COVID-19 상황에서 온라인 비대면 수업에 대한 초등교사의 인식 - 과학교과를 중심으로 -

강유진 ( Kang¸ Eugene ),정도준 ( Jeong¸ Dojun ),박지훈 ( Park¸ Jihun ),김지나 ( Kim¸ Jina ),박종석 ( Park¸ Jongseok ),남정희 ( Nam¸ Jeonghee ) 한국초등과학교육학회 2021 초등과학교육 Vol.40 No.4

COVID-19 팬데믹의 위기는 전 세계적으로 교육 시스템에 큰 변화를 초래하였다. 우리나라에서도 COVID-19로 인한 사회적 거리두기 정책에 따라 갑작스럽게 비대면 수업으로 전환되었다. 준비 없는 비대면 수업으로 인해 초등학교 현장에서 발생하는 문제들로 볼 때 이와 관련된 연구가 필요한 상황이다. 본 연구는 초등교사가 인식하는 비대면 수업에서 과학교육의 목표와 방법, 과학탐구활동을 포함한 비대면 수업에서 발생한 문제와 초등교사의 대응, 비대면 수업 경험 후 비대면수업의 장단점과 교사의 역할에 대한 초등교사의 인식을 알아보고자 한다. 온라인 콘텐츠 활용 수업과 온라인 실시간 쌍방향 수업을 포함하는 온라인 비대면 수업을 시행한 초등교사를 대상으로 설문조사(153명)와 포커스 인터뷰(9명)를 실시하였다. 연구 결과에서 3가지 결론과 제안점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 초등교사들은 온라인 비대면 수업에서 비대면 방식에 따라 일방향 강의와 쌍방향 강의를 하였다. 온라인 비대면 수업에서 조사나 토론 등 강의 외의 수업방법을 활용하기 위해서는 교사들의 디지털 리터러시를 높일 필요가 있다. 둘째, 초등교사들은 비대면 수업에서 과학탐구활동의 어려움으로 현장 피드백의 어려움, 준비물 확보의 어려움, 안전 확보의 어려움을 인식하였다. 개인 실험을 위한 실험 꾸러미와 실험 영상을 제공하고 온라인에서 교사-학생, 학생-학생 간 협동적 논의와 피드백을 통해서 어려움을 극복할 수 있다. 셋째, 초등교사들은 비대면 수업의 장점으로 IT 기기를 사용하는 다양한 형태의 수업이 가능하고 개별화된 학습이 가능하다고 인식하였다. 단점으로는 탐구활동이나 협동학습과 같은 대면 기반 수업이 어렵고, 학생의 이해 정도를 알 수 없어서 피드백이 어려우며, 학생간의 상호작용이 어렵고, 학습 격차가 벌어진다고 인식하였다. The crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant changes in education systems worldwide, including in Korea. Due to COVID-19’s social distancing policies, the education system was suddenly switched to distance learning, resulting in many problems in primary schools without preparation. The purpose of this study was to investigate a teacher’s awareness of science education techniques, responses to issues in science classes, including inquiry activities, advantages and disadvantages, and roles after experiencing distance learning. Survey and focus interviews were conducted for primary school teachers who had previously participated in distance learning, such as online content classes and real-time interactive classes. The study findings showed three conclusions: 1) Primary school teachers conducted one-way and interactive lectures in online classes. It is vital to improve a teacher’s digital literacy to improve other teaching methods such as investigation and discussion in online classes. 2) Primary school teachers acknowledged the challenges of field feedback, inquiry item preparations, and safety in inquiry activities of science classes, by providing individual experimental packages and videos and using online discussion and feedback among teacher-student and student-student interactions. 3) Primary school teachers recognized that various types of classes using IT devices and individualized learning were possible as advantages of distance learning. As for disadvantages, it was acknowledged that inquiry activities, cooperative learning, immediate feedback, and interaction among students were challenging. Furthermore, learning gaps were wider in distance learning.

