것이다. 예컨대 수식어 모조와 피수식어 권총이 결합하여 모조권총 이란 새로운 표현이 이루어질 때 모조권총은 그 부분표현인 권총을 참의해야 할 것이다. 바꾸어 말하면 모조권총의 외연을 f(g)라 한다면 권총의 외연은 g가 되므로 f(g)가 g보다더 많은 정보를 갖기 때문에 모조권총은 권총을 함의해야 할 것이다. 우리의 언어 직관에 비추어 보더라도 모조권총으로부터 권총을 추론해 낼 수 없다. 따라서 함의 기술에 대한 불의 대수체계 수정이 요구된다.

기-액흐름 연속누출에 의한 개방공간 증기운 폭발사고를 중심으로 중,소규모 사업장을 위한 사고 영향평가 방법

장서일,이헌창,조지훈,김태옥 한국산업안전학회 2003 한국안전학회지 Vol.18 No.1

For the unconfined vapor cloud explosion(UVCE) accident by the continuous release of gas-liquid flow of various saturated liquids in a vessel at ground level, overpressures were estimated by TNT equivalency model with two estimation methods, such as UVCE Ⅰ model based on a constant release time and UVCEⅡ model based on a real travel time of vapor by dispersion and analyzed with various release conditions. As a simulation result, the simple, easy, and correct method of evaluation of consequences of the UVCE accident was proposed by using consequences of UVCEⅠ model and correlation equations for differences of overpressures between UVCE models, so that this evaluation method could be used easily in the small and medium size enterprises without using the dispersion model.

API-581에 의한 위험기반 검사에서 가연성 물질의 사고결과 분석

이헌창,유준,김환주,장서일,김태옥 한국안전학회 2004 한국안전학회지 Vol.19 No.4

Consequence analysis of flammable materials that affect to a risk of facilities was studied at the risk based inspection using API-581. We found that consequence areas (damage area of equipment and fatality area) by release accident of flammable materials showed high value for the case of liquid phase and auto-ignition likely, and that consequence areas of flammable gases decreased as temperature increased and the pipe diameter and pressure decreased at continuous release.

苗令 및 硬化處理가 黃色種 담배의 初期生育 및 收量에 미치는 影響

盧載榮,安長憲,裵吉寬,申周植,李炅珉 충북대학교 엽연초연구소 1984 煙草硏究 Vol.11 No.-

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seedling age, hardening time and hard-ening degree on the growth and yield components of flue-cured tobacco. Variety used was NC 2326. The results are summarized as follow; 1.Time of period from setting to topping, that from setting to the end of harvest, and that from topping to the end of harvest were longer in 50-day seedling than in 60-day seedling. And there was little difference of the time of period from sowing to the end of harvest between 50-day seedling and 60-day seedling. 2.C.G.R. was high in 50-day seed]ins than in 60-day seedling until the late maximum growing stage. In the 60-day seedling, growth continued late, and as a result of this, the stem height and number of leaves per a plant at topping time were higher in 60-day seedling. 3.The growth was most desirable in the recommended hardening(4.5ℓ/3.3㎡ ㆍ day ). The growth rate of severe hardening(1.5ℓ/3.3㎡ ㆍ day ) was high during the period from establishing to middle part of maximum growth. Se there was little difference of glowing characters among the plots of different hardening degree. 4.The leaf area of lugs and cutters was larger, and the weight of unit leaf area and percentage of dry matter in the plot of 60-day seedling were lower than those in other plots. 5.The leaf weight per plant, in the plot of recommended hardening was higher than that in the plots of without hardening and severe hardening. 6.There were little effects of tome of hardening on the growth and yield components.

스티렌 현탁 중합반응에서 폭주반응 해석

박형일,신석주,이헌창,장서일,김태옥 한국산업안전학회 2002 한국안전학회지 Vol.17 No.3

The runaway reaction was analyzed experimently and theoretically at the batch styrene suspension polymerization process. In the experiments, the reaction temperature with time was measured at various experimental conditions. According to the experimental results, the risk of the runaway reaction was increased with increasing the ratio of the monomer(styrene, M) to the dispersion medium(water, W), the concentration of the initiator(BPO), and the monomer mass, respectively. And simulation results showed that the runaway reaction was significantly affected by the reaction rate constant of the propagation and that the phenomena of the runaway reaction occurred at about 70% conversion. Also, we found that the runaway reaction did not occur under the operation condition of below 0.5 for M/W, approximate 3 wt% BPO, and below 75℃ for the cooling temperature.

The Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Bee Venom Acupuncture (Apipuncture) and Its Mechanism

Lee, Jang-Hern 경희대학교 2001 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.2001 No.1

It has been reported that electrical or chemical (i.e.capsaicin) stimulation evoked nociceptive activation inhibits subsequent inflammatory reactions through either hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or adrenal medullary activity, respectively. For these reasons, we evaluated the involvement of these systems, HPA or adrenal medullary activity, in the bee venom (BV) stimulation induced anti-inflammatory effect using zymosan induced leukocyte migration in mouse air pouch model. Subcutaneous BV injection (6mg/ kg in 20㎕ saline) into lower hind limb produced a marked reduction of leukocyte migration. The BV induced inhibitory effect of leukocyte migration was significantly suppressed in adrenalectomized mice. Corticosteroid receptor antagonist (RU486) did not affect the BV induced inhibitory effect of leukocyte migration. Consistently, serumcorticosteroid level was not changed by BV pretreatment during zymosan induced inflammation. In addition, pretreatment of β adrenoceptor antagonist, propranonol, partially but significantly reduced the BV induced inhibitory effect of leukocyte migration up to similar potency in the adrenalectomized animals. Peripheral chemical sympathectomy using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) did not affect BV induced anti-inflammatory effect suggesting that symapathetic postganglionic nerve terminal was not involved in BV induced anti-inflammatory effect. However, central chemical sympathectomy by 6-OHDA injection dramatically reduced BV induced anti-inflammatory effect. Moreover, the BV induced inhibitory effect of leukocyte migration was totally suppressed by α2 adrenoceptor antagonist, idazoxan (s.c., i.t. and i.c.v. injection). Furthermore, the BV stimulation produced Fos expression in contralateral part of locus coeruleus (LC) in both normal and inflammatory states. Interestingly, neonatal capsaicin pretreatment did not modify the BV induced anti-inflammatory. Therefore, our results indicate that BV stimulation may activate the descending α2 adrenergic system originated from LC and modulated the adrenal medullary activity. Key words : Bee venom; Anti-inflammation; Adrenalectomy; Adrenergic; Locus coeruleus, Fos protein

A potential mechanism for short time exposure to hypoxia-induced DNA synthesis in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes: Correlation between Ca²⁺/PKC/MAPKs and PI3K/Akt/mTOR

Lee, Sang Hun,Lee, Min Young,Lee, Jang Hern,Han, Ho Jae Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2008 Journal of cellular biochemistry Vol.104 No.5

<P>Less information is available concerning the molecular mechanisms of cell survival after hypoxia in hepatocytes. Therefore, this study examined the effect of hypoxia on DNA synthesis and its related signal cascades in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. Hypoxia increased [<SUP>3</SUP>H] thymidine incorporation, which was increased significantly after 0–24 h of hypoxic exposure. Indeed, the percentage of cell population in the S phase was increased in hypoxia condition. However, the release of LDH indicating cellular injury was not changed under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia increased Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> uptake and PKC translocation from the cytosol to the membrane fraction. Among the PKC isoforms, hypoxia stimulated the translocation of PKC α and ϵ. Hypoxia also phosphorylated the p38 and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), which were blocked by the inhibition of PKC. On the other hand, hypoxia increased Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, which was blocked in the absence of intra/extracellular Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>. The inhibition of PKC/MAPKs or PI3K/Akt pathway blocked the hypoxia-induced [<SUP>3</SUP>H] thymidine incorporation. However, hypoxia-induced Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> uptake and PKC translocation was not influenced by LY 294002 or Akt inhibitor and hypoxia-induced MAPKs phosphorylation was not changed by rapamycin. In addition, LY 294002 or Akt inhibitor has no effect on the phosphorylation of MAPKs. It suggests that there is no direct interaction between the two pathways, which cooperatively mediated cell cycle progression to hypoxia in chicken hepatocytes. Hypoxia also increased the level of the cell cycle regulatory proteins [cyclin D<SUB>1</SUB>, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, and CDK 4] and p-RB protein but decreased the p21 and p27 expression levels, which were blocked by inhibitors of upstream signal molecules. In conclusion, short time exposure to hypoxia increases DNA synthesis in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes through cooperation of Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>/PKC, p38 MAPK, p44/42 MAPKs, and PI3K/Akt pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 1598–1611, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>

The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of water-soluble fraction of bee venom on rheumatoid arthritis in rats

Lee, Jang-Hern,Kwon, Young-Bae,Lee, Jae-Dong,Kang, Sung-Keel,Lee, Hye-Jung KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2001 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.4 No.1

