생활치 미백제가 우치 법랑질의 투명도에 미치는 영향

김동준,김영주,김학근,박은종,서은주,황윤찬,오원만,황인남 大韓齒科保存學會 2005 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.30 No.3

본 연구에서는 현재 임상에서 home bleaching을 위해 사용되고 있는 표백 재료들이 치아 법랑질의 투명도에 어떠한 변화를 일으키는지 고찰해 보고자 시행하였다. 실험 대상으로는 하루 전 발거한 우치 (bovine tooth)를 사용하였다. 치아의 순면에 수직되게 다이아몬드 드릴을 이용해 수주 하에서 직경 6 mm의 원통형 치아 시편을 만들어 순면이 노출된 상태로 투명한 아크릭 레진에 포매한 후, low speed diamond saw (Isomat, Buehler Co., USA)를 사용하여 1.2 mm 두께로 절단하였다. 절단된 시편은 순면을 먼저 편평하게 연마하고,절단된 면을 연마하여 두께 1 mm의 시편을 완성하였다. 완성된 시편(우치 25개)을 무작위로 추출하여 3개의 그룹으로 나누고 나머지는 대조군으로 하였다. Opalescence (10% carbamide peroxide, Ultradent, Milford, USA), Rembrandt (10% carbamide peroxide, DenMat, USA) 및 Opalescence F(15% carbamide peroxide with fluoride, Ultradent)를 시편의 순면에 1주일 동안 적용 (표백제는 24시간마다 교체)하였고, 설측면은 증류수를 적신 거즈에 접촉된 상태로 보관하였다 표백제를 적용하기 전과 적용 3, 5, 7일째에 시편의 삼자극치 X, Y, Z 값을 색채색차계 (Color & Color Differencemeter, Model TC-6FX, Tokyo Denshoku Co., Japan)로 백색 배경판과 흑색 배경판 상에서 측정하였다 백색 배경판과 흑색 배경판 상에서 측정된 Y값의 평균값을 이용해 contrast ratio를 계산하였다 얻어진 값을 One Way Repeated Measured ANOVA를 이용하여 통계 처리한 결과 10% Opalescence처치군, 15% Opalescence-F처치군 및 대조군에서는 통계적으로 유의할만한 증감을 보이지 않았고, Rembrandt처치군에서는 Contrast ratio가 증가하였다 (p < 0.01) . This study was done to evaluate whether vital bleaching agents could influence on the translucency of the bovine enamel. The anterior bovine teeth that were extracted one day before and without any gross discoloration were obtained and then were preserved in physiologic saline. 6 mm cylindrical tooth specimens were fabricated with diamond puncher perpendicularly on labial surface of bovine tooth. After embedded in transparent acrylic resin with labial surface being exposed, they were cut to a thickness of 1.2 mm with low speed diamond saw (Isomat, Buehler Co., Lake Bluff, IL, USA). They were smoothly ground to 1 mm thickness of enamel with sandpaper. 24 specimens were randomly divided into 3 groups and control group respectively. Opalescence (10% carbamide peroxide, Ultradent, South Jordan, USA), Rembrandt (10% carbamide peroxide, DenMat, USA) and Opalescence F (15% carbamide peroxide with fluoride, Ultradent, USA) were applied on labial sides of the bovine enamel for 7 days (bleaching agents were reapplied every 24 hours) and the opposite surface was contacted to cotton that soaked in distilled water. The control group was soaked in distilled water. Three stimulus value X, Y and Z were evaluated with colorimeter (Color ' Color Differencerneter, Model TC-6FX, Tokyo Denshoku Co., Japan) on the labial surface of all specimen three times on white and black background plate before the bleaching agents were applied and on 3rd, 5th and 7th day after applied. The degree of translucency was normally assessed by measuring the inverse property, opacity (contrast ratio). 10% Opalescence, 15% Opalescence-F, and control group showed no significant variation in the translucency of bovine enamel, However Rembrandt decreased the translucency of it (p < 0.01).

