정상 성인에 경구 투여한 Cefixime 두 정제의 생물학적 동등성 비교

강진양,서성훈,이경태,문창훈,강진한,이동건,최정현,신완식 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.4

목적 : 식품의약안전청 고시 제 1998-86호(1998. 8.26) "생물학적 동등성 시험 기준"에 의하여 섹심 캅셀(시험약, 한국유나이트제약)과 슈프락스 캅셀(대조약, 동아제약)의 생물학적 동등성을 비교 검토하였다. 방법 : 2×2 라틴 방격법에 따라 건강한 성인 남성 지원자 20명에게 cefixime 100㎎씩 경구투여하였다. 약제투여 후 12시간까지 일정간격으로 채혈하였고 각 피험자들의 혈중약물농도 데이터로부터 구한 Area under the concentration (AUC), C_(max), T_(max) 등의 생체이용률 파라미터에 대해 통계학적으로 고찰하여 두 제제간의 생물학적 동등성을 평가하였다. 결과 : AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에 대한 평균값의 차가 각각 1.26%, 3.73%, 6.21%로서 모두 대조약의 20% 이내에 들어 생물학적 동등성 판정기준의 전제조건을 만족하였다. 분산분석 결과 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)의 각 비교 항목에 있어서 모두 유의수준 α=0.05의 군/순서효과 검정에서 F비가 F 분석표의 한계값보다 작아 교차시험이 제대로 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었으며, AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 유의수준 α=0.05에서 대조약에 대한 최소검출차(Δ)가 각각 17.74%, 17.05%, 15.67%로 모두 20% 이내이었으며, 검출력(1-β)도 모두 0.8 이상으로 나타나 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 만족시켰다. 또 AUC, C_(max), T_(max) 각 비교항목에 있어서 대조약에 대한 생체이용률 차이의 신뢰한계(δ)가 ±20% 이내이어야 한다는 생물학적 동등성 판정기준을 모두 만족시켰다. 결론 : 이상의 실험결과로 시험약은 대조약에 대하여 생물학적 동등성 평가항목인 AUC, C_(max), T_(max)에서 모두 판정기준을 만족시켜 시험약은 대조약과 생물학적으로 동등하다고 사료된다. Background : The study was designed to compare the bioeqivalence between the test (CEXIME®. United Korea. Co., Ltd) and control (SUPRAX®. Dong-a Pharm. Co.. Ltd) capsules of cefixime. Methods : Twenty. healthy, male volunteers completed the study Each subject ingested single dose (100 ㎍) of the control and test drugs in 2?2 crossover design with a week drug-free interval between the doses. Blood samples were collected serially up to 12 hours and plasma concentrations of cefixime were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A non-compartmental approach was used for analysis of the concentration-time data. Results : The area under the curve (AUC), the maximum concentration of drug (C_(max)). and time to reach C_(max)(T_(max)) did not show any significant difference between the two preparations by ANOVA. The mean differences of AUC, C_(max), and T_(max) were within 20% of the control drug, those were 1.26%. 3.73%. and 6.21%. respectively. The confidence limits of three parameters were satisfied the bioeqivalence criteria. Conclusion : These results suggest that the test drug was bioequivalent with the control drug.

Ⅰ급 부정교합자의 안면수직고경 및 교합평면경사도에 관한 치료전후 두부X-선 계측학적 연구

강상훈,남동석 대한치과교정학회 1995 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.25 No.1