We recently demonstrated that bee venom (BV) injection into acupoint (i.e. Zusanli) produced more potent anti-inflammatory and antinociciptive effect in Freunds adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model as compared with that of non-acupoint injection(i.e back). However, the precise components underlying BV-induced antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully understood. Therefore, we further investigated the anti-arthritic effect of BV after extracting the whole BV according to solubility (water soluble: BVA, ethylacetate soluble: BVE). Subcutaneous BVA treatment (0.9 mg/kg/day) into Zusanli acupoint was found to dramatically inhibit paw edema and radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by Freunds adjuvant injection. In addition, the increase of serum interleukin-6 by RA induction was normalized by the BVA treatment as similar with that of non-arthritic animals. On the other hand, BVA therapy significantly reduced arthritis induced nociceptive behaviors (i.e., nociceptive score for mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). Furthermore, BVA treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 weeks post-adjuvant injection. However, BVE treatment (0.05 mg/kg/day) has not any anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect on RA. Based on the present results, we demonstrated that BVA might be a effective fraction in whole BV for long-term treatment of RA-induced pain and inflammation. However, it is clear necessary that further fraction study about BVA was required for elucidating an effective component of BVA.

Etorphine을 만성투여한 쥐에서 나타나는 μ-opioid 수용체의 숫적 감소에 관한 면역조직화학법적 연구

이장헌(Jang-Hern Lee),Robert Elde(Robert Elde) 한국독성학회 1999 Toxicological Research Vol.15 No.3

A compensatory decrease in the number of active receptor is one possible mechanism for the development of drug tolerance. This agonist induced down-regulation has been reported in several hormonal or neurotransmitter systems. However, there was a lack of correlation between the time course of receptor down-regulation and the loss of pharmacological effects of the drug. In this study, we utilized immunohistochemical technique to investigate the modulatory effect of chronic etorphine treatment to mu opioid receptor levels. Male Sprague-Dawley rat was rendered tolerant to etorphine by s.c. implantation of osmotic minipumps containing 3 mg/ml of etorphine HCl for 1 or 5 days. During this period, there was a time-dependent increase in the AD50 values of etorphine to inhibit the tail-flick response and an increase in naloxone-precipitated withdrawal signs. Rat brains were removed, frozen, coronally sectioned (14 ㎛) and processed for mu opioid receptor immunohistochemistry by the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method. Significant decreases in mu opioid receptor immunodensity were observed in many brain regions such as cauputamen (CPu) , thalamic nucleus (TN), raphe nucleus (RN) and amygdalohippocampal area (Amy). Time dependent decreases in mu opioid receptor immunoreactivity were detected and reached a plateau around 5 days after chronic treatment of etorphine. No significant change in immunoreactivity of leuenkephalin after chronic treatment with etorphine was found. Our conclusion is that chronic treatment with etorphine of rats down regulates mu opioid receptors in the brain mediated by cellular internalization of receptor. This may be an important mechanism for etorphine tolerance.

Effect of adenosine triphosphate on phosphate uptake in renal proximal tubule cells: Involvement of PKC and p38 MAPK

Lee, Yun Jung,Park, Soo Hyun,Jeung, Tae Oh,Kim, Kee Won,Lee, Jang Hern,Han, Ho Jae Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2005 Journal of cellular physiology Vol.205 No.1

<P>ATP has been known to act as an extracellular signal and to be involved in various functions of kidney. Renal proximal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (P<SUB>i</SUB>) contributes to the maintenance of phosphate homeostasis, which is regulated by Na<SUP>+</SUP>/P<SUB>i</SUB> cotransporter. However, the effects of ATP on Na<SUP>+</SUP>/P<SUB>i</SUB> cotransporters were not elucidated in proximal tubule cells (PTCs). Thus, the effects of ATP on Na<SUP>+</SUP>/P<SUB>i</SUB> cotransporter and its related signal pathways are examined in the primary cultured renal PTCs. In the present study, ATP inhibited P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake in a time (> 1 h) and dose (>10<SUP>−6</SUP>M) dependent manner. ATP-induced inhibition of P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake was correlated with the decrease of type II Na<SUP>+</SUP>/P<SUB>i</SUB> cotransporter mRNA. ATP-induced inhibition of P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake may be mediated by P2Y receptor activation, since suramin (non-specific P2 receptor antagonist) and RB-2 (P2Y receptor antagonist) blocked it. ATP-induced inhibition of P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake was blocked by neomycin, U73122 (phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors), bisindolylmaleimide I, H-7, and staurosporine (protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors), suggesting the role of PLC/PKC pathway. ATP also increased inositol phosphates (IPs) formation and induced PKC translocation from cytosolic fraction to membrane fraction. In addition, ATP-induced inhibition of P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake was blocked by SB 203580 [a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor], but not by PD 98059 (a p44/42 MAPK inhibitor). Indeed, ATP induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, which was not blocked by PKC inhibitor. In conclusion, ATP inhibited P<SUB>i</SUB> uptake via PLC/PKC as well as p38 MAPK in renal PTCs. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.</P>