Environmental Management in the State of Rhode Island

Eugene Park 제주대학교 해양과환경연구소 2001 해양과환경연구소 심포지엄 Vol.2001 No.-

In vivo 3-dimensional Kinematics of Cubitus Valgus after Non-united Lateral Humeral Condyle Fracture

Eugene Kim,Se-Jin Park,Ho-Seok Lee,Jai-Hyung Park,Jong Kuen Park,Sang Hoon Ha,Tsuyoshi Murase,Kazuomi Sugamoto 대한견주관절의학회 2018 대한견주관절학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Background: Nonunion of lateral humeral condyle fracture causes cubitus valgus deformity. Although corrective osteotomy or osteosynthesis can be considered, there are controversies regarding its treatment. To evaluate elbow joint biomechanics in non-united lateral humeral condyle fractures, we analyzed the motion of elbow joint and pseudo-joint via in vivo three-dimensional (3D) kinematics, using 3D images obtained by computed tomography (CT) scan. Methods: Eight non-united lateral humeral condyle fractures with cubitus valgus and 8 normal elbows were evaluated in this study. CT scan was performed at 3 different elbow positions (full flexion, 90° flexion and full extension). With bone surface model, 3D elbow motion was reconstructed. We calculated the axis of rotation in both the normal and non-united joints, as well as the rotational movement of the ulno-humeral joint and pseudo-joint of non-united lateral condyle in 3D space from full extension to full flexion. Results: Ulno-humeral joint moved to the varus on the coronal plane during flexion, 25.45° in the non-united cubitus valgus group and -2.03° in normal group, with statistically significant difference. Moreover, it moved to rotate externally on the axial plane -26.75° in the non-united cubitus valgus group and -3.09° in the normal group, with statistical significance. Movement of the pseudo-joint of fragment of lateral condyle showed irregular pattern. Conclusions: The non-united cubitus valgus group moved to the varus with external rotation during elbow flexion. The pseudo-joint showed a diverse and irregular motion. In vivo 3D motion analysis for the non-united cubitus valgus could be helpful to evaluate its kinematics.

Versatile effects of magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles in PLGA scaffold–mediated chondrogenesis

Park, Kwang-Sook,Kim, Byoung-Ju,Lih, Eugene,Park, Wooram,Lee, Soo-Hong,Joung, Yoon Ki,Han, Dong Keun Elsevier 2018 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol.73 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Artificial scaffolds made up of various synthetic biodegradable polymers have been reported to have many advantages including cheap manufacturing, easy scale up, high mechanical strength, convenient manipulation, and molding into an unlimited variety of shapes. However, the synthetic biodegradable polymers still have the insufficiency for cartilage regeneration owing to their acidic degradation products. To reduce acidification by degradation of synthetic polymers, we incorporated magnesium hydroxide (MH) nanoparticles into porous polymer scaffold not only to effectively neutralize the acidic hydrolysate but also to minimize the structural disturbance of scaffolds. The neutralization effect of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid; PLGA)/MH scaffold was confirmed with the maintenance of neutral pH, contrary to a PLGA scaffold with low pH. Further, the scaffolds were applied to evaluate the chondrogenic differentiation of the human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. In <I>in vitro</I> study, the PLGA/MH scaffold enhanced the chondrogenesis markers and reduced the calcification, compared to the PLGA scaffold. Additionally, the PLGA/MH scaffold reduced the release of inflammatory cytokines, compared to the PLGA scaffold, as the cell death decreased. Moreover, the addition of MH reduced necrotic cell death at the early stage of chondrogenic differentiation. Further, the necrotic cell death by the PLGA scaffold was mediated by cleavage of caspase-1, the so-called interleukin 1-converting enzyme, and MH alleviated it as well as nuclear factor kappa B expression. Furthermore, the PLGA/MH scaffold highly supported chondrogenic healing of rat osteochondral defect sites in <I>in vivo</I> study. Therefore, it was suggested that a synthetic polymer scaffold containing MH could be a novel healing tool to support cartilage regeneration and further treatment of orthopedic patients.</P> <P><B>Statement of Significance</B></P> <P>Synthetic polymer scaffolds have been widely utilized for tissue regeneration. However, they have a disadvantage of releasing acidic products through degradation. This paper demonstrated a novel type of synthetic polymer scaffold with pH-neutralizing ceramic nanoparticles composed of magnesium hydroxide for cartilage regeneration. This polymer showed pH-neutralization property during polymer degradation and significant enhancement of chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. It reduced not only chondrogenic calcification but also release of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it has an inhibitory effect on necrotic cell death, particularly caspase-1-mediated necrotic cell death (pyroptosis). In <I>in vivo</I> study, it showed higher healing rate of the damaged cartilage in a rat osteochondral defect model. We expected that this novel type of scaffold can be effectively applied to support cartilage regeneration and further treatment of orthopedic patients.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