산후에 발병한 특발성 부갑상선 기능저하증 I 예

김정인,김상용,신병철,김경남,서영욱,이범주,김진화,배학연 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2002 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.27 No.2

Hypoparathyroidism is usually the result of an inadvertent surgical removal of all the parathyroid glands, In some instances, not all the tissues are removed, but the remainder undergoes vascular supply compromise secondary to the fibrotic changes in the neck after surgery, Previously, the surgery for hyperthyroidism was the most frequent cause of acquired hypoparathyroidism. Idiopathic hypoparathyroidism is a relatively rare disease that is characterized by hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia due to a parathyroid hormone deficiency of an unknown cause, It usually develops at a young age, and shows various clinical symptoms and signs accompanied with hypocalcemia. In addition, it is rarely associated with polyglandular autoimmune syndrome during the follow-up. Hypocalcemia and idiopathic hypoparathyroidism associated with labor and lactation are rarely reported condition previously. We here describe a case of a woman in whom the symptomatic severe hypocalcemia appeared after her delivery. We reviewed all the previously reported cases and suggest a possible physiological explanation for the association between pregnancy, lactation, and the appearance of symptomatic hypocalcemia.

심혈관계 질환으로 관상질환 집중치료실에 입원한 환자들의 혜후 측정을 위한 APACHEⅢ점수 체계의 임상적 유용성

이공섭,이창선,최현주,홍종서,강지향,김도형,이민영,오인균,김병엽,김상억,김학찬,한승혜,이재용,지영우,안경주 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.8