교정치료후 안면의 수직고경변화는 교정의에게 지대한 관심을 불러 일으켜 왔다. 특히 제1소구치발치증례와 비발치증례에서 수직고경변이로 인한 악관절상의 문제도 선학들에 의해 연구되어왔다. 본 연구에서는 악골의 전후방적인 골격부조화를 배제한 Ⅰ급 부정교합환자의 수직피개정도 및 연령군에 따른 안면수직고경의 변화를 관찰하고 수직고경변화에 따른 교합평면경사의 변화양상을 비교하여 향후 치교결과의 예측, 분석에 도움을 얻고자 한다. 서울대학교병원 치과진료부 교정과에 내원하여 Ⅰ급 부정교합자로 진단되어 상하악 제1소구치를 발치하여 치료를 받은 환자 35명, 비발치로 치료를 받은 환자 30명 중 수직피개량을 기준으로 Ⅰ군(피개도<0mm), Ⅱ군(0<피개도<4mm), Ⅲ군(피개도>4mm)으로 분류하여 두부 X-선 계측사진을 계측, 비교분석하였다. 그리고 연령에 따라 성장진행군 및 성장완료군으로 분류하여 역시 비교 분석하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 1. 발치군과 비발치군 모두에서 치료후 전안면고경의 증가를 보였으나, 두군에서 유의한 차이는 없었다. 2. 치료전후, 성장진행군의 교합면경사도는 세군에서 유의성있는 변화를 보이지 않았으나 성장완료군에서는 각군에서 유의성 있는 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 발치군과 비발치군 모두에서 성장진행군은 전안면고경과 후안면고경의 유의성있는 증가를 보였으며 특히 성장완료군에 비해 후안면고경의 증가가 우월하였다. 4. 교정치료후 제1대구치는 모든 군에서 교합평면에 대해 유의성 있게 직립하였다(p<0.05). This study was investigated to assess the difference of facial height and occlusal plane inclination between pre- and post-treatment in Class Ⅰ malocclusion group. The subjects consisted of 35 extraction patients and 0 nonextraction patients, and was subdivided into Group Ⅰ(overbite<0mm), Group Ⅱ(0<overbite<4mm), and Group Ⅲ(overbite>4mm) in reference to overbite, and adolescent group and adult group in reference to age. Lateral cephalogram was taken with standard method, traced, and digitized for each subject. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SAS program. The results were as follows : 1. In both groups of extraction and nonextraction group the anterior facial height increased after orthodontic treatment, but there was no significant difference(p>0.05) between each group. 2. There was no statstical significance in change of occlusal plane inclination in adolescent group, but significant difference(p<0.05) among three subgroup in adult group. 3. In adolescent-extraction and adolescent-nonextraction group there was significant increase of anterior facial height and posterior facial height, and was superior to adult groups in posterior facial height increment. 4. In all groups upper and lower molars were uprighted to occlusal plane. This had statistically significant effect.

파티클을 이용한 디지털 건축형태생성에 관한 연구 : “리좀”적 사유에 바탕을 둔 디지털 형태생성기법을 중심으로 using the form creation method of the digital architecture through the rhizome's thought

강훈,이동언 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.9

The rhizomatic thoughts make It possible to access to the new architectural design method that can escape from the previous fixed and established one They will playa role In opening the way that will express the virtual In architecture The virtual will be actualized when the rhizomatic thoughts can come into existence In architecture Using the previous digital form creating the design methods In architecture and the digital design methods of special effects in other genres, and complementing the formal and the latter as architectural digital design methods, this paper would suggest the new digital form creation method In architecture. It disassembles objects into the least particle-units and reassembles them to create the actual form This method to use them IS the best method for expressing the rhizomatic character, or the virtual In conclusion, this paper defines the concepts of digital architectural design which has been used Without a definition and suggests a new method of architectural digital design Which is based upon Deleuze's and Guattari's rhizome's though

디지털 건축디자인으로서 '주름(Fold)'에 관한 연구 : 질 들뢰즈의 '주름(Fold)'사유와 피터 아이젠만의 '접기(Folding)'기법을 중심으로 through G. Deleuze's 'fold' thought and Peter Eisenman's 'folding'

강훈,이동언 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.11

The keyword to solve Deleuze's folding thought is the virtual. It contains all relations changing endlessly by differences as it is refusing the transcendental and absolute center but maintaining consistency. It makes it possible for the new approaching methods to escape from the previous established ones. It opens the way expressing the immanent life and the variety as endless differences. The architecture that always intensifies the virtual can be unfolded if the folding thought can be architecturally actualized. So, this paper interpret with the digital form making languages and the digital form transforming methods as diagrams which Peter Eisenman used it in his works on the basis of the Deleuze's folding thought. Furthermore, it propose the new digital form creating methods that can express fold's thought and that are excluded in Eisenman's methods. The suggested digital form creating methods can be thought as the most proper ones of making an architectural form closer to Deleuze's folding thought. These methods showed possibilities that they transform the digital design concepts combined with the contemporary architectural theory based on Deleuze into architecture.

