오정희 소설에 나타난 ‘걷기’의 의미

강유정 ( Kang Yu-jung ) 배달말학회 2018 배달말 Vol.62 No.-

오정희의 소설은 존재의 심연, 삶에 내재한 갈등과 모순, 욕망과 안정의 이분법을 보여주었다. 아름다운 문장과 심오한 세계관이 담긴 오정희의 작품들은 지속적 연구와 평론의 대상이 되어 왔다. 오정희의 소설은 내면적인 인물의 일상을 통해 삶의 비의와 아이러니, 한 마디로 규정하기 어려운 생의이면을 보여주곤 했다. 그런데, 역설적이게도, 오정희 소설의 철학적 깊이와 내면적 사유는 오정희 소설에 등장하는 인물들이 대부분 여성임에도 불구하고 그 차별성을 간과하는 이유가 되기도 했다. 최근에 와서 여성 인물에 주목하고, 여성성의 지표를 다시 보는 여성학적 독법이 늘고 있기는 하지만 이러한 여성학적 연구와 기존의 존재론적 연구가 분리되어 있는 것도 사실이다. 이 과정에서 여성은 존재론적 결핍, 존재론적 심연과 같은 언어들로 희석되며 그 차별성을 잃고 만다. 성차에서 비롯되는 첨예한 갈등과 문제의식이 인간으로서의 본원적 갈등으로 중화되는 것이다. 주목해야 할 점 중 하나는 오정희의 소설에 유독 걷는 여성들이 자주 등장한다는 것이다. 이 걷기는 단순히 집으로 돌아오기 위한 귀환의 통로로 여겨지곤 했지만 오정희의 소설 안에서 ‘걷기’의 의미는 훨씬 더 풍부하고, 다양하다. 여성의 삶이 처한 곤궁과 어려움, 한계, 사회적 억압이 드러나는 것은 걷는 동안, 길 위에서라고 말할 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 오정희 소설의 걷는 여성을 추적하고, 그 의미를 구분하고 해석함으로써 오정희 소설의 걷기의 의미와 상징성을 재구성하고자 한다. 남성에게 있어 걷기는 성장의 배경이며 자아 정체성을 찾는 육체적 고행내지는 수련 과정과 동일시된다. 하지만 길 위의 여성은 가부장제를 거역하거나 혹은 가부장제로부터 아무런 보호도 받지 못하는 여성으로 취급받는다. 「순례자의 노래」의 인물 혜자는 망가진 삶을 복구하기 위해 길에 나서지만 걷는 동안 그녀는 그것이 불가능하다는 사실만을 확인할 뿐이다. 가벼운 산책을 떠나는 여자에게는 돌아올 집이 있지만 그 보다 멀리 걸어 나가거나, 이미 집을 벗어났던 여자에게 귀환은 허락되지 않는다. 집은 세상이 정한 규율 즉 가부장적 질서를 따르는 여성에게만 허용된 공간이다. 이는 자신의 존재론적 불일치를 해결하기 위해 거듭 길로 나서는 여자 은수의 경우도 마찬가지이다. 「바람의 넋」의 은수는 전쟁고아로, 어딘가 자신의 중요한 부분이 결락되어 있음을 호소하는 인물이다. 자신의 상실을 회복하고 애도하기 위해 거듭 길을 나서지만 남편에게 그것은 거역이며 길 위의 남자들에게는 빌미일 뿐이다. 추방과 폭력으로 돌아 온 은수의 걷기는 길 위의 여성이 겪어야만 하는 폭력과 오해가 어떤 것인지를 잘 보여준다. 만약 가정을 가진, 엄마이자 아내인 여성에게 허락된 걷기가 있다면 그것은 아이를 재우고 난 이후, 동네 주변을 도는 가벼운 산책이거나 아버지가 잠든 후 집 앞을 잠시 도는 정도의 산보에 불과하다. 「전갈」의 여자는 남편처럼 아프리카의 밀림을 꿈꾸지만 아내이자 엄마로서 그녀에게 허용된 것은 산책뿐이다. 「새벽별」의 정애가 하루 밤의 일탈 후에 다시 집으로 돌아가지 못할 듯한 공포를 느끼고 인생이 모두 끝나버린 여자라는 주변의 평을 듣는 이유도 마찬가지이다. 오정희 소설에 있어서 많은 여성 인물들이 반복적으로 걷는다. 목적지를 두고 어딘가로 이동하는 게 아니라 방황하며 거리를 헤맨다. 이 걷기는 단순한 서사적 관습이 아니라 오정희 소설의 중요한 문제의식을 담고 있는 상징이다. 여성 인물이 길 위를 걷는다는 것이 어떤 결말의 징후가 되기 때문이다. 문제적인 것은 이 헤맴이 자아의 성찰이나 회복, 정체성의 확보로 이어지는 게 아니라 폭력과 추방의 원인으로 받아들여진다는 점이다. 여성의 길 나섦, 걷기가 여로형 서사와 다르게 추방과 낙오의 결말로 이어지는 이유도 같은 맥락에 있다. 오정희 소설에 있어서 ‘걷기’는 여성으로서의 한계와 가부장제의 억압, 여성으로 살아가기의 어려움을 보여주는 매우 중요한 문학적 상징이자 행위이다. The novels by Oh, Jung-Hee have been recognized as the excellent literary imagery showing the dichotomy of an abyss of beings and conflict/contradiction, and desire and stability. One thing we should pay attention to is that almost every work by Oh, Jung-Hee repetitively shows 'walking women' besides 'family'. The motif of 'walking' repetitively shown in the novels by Oh, Jung-Hee is not a simple repetitive act, but an act revealing the gender difference and an ontological act showing all the meaning, limitation, and restriction of lives as women. Making them come back home after going out is not important. It would be necessary to have questions such as what makes them go out, what makes them come back, and why the act of 'walking' for women should be named 'taking a walk' or 'going out' that always has destinations. The repetitive motif means that it contains the narrative symbolism. When walking on the street which is not allowed to women instead of house allowed to women, the reality of female characters in the novels by Oh, Jung-Hee could be more solidly viewed. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze/understand the meanings of 'walking' for women shown in the novels by Oh, Jung-Hee, by analyzing the walking always shown in the novels by Oh, Jung-Hee to examine the parts that have not been revealed in the novels by Oh, Jung-Hee, and also recomposing the imagery process of gender differentiation as women.