中國의 民間曲藝 道情에 대하여

김학주 고려대학교 한국학연구소 1996 한국학연구 Vol.8 No.-

상표자산과 구매의도와의 관계에 관한 국제비교연구 : 아시아와 유럽의 의류시장을 중심으로

김경훈,고은주,Graham Hooley,Nick Lee,이동해,정홍섭,전병주,문학일 가야대학교 2009 가야대학교 논문집 Vol.18 No.-

본 연구는 상표자산의 구성요소에 대한 선행요인을 분석하고 이를 토대로 하여 상표자산 구성요소와 상표자산 영향요인간의 관계 그리고 상표자산 구성요소와 구매의도간의 관계를 규명하고 한국과 영국을 중심으로 비교하여 상표자산관리 방안을 도출해보고자 하였다 연구결과, 정보탐색은 제품지식에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 상표태도와 상표지식은 상표 충성도와 상표 가치에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다 그리고 상표충성도와 상표가치는 구매의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 정보원천의 경우, 한국에서는 제품지식에 정(+)의 영향을 미치고 있는 반면, 영국에서는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. Brand equity is one of the most important concepts in business practice as well as in academic research. Successful brands can allow marketers to gain competitive advantage (Lassar et al.,1995), including the opportunity for successful extensions, resilience against competitors' promotional pressures, and the ability to create barriers to competitive entry (Farquhar, 1989). Branding plays a special role in service firms because strong brands increase trust in intangible products (Berry, 2000), enabling customers to better visualize and understand them. They reduce customers' perceived monetary, social, and safety risks in buying services, which are obstacles to evaluating a service correctly before purchase. Also, a high level of brand equity increases consumer satisfaction, repurchasing intent, and degree of loyalty. Brand equity can be considered as a mixture that includes both financial assets and relationships. Actually, brand equity can be viewed as the value added to the product (Keller, 1993), or the perceived value of the product in consumers' minds. Mahajan et al. (1990) claim that customer-based brand equity can be measured by the level of consumers’ perceptions. Several researchers discuss brand equity based on two dimensions: consumer perception and consumer behavior. Aaker (1991) suggests measuring brand equity through price premium, loyalty, perceived quality, and brand associations. Viewing brand equity as the consumer’s behavior toward a brand, Keller (1993) proposes similar dimensions: brand awareness and brand knowledge. Thus, past studies tend to identify brand equity as a multidimensional construct consisted of brand loyalty, brand awareness, brand knowledge, customer satisfaction, perceived equity, brand associations, and other proprietary assets (Aaker, 1991, 1996; Blackston, 1995; Cobb-Walgren et al., 1995; Na, 1995). Other studies tend to regard brand equity and other brand assets, such as brand knowledge, brand awareness, brand image, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and so on, as independent but related constructs (Keller, 1993; Kirmani and Zeithaml, 1993). Walters(1978) defined information search as, "A psychological or physical action a consumer takes in order to acquire information about a product or store." But, each consumer has different methods for informationsearch. There are two methods of information search, internal and external search. Internal search is, "Search of information already saved in the memory of the individual consumer"(Engel, Blackwell, 1982) which is, "memory of a previous purchase experience or information from a previous search."(Beales, Mazis, Salop, and Staelin, 1981). External search is "A completely voluntary decision made in order to obtain new information"(Engel & Blackwell, 1982) which is, "Actions of a consumer to acquire necessary information by such methods as intentionally exposing oneself to advertisements, taking to friends or family or visiting a store."(Beales, Mazis, Salop, and Staelin, 1981). There are many sources for consumers’ information search including advertisement sources such as the internet, radio, television, newspapers and magazines, information supplied by businesses such as sales people, packaging and in-store information, consumer sources such as family, friends and colleagues, and mass media sources such as consumer protection agencies, government agencies and mass media sources. Understanding consumers’ purchasing behavior is a key factor of a firm to attract and retain customers and improving the firm’s prospects for survival and growth, and enhancing shareholder’s value. Therefore, marketers should understand consumer as individual and market segment. One theory of consumer behavior supports the belief that individuals are rational. Individuals think and move through stages when making a purchase decision. This means that rational thinkers have led to the identification of a consumer buying decision process. This decision process with its different levels of involvement and influencing factors has been widely accepted and is fundamental to the understanding purchase intention represent to what consumers think they will buy. Brand equity is not only companies but also very important asset more than product itself. This paper studies brand equity model and influencing factors including information process such as information searching and information resources in the fashion market in Asia and Europe. Information searching and information resources are influencing brand knowledge that influences consumers purchase decision. Nine research hypotheses are drawn to test the relationships among antecedents of brand equity and purchase intention and relationships among brand knowledge, brand value, brand attitude, and brand loyalty. H1. Information searching influences brand knowledge positively. H2. Information sources influence brand knowledge positively. H3. Brand knowledge influences brand attitude. H4. Brand knowledge influences brand value. H5. Brand attitude influences brand loyalty. H6. Brand attitude influences brand value. H7. Brand loyalty influences purchase intention. H8. Brand value influence purchase intention. H9. There will be the same research model in Asia and Europe. We performed structural equation model analysis in order to test hypotheses suggested in this study. The model fitting index of the research model in Asia was X2=195.19(p=0.0), NFI=0.90, NNFI=0.87, CFI=0.90, GFI=0.90, RMR=0.083, AGFI=0.85, which means the model fitting of the model is good enough. In Europe, it was X2=133.25(p=0.0), NFI=0.81, NNFI=0.85, CFI=0.89, GFI=0.90, RMR=0.073, AGFI=0.85, which means the model fitting of the model is good enough. From the test results, hypotheses were accepted. All of these hypotheses except one are supported. In Europe, information search is not an antecedent of brand knowledge. This means that sales of global fashion brands like jeans in Europe are not expan