조선후기의 무과제도와 한국의 근대성

Eugene Y. Park 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2010 한국문화 Vol.51 No.-

This study assesses the significance of the late Chosŏn military examination system in the context of Korean modernity. The military examination system underwent changes that suggest a broadening social base of political participation, increased social mobility, enhanced cultural diversity, and greater economic liberalization-all of which arguably are hallmark features of an early modern Eurasian society. In the case of late Chosŏn Korea which relatively free from invasion and rebellion, millions of Korean men chose to take the examination for military appointments. Utilizing a large database of some 35,000 military examination graduates (roughly a fifth of all men who earned their degrees from 1402 to 1894), this study argues that the military examination not only spurred the subdivision of the ruling elite, the aristocracy, into central civil official, central military official, and local aristocrat families but also contributed to the coexistence of aristocratic Confucian and syncretic popular cultures. The coexistence sustained cultural arenas where the elites and nonelites could share social values in more simplified forms, although ultimately derived from the Korean brand of Confucian ideology. For social elements with no realistic prospect of meaningful political participation, a military examination degree functioned as both a state-sanctioned status marker and a symbol of martial prowess, both of which potentially upheld a cardinal Confucian virtue-loyalty to the ruler.

Anatomical Consideration for Anterior Approach of Cervicothoracic Junction: A Computed Tomography Image Analysis

Eugene J. Park,Bo-Gil Jeong,Woo-Kie Min 대한정형외과학회 2023 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.15 No.5

Background: In the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ), there is limited working space to perform the posterior-only approach. Therefore, a combined anterior approach is required in some cases. However, the great vessels and sternum obstruct the anterior corridor and make the anterior approach difficult. We analyzed relevant anatomical structures encountered during the anterior approach in the CTJ and evaluated the feasibility of previously reported surgical corridors. Methods: We retrospectively examined 49 patients who underwent neck computed tomography angiography between January 2015 and May 2020. Using the coronal images, we measured the intercarotid artery angle (ICAA), intercarotid artery distance (ICAD), shape of the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT), and position of the BCT base. We then measured the most cranial level requiring manubriotomy for the anterior approach (ML), the most caudal level accessible through the superior corridor (SC), and the most caudal level through the inferior corridor (IC) according to the surgeon’s line of sight using the sagittal axis image. Results: The mean ICAA and ICAD were 50.83° ± 15.23° and 33.38 ± 12.11 mm, respectively. Notably, BCT shape was of the convex type in most cases (42.9%), followed by the straight type (36.7%). In addition, the base of BCT was most commonly located inside the body (49%). Moreover, ICAA and ICAD were significantly greater in men. Although men mostly had the BCT base inside the body (64.3%), female mostly had it on the edge of the body (47.6%). Notably, ML showed the highest frequency (16.3%) in the T1 lower and upper bodies. Furthermore, through SC and IC, it was possible to approach the T4 lower body and T6 midbody, respectively. SC showed the highest frequency (16.3%) in the T3 lower body, and IC showed the highest frequency (20.4%) in the T5 midbody. Conclusions: ICAA and ICAD were larger and higher in men. BCT was convex and located inside the body in most cases. The accessible level of ML, SC, and IC were T1, T3, and T5, respectively. For the anterior approach in the CTJ, preoperative vascular and accessible level analysis of corridors is essential to decide on the appropriate corridor and reduce complications.