서구 사회에 소개된 〈황조가〉의 양상 고찰

강혜정(Kang, Hye-Jung) 우리문학회 2014 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.44

This paper focuses on introducing three different English translations of “Yellow Birds Song” which was published in the early 20th Century. It compares three different translations, explains the differences of the background stories fromthe original content, and discusses the translators’ ideologies in translation and the purpose of Korean poem translations. The three translators are James S. Gale, a Canadian missionary, Joan S. Grigsby, a Scot poet, and Younghill Kang, Korean-American novelist. They translated the poemof “Yellow Birds Song” which was written in 17 BC by King Yuri of Koguryo, and they cited the translated poeminto the book ofHistory of the Korean People(1928, a book of history),The Orchid Door(1935, a book of poetry), andThe Grass Roof(1931, novel) respectively. They each used the same poembut written in different languages. These different original poems influenced their translations. Gale used the poemwritten in Chinese, Grigsby used the English translation by Gale, and Kang used the Korean song. Gale’s translation is similar to Chinese poem. Grigsby’s translation is free style because she couldn’t understand the original content and tried to adjust to the western style. Kang’s translation is close to the original Korean song. These three translations are different because of their different ideologies in translation. First, Gale put an importance in Korean literature and understanding ofWestern readers. Thus, he tried to be faithful to the original and at the same time, compose his translation as an English poem. Second, Grigsby didn’t even try to translate close to original content, because she felt that characteristics of Korean literature was not important in translation. She thought literal translation of Korean poems couldn’t appeal to average western readers. Third, Kang did his best to be faithful to the original Korean song because he thought Korean songs had ardent sense. These translators translated the background story of the book of SamKookSaKi(三國史記) differently because they have different purpose of Korean poem translations. First, Gale tried to provide the story in detail, and added his opinions as a missionary and historian because he wanted to introduce Korea as a country with a long history and rich literature. Second, Grigsy summarized the story very succinctly because she focused on the ancient beauty of Korean poems rather than the long history, Third, Kang changed whole story in his novel because he tried to show the harsh reality of those days when it was under the Japanese control. His translation of Korean song expresses their pride and deep grief over the country lost.