가구주의 취업형태에 따른 가계의 부채부담 연구

김학주 한국사회복지정책학회 2004 사회복지정책 Vol.20 No.-

한국은행에서 발간한 최근 가계신용동향 자료에 따르면 2003년 말 현재 우리나라 가계신용잔액은 447조 5,675억원으로 가구당 가계부채는 약 2,926만원에 이르고 있다. 본 연구는 가구주의 취업형태에 따라 가계를 상용직가계, 임시직가계, 일용직가계, 고용주가계, 자영업가계, 미취업가계의 여섯 집단으로 나누어 가구주의 취업형태에 따른 가계 부채보유실태를 조사하였다. 특히 조사대상가계의 인적 및 경제적 자원특성을 파악하고 세부 부채유형별 부채규모와 부채부담 실태를 분석함으로써 외환위기 이후 우리나라 가구주의 취업형태에 따른 가계내 부채부담 및 시계열 추이를 파악하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 부채를 보유하는 가계의 명목비율은 감소추세에 있으나 일단 부채를 보유하게 된 가계는 과부채 상환부담에 처하는 경우가 많고 특히 미취업과 비정규직(임시직 또는 일용직) 가구주가계의 경우에는 가계의 소득능력을 초과하는 과도한 부채상환부담에도 불구아고 경제적 위기상황을 타개아기 위한 목적으로 사채사용이 빈번하였다. 장기적 경기불황으로 인해 늘어나는 비정규직 가계의 부채 문제를 해결하고 예방하기 위해서는 기존의 소득보장에만 초점을 맞춘 대책보다는 자산 및 부채상창을 포함하는 전방위적 빈곤대책을 고려해야 안다. 구체적인 정책적 대안으로 먼저 과도한 부채차입을 가진 비정규직 가계를 대상으로는 대출금 상환기간의 장기화를 통한 월 부채상환액의 감소방안이 필요하다고 판단된다. 한편 전세 및 보증금 등과 관련된 사금융부채의 증가를 줄이기 위해서는 비정규직 빈곤 가계를 위한 신용보증 대출제도를 보다 활성좌하고 은행권의 담보부담 규모를 낮출 수 있도록 유도해야 한다. 그러나 자산대비 부채비중을 줄이고 악성부채의 차입을 근본적으로 방지하기 위해서는 빈곤층의 위안 물적 자산개발을 위안 정부의 적극적 빈곤정책이 요구된다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the debt structures of households by householder's occupation. Household debts were categorized into six types according to borrowing sources: debt from banks, other financial institutes, employers, private sources, Gye, and retailers. Householder's occupation were classified into five groups, salaried(regular), temporary, daily labor, employer, self-employed, and unemployed. In addition, the objective debt burdens were measured by three indicator variables. They are, the total debt amount, the monthly debt repayment, and the ratio of debts repayment to household income and total debt amount. The data came from the Korean Labor Panel Survey from 1998(1st wave) to 2002(5th wave). The finding shows that rates of holding each types of debt and debt amounts were different according to the householder's occupation. Particularly, the irregular job status, such as temporary or daily labor job tend to hold more debts from private sources, other than from financial institutes and also suffer from higher and excessive debt burden and even three years after the Asian financial crisis, their situation was not much discovered.

소득계층별 가계의 부채부담 연구

김학주 한국사회보장학회 2005 사회보장연구 Vol.21 No.1

최근 5년 동안 우리나라의 가계부채 상황은 두 배 이상의 상승추세를 보이고 있다. 한국은행에서 발간한 가계신용동향 자료에 따르면 2003년 말 현재 우리나라 가계신용잔액은 447조 5,675억원으로 가구당 가계부채는 약 2,926만원에 이르고 있다. 본 연구는 소득계층을 최하위, 하위, 중간, 상위, 최상위의 다섯 집단으로 나누어 소득계층에 따른 부채보유실태를 분석하고자 하였다. 특히 조사대상가계의 인적 및 경제적 자원특성을 파악하고 세부 부채유형별 부채규모 보유가구비율의 실태를 분석함으로써 외환위기 이후 우리나라 계충별 부채보유실태와 시계열 추이를 분석하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 소득계층별 부채부담률은 저소득계층으로 갈수록 높아진 반면에 부채유형별 보유현황에서는 고소득층의 금응기관부채 비중이 높았다 그 이유로는 이들 계층이 자산증식과 생활의 질을 향상시키기 위한 수단으로 부채를 보유하고 있음에 기인한다. 한편 저소득층의 높은 사채의존률은 경제적으로 긴급한 가계상황이 외환위기 이후 바뀌지 않았음을 시사하고 있다. 이제껏 저소득계층의 사채비율 증가추세는 공식적인 금융부채 통계로는 파악할 수 없다는 한계를 가지고 있었다. 특히 외환위기 이후 타인으로부터 개인적으로 빌린 채무의 과중한 부채부담이 지속적으로 유지되고 있었으며 이로 인해 저소득계층 가계파산의 대량생산으로 확대될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 기존의 빈곤관련 정책들이 주로 가계소득보장에만 초점을 맞추고 있으나 이러한 방향은 자산과 부채를 포함하는 전방위적 차원의 대책으로 수정될 필요가 있다. 저소득층 가계의 사금응부채증가와 관련되어서 일어날 수 있는 문제를 해결하거나 예방하기 위해서는 이들가계의 자산 및 부채에 대한 파악과 함께 대출금 상환기간의 장기화를 통한 월상환액의 감소방안과 함께 금융기관 부채중심의 현재 저소득층 부채탕감정책의 일대 수정이 절실히 요구된다 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of household income on the debt structures of households. Household debts were categorized into six types according to borrowing sources: debt from banks, other financial institutes, employers, private sources, Gye, and retailers. Income classes were classified into five groups, ranked by the household equivalent income level: lowest, low, medium, high, and highest. In addition, the objective debt burdens were measured by three variables. They are, the total debt amount, the monthly debt repayment, and the ratio of debts repayment to household income and total debt amount. The data came from the Korean Labor Panel Survey from 1998(1st wave) to 2002(5th wave). The finding shows that rates of holding each types of debt and debt amounts were different according to household income classes. The relatively low classes tend to hold more debts from private sources, other than from financial institutes and also suffer from higher and excessive debt burden and even three years after the Asian financial crisis, their situation was not much discovered.