Progeny of the Koryǒ Dynasty: The Kaesǒng Wang in Chosǒn Korea

( Eugene Y Park ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2015 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.28 No.1

As the descendants of the Koryǒ dynasty (918-1392) supplanted by the Chosǒn dynasty (1392-1910), the Kaesǒng Wang negotiated a new sociopolitical terrain in early modern Korea. Once the Chosǒn state ended a bloody persecution (1394-1416) which virtually exterminated the Wangs, the lucky survivors and their descendants performed the statesanctioned ancestor veneration ritual of sacrificial offering (pongsa) to Koryǒ kings. Moreover, many passed the government service examinations, entered officialdom, commanded armies, and constituted local elite lineages in various parts of Korea. The most privileged among the Wangs were no different from the general aristocracy, yangban, pursuing classical Chinese education and prescribing to Confucian moral norms such as the cardinal virtue of a subject’s loyalty (ch’ung) to the ruler. All the same, an emerging body of subversive narratives, written and oral, began expressing sympathy toward Koryǒ and its progeny as victims of Chosǒn. The Wangs themselves refrained from openly dissenting until after the end of the Chosǒn dynasty.

Imagined Connections in Early Modern Korea, 1500-1894: Representations of Northern Elite Miryang Pak Lineages in Genealogies

Eugene Y. Park 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2008 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.21 No.1

In early modern Korea, families across status boundaries desired appealing selfrepresentations in genealogies, an increasingly popular medium for expressing status consciousness. The genealogies of the families that were neither aristocrat (yangban) nor commoner and yet commanded considerable cultural and economic capital have received little attention. Critiquing the genealogies of prominent northern families can shed more light on the question of whether the regional elite of P’yŏngan and Hamgyŏng provinces belonged to the aristocracy. Analyzing how the north’s elite Miryang Pak lineages explained their origins, this study argues that they invented traditions wherein they were scions of the capital-southern aristocracy. Northern Miryang Pak genealogies share some characteristics in common. Above all, even the families producing prestigious civil examination degree holders generally had an undistinguished pedigree. Also, the descent group genealogies published in Seoul or the south did not record northern lines. Moreover, the northern Miryang Pak’s genealogical claims were full of contradictions that ultimately did not help them win acceptance as social equals by the Seoul-southern aristocracy. While analyzing the northern elite’s imagined connections, this study raises questions about their significance in periodizing Korea’s social history.

Military Examination Graduates in Early Chosŏn : Their Social Status in the Fifteenth Century

Eugene Y. Park The Academy of Korean Studies 2000 THE REVIEW OF KOREAN STUDIES Vol.3 No.1

새로운 가족사의 추구 —근대 한국의 족보편찬과 중인층의 반응—

Eugene Y. Park 역사문제연구소 2008 역사문제연구 Vol.12 No.2

In Korea, master narratives structure discussions of ancestry. In the early modern era, statusconscious nonelites made pedigree claims, but discussions overlook the chungin who, neither aristocrat nor commoner, accumulated economic and cultural capital as experts in various fields. This study argue that as a rigid status hierarchy broke down in the nineteenth century, varied chungin responses reflected the phases that Korean society has undergone regarding perceptions of status and descent. Although possessing family registers, chungin became ambivalent toward them. While some invented traditions, most rejected the hegemonic discourse on pedigree by ceasing to participate in genealogy compilations. Still others have kept records for record’s sake. Noting Korean historiography’s tendency to center aristocratic males, this essay raises questions about historical agency.