완암(浣巖) 정내교(鄭來僑) 묘문(墓文)의 특성(特性) 고찰(考察) -<금택보묘지명(金澤甫墓誌銘)>과 <제처유인변씨묘지(弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌)>를 중심으로-

강혜정 ( Kang Hye-jung ) 한민족어문학회 2016 韓民族語文學 Vol.0 No.74

본고는 浣巖 鄭來僑의 <金澤甫墓誌銘>과 <弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌>를 대상으로 그의 글이 기존의 묘문과 비교했을 때, 개성이 발휘된 측면이 무엇인지, 또 그럼에도 불구하고 여전히 묘문으로서의 상투적 성격을 보여주는 부분은 무엇인지 밝히고, 그 원인에 대해 논의하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본고에서 다루는 두 묘지는 중인 정내교가 그의 친구와 가족을 대상으로 쓴 것인데, 이 묘주들은 사회 경제적 처지가 정내교 자신과 비슷한 여항인들이었다. 사대부의 전유물이었던 묘문이 중인 작가의 손에서 중인 묘주들을 위해 기술되면서 기존의 묘문과는 변별되는 지점이 만들어질 수 있었던 것이다. 두 묘문은 모두 서문과 의론부를 갖추고 있는데, 서문에서 완암의 독특한 글쓰기 방법이 드러났다. <金澤甫墓誌銘>은 서두에서 망자를 함부로 무력을 행사하던 부정적인 인물로 묘사했는데 이는 `稱美而不稱惡`이라는 묘지의 서술원리에 위배되는 것이다. 하지만 후반부에 깨달음을 얻은 이후 크게 변화된 모습을 서술하여 결국에는 망자의 인품과 행적을 더욱 높이는 효과를 주었다. 이는 먼저 굽혔다가 후에 높이는 `俯仰折旋`의 기법을 사용한 것이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 기법으로 칭송 일변도이던 기존의 묘문과 차이를 보이면서, 진실성을 획득하고, 실감 있는 인물로 형상화되며 망자를 기리는 묘문으로서의 효과는 극대화시킬 수 있었다. <弟妻孺人邊氏墓誌>는 삶의 행적을 기록한다는 묘문의 본래적 성격과 달리 묘주의 삶의 행적은 외면하고 임종의 장면만을 생생하게 기록하였다. 긴장감이 감도는 임종의 장면에서 직접인용을 통해 진실성과 객관성을 확보하며 망자의 성품을 구체화시키고 있는데 이는 簡詳法을 극단적으로 적용한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 서문에서 완암의 개성적인 글쓰기로 형상화된 인물은 의론부에서 문인과 열녀로 평가받고 있다. 삶의 행적을 기록하는 서문에서는 개성 있는 글쓰기 기법으로 형상화되었지만, 의론부의 인물평은 유교적 가치관을 최우선으로 하는 사회에서 당대의 가치 규범을 따른 것이라 할 수 있다. 이는 사대부와는 다른 사회적, 경제적 배경을 가졌지만, 그 지향가치는 사대부와 다르지 않았던 중인이라는 작가의 신분적 특성에서 기인한 것이며, 당대 서울을 중심으로 유행하였던 소품체라는 새로운 글쓰기 방식의 영향과 묘문이라는 장르가 가진 보수성이 복합적으로 작용한 것으로 볼 수 있다. This paper analyzes both the unique and the conventional aspects of the epitaphs written by Jung Naegyo(鄭來僑), as compared to the typical epitaphs of the period. At the start of < The Epitaph of Kim Taebo >, Kim is described as an undesirable person and a bully, and this passage violates the unstated premise of epitaph writing that the author should always write positive things about the deceased. However, later in life, Kim became a great man after he changed his perspective, which Jung recounts. This epitaph is illustrative of his style, as he liked to use the technique of initially blackening his subject`s reputation and praising him or her later. This tactic allows readers to recognize Kim`s remarkable abilities and to gain an authentic sense of him. Jung`s epitaphs are distinguished from many other eputaphs through the use of this technique. < The Epitaph of Mrs. Byun, Sister-in-Law > subverts another convention, as it omits the story of Byun`s life and details only the events surrounding the eve of her death instead. While it runs counter to the convention of epitaph writing that the auther should relate the arc of the deceased`s life, it describes how Mrs. Byun was undaunted by the fear of death, and how her fortitude complemented her benevolence as a mother and wife. In the end, Kim and Byun are evaluated as a great writer and a virtuous woman, respectively. The first halves of both epitaphs are replete with unique techniques, but their subjects are ultimately praised as honorable people, as was the case with the subjects of other epitaphs. I believe the dual aspects of these epitaphs, the unique and the conventional, are related to the dynamic between Jung Naegyo`s iconoclastic temperament and his middle class status. Since he was relatively free from the strictures of custom, he could display his indivual writerly style. However, as he lived in Confucian society, he also looked forward to becoming a respected member of that society.