朝鮮刊《朱文公校昌黎先生集》略考 : 朝鮮時代刊行中國文學關係書調査硏究 具六

金學主 韓國中國語文學會 1989 中國文學 Vol.17 No.-

단순슬래브 사교의 휨모멘트 산정에 관한 연구

金學秀,文賢珠 호남대학교 2000 호남대학교 학술논문집 Vol.21 No.2

In the Simply Supported Skew Slab Bridge analysis, "The Highway Bridge Standard Specifications of Korea" dose not prescribe exactly a variable of edge supported condition, skew angle and loading condition etc. Therefore, the present standing rules of "The Highway Bridge Standard Specification of Korea" is expected to overestimate the maximum design bending moment of the skew slab bridge. Also, a study on the effective modeling method needs consideration of moment value difference according to modeling method. In this paper, the simply supported skew slabs are analyzed by using finite element program, SAP 90, and the results are compared with those from "The Highway Bridge Standard Specifications of Korea". Modeling method using Shell element is considered as parallelogram mesh, mesh orthogonal to support, mesh orthogonal to span. The moment values from the modelling are compared with the results researched by Nielsen. So this study suggested a proper modeling method and considered the effect of skew angle and ratio of slab length to slab with on moment values using shell and grillage element.

담배연기성분 중 니코틴함량 측정결과에 대한 불확도 산정

김영신,정재훈,임흥빈,이학수,석영선,신주식 충북대학교 연초연구소 2004 煙草硏究 Vol.19 No.-

담배성분에 대하여 정량분석을 하여 구하는 값은 측정하고자 하는 대상의 참값에 대한 추정값이며, 이는 이상적인 참값으로부터 여러 가지 원인에 의해 벗어나게 된다. 실험 분석 결과는 실험대상에 대한 여러 가지 판단 근거를 제공하는 것이며, 이에 대한 신뢰성의 척도로 불확도가 사용되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 담배연기성분 중 니코틴함량 측정결과에 대하여 신뢰성을 부가시키고, 더욱이 실험과정에서 중요한 불확도의 원인을 찾아내어 해당부분의 불확도를 줄임으로써 보다 정확한 분석결과를 얻고자 이루어졌으며 이 방법으로 추정된 CM4의 측정값과 불확도 표현은 다음과 같다. Nicotine : 1.28 ± 0.01 mg/cig. (신뢰 구간 95.45%, k=2) Measurements by quantitative analysis of tobacco components were the presumed value of a true value. But this measurement was out of ideal true value by various reasons. The aim of this study was to invest with confidence to measurement of nicotine content in tobacco smoke components and to reduce uncertainty by searching uncertainty reasons. Uncertainty of nicotine contents of CORESTA monitor 4 by this method was as follows.