The Effect of Epidural Ketamine used with Patient-Controlled Analgesia on Postoperative Pain

강훈,박상희,이동훈 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 2008 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.18 No.1

Purpose: Acute pain can be abolished by intravenous administration of ketamine in doses insufficient to induce anesthesia. Therefore we designed this study to see if this subanesthetic dosage of ketamine administered epidurally with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) after abdominal surgery can also provide sufficient analgesic effect on postoperative pain. Materials and Methods: 20 consecutive patients were allocated randomly to receive either ketamine (n=10) or placebo (n=10) for pain relief after surgery. At 30 minutes before the end of surgery patients were attached to an PCA infusor programmed to epidurally deliver same amount of placebo or ketamine 3-5 mg/h (72-120 mg/day) in combination with background PCA regimen composed of bupivacaine, morphine, fentanyl etc for 48 hours postoperatively. Patients were evaluated for pain on ten-point Verbal Analogue Scale (VAS) and nausea on a four-point scale at 30 minutes, and 1, 6, 12, 24 hours after surgery. Results: The pain score in the placebo group is not significantly higher than in ketamine group postoperatively. While the pain scores in the two groups were very similar, throughout the 24 hours period, the incidence of nausea/emesis was also similarly low in both groups. Conclusion: It was found that a fixed rate epidural infusions of ketamine (3-5 mg/h) are ineffective in controlling pain after surgery. 연구목적: 강력한 진통작용를 나타내는 케타민은 마취농도 이하의 용량을 정맥투여함으로써 수술 후 통증같은 급성 통증을 치료할 수 있다. 저자들은 이와 같은 마취농도 이하의 저용량을 경막외에 투여하는 경우도 급성통증에 비슷한 효과가 있는지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 연구 대상 환자는 충북대학교병원 수술실에서 복부에 정규 외과 수술을 받은 후 48시간 이상 자가통증조절(Patient-Controlled Analgesia)을 이용하여 통증치료를 받은 성인 남녀 환자들이며 환자들은 무작위로 ketamine군(n=10)과 위약 대조군(placebo, n=10)의 두 군으로 나누고 수술 종료 30분 전에 미리 준비한 patient-controlled analgesia에 ketamine (3-5 mg/h) 혹은 placebo를 섞어서 투여하기 시작하였다. 수술 후 회복실 또는 병실에서 필요한 경우 급성통증을 예방하기 위하여 ketorolac 30 mg을 정맥 투여하였다. 환자의 통증과 부작용에 대한 평가는 회복실에서 그리고 수술 후 1, 6, 12, 24 시간에 시행하였다. 결과: 두 군 간에 인구학적 차이는 없었으며 수술 직 후 회복실에서 통증의 정도는 두 군 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으며 오심 및 구토 등의 부작용도 의미 있는 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 결론: 마취농도 이하의 저용량의 ketamine (3-5 mg/h)을 경막외에 투여하는 경우 의미있는 진통효과를 보여주지 못하였다.

그렉 린의 디지털 형태 생성기법 한계와 극복에 관한 연구 : 들뢰즈ㆍ가타리의 '생성'사유를 중심으로 focus on DeleuzeㆍGuattari's 'becoming' Thought

강훈,이동언 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.20 No.11

Digital architecture has some such features as topological, decentralized, nonhierarchical, dematerialized, unrealistic and flexible. These are related to 'fold', 'rhizome' and' simulacre' generated from DeleuzeㆍGuattari's thoughts. According to this hypothesis, first, this paper analyzes Greg Lynn's digital form creation method. Second, it proves that there are limits in making form and materialization of Greg Lynn's and suggests a new method for making digital form to overcome these limits. Digital form making methods suggested above would reveal the possibilities that make the concepts of digital design more and more materialized and actualized. In conclusion, this paper defines the concepts of digital architectural design which has been used without a definition and suggests a new method of digital design which appropriates a digital paradigm. This paper has the background that the method of digital design plays an important role in creating a contemporary architectural form. Also, it has an additional meaning that a new field, in other words 'a theory combined with digital design', emerges in the field of making architectural form.