김정은 시대 북한사회 변화 실태 및 북한주민 의식조사

강동완(Kang Dong Wan),박정란(Park Jung Ran) 북한학회 2014 북한학보 Vol.39 No.2

김정은 정권의 체제안정성 평가는 정치적 권력관계와 함께 북한주민들의 충성도와 사상통제, 사회경제적 변화 요인 등을 통해 살펴볼 수 있다. 최근 북중 접경지역에서 밀수를 통한 상품과 자본 그리고 이른바 한류로 대변되는 외부정보의 유입 등으로 인해 최소한 장마당으로 대변되는 북한 주민들의 행위양식은 많은 변화를 보이고 있다. 김정은 집권 3년은 지배 정당성과 지지를 위해 정치, 경제적 부분보다 단기간에 가시적 성과를 제시할 수 있는 문화와 체육 분야에 집중되었다. 새로운 지도자에 대한 기대감으로 인해 정권안정성과 충성도는 더욱 높아졌을까, 아니면 과거와 다를 바 없는 경제난의 지속으로 인해 현상변경에 대한 요구만 높아졌을까. 본 연구는 북한 당국의 통제범위를 넘어 외부정보에 노출되며 자본주의 행위양식을 축적하고 있는 북한주민의 의식변화와 사회구조가 체제변화에 미칠 영향에 대해 주목한다. 본 연구는 김정은 시대 3년의 사회변화 실태와 현황 그리고 북한주민의 의식변화를 살펴보기 위해 제3국에서 북한 주민 100명을 대상으로 면접조사를 실시하였다. The North Korean regime will claim high stability if the uniform order system flows downwards along its hierarchy with closure maintained through the strict control of outside information. However, it will be no exaggeration that the behavioral patterns of North Korean people at least represented by farmers' markets are already in a transitional period toward capitalism due to the recent influx of external goods, capital and information represented by the so-called Korean Wave through smuggling along the borders between North Korea and China. In its third year, the Kim Jung-eun regime has focused on the areas of culture and sports, which can generate visible results in a short period of time, rather than those of politics and economy for the sake of ruling legitimacy and support. Claiming to advocate North Korea as a powerhouse in the socialist civilization, it has tried to demonstrate the leadership of the new leader and his possibilities for changes through the idea of cultural and sports powerhouse. What would North Korean people think of at the result of those achievements? Would their expectations for the new leader lead to the stability of and loyalty to the regime? Or would they have more demands to change the current state due to the continuance of economic hardship from the past? Keeping the possibility of bottom-up changes, this study focused on the effects of changing perceptions of North Korean people, who were exposed to outside information and accumulating the capitalist behavioral patterns, and the social structure on changes to the regime, which had not detected political resistance force yet. In an effort to examine the patterns of social changes in the third year of Kim Jung-eun regime, the study conducted an interview investigation with North Korean people. The study was based on a direct interview investigation with 100 North Korean people in China from January to May, 2014 in order to examine their consciousness.

오정희 소설의 결말 구조 연구

강유정(Yu Jung Kang) 한국현대소설학회 2015 현대소설연구 Vol.- No.59

Oh Jung-hee (1947~) has proven herself as a representative Korean female writer after making her debut with A Woman of the Toy Store from winning the annual literary spring contest of Joongang Daily Newspaper Co. in 1968. Her novels are profound. The reason can be found out in a thematic aspect above all. The esotericism of her novels is connected with embarrassment and evaluated as a kind of aesthetic achievement. The paradoxical relations of embarrassment and aesthetics are originated from metonymy and conflict of unfamiliar heterogeneous things. In her novels, opposing elements such as life and death and carnal desire and hatred coexist inconveniently and stand against each other. So to speak, embarrassment which is given by her novels can be said as strange aesthetic transposition. The endings of Oh`s novels emphasize the reality full of contradiction and conflict and collision and chaos. They do not fill illusion and desire for the ordered world that traditional narration has secured but show the impossibility thoroughly. This is resistance to illusionism which realism of traditional fiction pursues and also reflection of the attitude of Oh who looks at the world. Satisfaction of desire or resolution of conflict that traditional novels pursue is redefined as perversion of reversed desires. So, the endings of her novels come as unfamiliar senses of difference and incomprehensible inconsequence to readers. She says the incomprehensibility as not characteristics of her novels but the intention of the world. Abstruseness is not staying at the individuality of her writing style in her novels and aesthetic properties but the attribute of life which she stares at. The end of Old Well as her sole work presenting hopeful affirmation shows panoramic views of worldliness of life by overturning and un-familiarizing sequential time order. Looking at the automatized world unfamiliarly is the aesthetic purpose and ethical subject of the novels of Oh Jung-hee. In this point, the finish of her novels intactly shows ugliness and pendency of life which she stares at. It is a narrative device to un-familiarize the illusion of the conclusion. An important thing is the fact that the device is to be made like scenes into delicate description through so keen observation. All ends of her novels finish with description, not narration. She finds out the ethicality of fiction in specific suggestion of conflict and discord, not in suggestion of false reconciliation. And, the foundation which reveals the artistic ethicality is just the ends of Oh`s novels.

姜鏞訖 英譯 時調의 特性

강혜정 ( Hye Jung Kang ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2012 民族文化硏究 Vol.57 No.-

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

Hepatic Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck(Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus(WHV)

Kyu-shik Jeong,정원일,Jae-yong Chung,Mi-young An,Chae-yong Jung,Gyoung-jae Lee,Jong-soo Kang,Byeong-cheol Kang,Young-heun Jee,Bruce H Williams,Young-oh Kwon,Da-hee Jeong 대한수의학회 2003 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.4 No.2

Cirrhosis Occurring in a Young Woodchuck (Marmota monax) Due to Vertical Transmission of Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus (WHV)Da-hee Jeong, Won-il Jeong, Jae-yong Chung, Mi-young An, Chae-yong Jung, Gyoung-jae Lee1, Jong-soo Kang1, Byeong-cheol Kang2, Young-heun Jee3, Bruce H Williams4, Young-oh Kwon5 and Kyu-shik Jeong*College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea1Shinwon Scientific Co., LTD, Research Institute, Suwon, Korea2Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Korea3College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX> GAS-FILLED AFFF FIRE EXTINGUISHER FOR AUTOMATIC FIRE SUPPRESS10N SYSTEMS IN THE ENGINE COMPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILES

Jung,Ki-Chang,Kim,Hong,Kang,Young-Goo 한국화재소방학회 1997 한국화재소방학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

In recent years, the number of vehicle fires, as well as the number of motor vehicles, has been increasing rapidly. Therefore, several types of automatic fire suppression systems for the engine compartment of automobiles have been developed to extinguish automobile fires, and most of these systems use halon 1301 as a fire extinguishing agent. Due to environmental concerns, the phase-out of halons has been announced, so now there is a need to replace halon 1301. For this, a 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptaflouropropane (HFC-227ea, FM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX>) gas-filled Aqueous Film- Forming foam (known as AFFF) extinguisher was devised even though air foam extinguishers could be used. This is because the air in the foam bubbles is a source of oxygen required for the combustion reaction. It can be surmised that it is possible to increase the fire extinguishing efficiency of AFFF by filling in foam bubbles with a gaseous extinguishing agent. The best choice is the FM-<TEX>$200^{TM}$</TEX> gas-filled AFFF, Which has the maximum expansion ratio of 62:1. This makes it possible for the expanded foam to rapidly fill the engine compartment.

인지갈등상황 제시 수업에 의한 중학생의 빛에 대한 오개념 교정 효과

강갑중,강정미 釜慶大學校 2000 釜慶大學校 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

In the 7th curriculum starting from 2001, the unit about light will be introduced in the course of the first graders of middle school therefore this study was intended to investigate the preconception by precedent learning for effective instruction of the conception about light and to observe the effect of correcting students’ misconceptions by instruction strategies investing the cognitive conflict conditions. Although students had precedent learning of light in an elementary school, they didn’t know the term ‘the sources of light’ and the minority of students at the high level in scholastic ability recognized the second source of light. Students had various expressions of light with line, beam, line and beam, dot line and so on. And the students representing with an arrow had preconception within 20% in any circumstances. In terms of vision, <eyes → objects> was a dominant conceptual type and the students had preconceptions dependent on circumstances.