올인원 접착제의 미세누출에 관한 정량적 분석

강용희,신수일,신동훈 大韓齒科保存學會 2004 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.29 No.1

All-in-one adhesives were recently developed for reducing the techique sensitivity and chair time, but lots of concerns were made on bondability, longevity, and microleakage. The object of this study was to evaluate microleakage and marginal quality of all-in-one adhesives using electrochemical method and SEM analysis quantitatively. After making Class V cavities, they were bulk filled with Heliomolar(#A1) after surface treatment with three adhesives: Adper Prompt (Group A), One up Bond F (Group O), Xeno Ⅲ(Group 'X), Electrical con-ductivity(microamphere, ㎂) was checked two times: before and after cavity filling. Percentage of leaky margin was estimated from SEM image (× 1,000). The data were statistically analysed: ANOVA and Paired T test for electrical conductivity, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for marginal quality, Spearman's rho test for checking of relationship between 2 methods the result were as follows: 1. There was no difference in microleakage between adhesive systems and every specimen showed some of microleakage after filling. 2. Microleakage was reduced about 70% with composite resin filling. 3. Marginal quality was the best in group A, decreasing among groups in the following order: group O, followed by group X. There were significant differences between group A and group X(p=0.015), and between group O and group X(p=0.019) 4. There was no relationship between the microleakage measured by electrochemical method and margin-al quality measured by SEM analysis. Within the results of this study, there was no difference in microleakage groups by electrical conductivity. However, significant difference in margin quality was seen among groups. It was believed teat these dissimilar results might be induced because of their own characteristics. Analysis of microleakage needs various methods for accuracy.

紅蔘複合方의 補肝作用에 對한 實驗的 硏究(1)

姜彰熙,金聖勳,최봉균,金東熙 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2000 혜화의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

For the evalution of protective effect on hepatic damage by Korean red ginseng mixed formula, we used GR(Korean red ginseng), GRF-A(Korean red ginseng-mixed formula) as a materials. The study was performed on protective effect against hepatic damage induced by CCl_4. GRF-A significantly protected ethanol induced-liver damage by lowering ALT and ALP and fatty degenertion in liver tissue.

표면근전도와 전자각도기를 이용한 자동차 부품 조립작업 위험요인 평가

강동묵,이철호,,신용철,김은아,우지훈,조병만,이수일 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objectives: As automobile part manufacturing is characterized by high speed and high repetition, observation methods which are usually utilized for static posture are inappropriate to evaluate musculoskeleatal risk factors. This study quantified the risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders on the forearm and suggested exposure limits by estimating the risk factors using surface electromyography (EMG) and electrogoniometer. Methods: Ten percent of the total workers at 3 automobile part manufacturing factories were randomly selected, and 99 male workers were recruited as study subjects. The study was conducted during May 2003 to September 2004. The workers were equipped with electrogoniometers on the wrist and the elbow, surface EMGs on the skin of the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor carpi radialis (ECR) muscles, and the heart beat recorder during work as indicators of joint movement, local muscle tension and physical work load, respectively. Results: After controlling for age, body mass index and job stress, wrist flexion maximum angle, FDS relative activity (RA) and ECR RA were significantly associated with forearm musculoskeletal symptoms. The odds ratios of the forearm were 5.0(95% CI: 1.1-22.7), 14.0(95% CI: 1.5-128.8) and 7.3(95% CI: 1.1-49.4) for wrist flexion maximum angle more than 76˚, FDS RA more than 2.8%, and ECR RA more than 3.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Joint angle and focal muscle activity were associated with forearm musculoskeletal symptoms. To reduce forearm musculoskeletal symptoms among automobile part manufacturers, the wrist flexion angle, and FDS and ECR activity need to be reduced below the guidelines recommended in this study.

健脾益氣法의 腫瘍治療活用에 對한 硏究

姜硏伊,金聖勳,金東熙 대전대학교 한의학연구소 2002 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.10 No.2

In review of "inviorating spleen an supplementing qi" of clinical and experimental studies on malignant tumor, we obtained the conclusions as follows 1. Asthenic splenic qi is an important factor in mutation, occurrence and development of tumor. 2. The anti-tumor mechanism of "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is improvement of immune suveillance, cntroling cell proliferating period and enhancing body metabolism. 3. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is often used with " nourishing kidney" or "expelling pathogen" for treating cnacer. 4. In experimental studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on inhibiting occurrence and development of tumor, protecting mutation, inhibiting recurrence and metastasis, immune activity, enhancing metabolism, promoting bone marrow hemopoietic cell proliferation, increasing anti-tumor effect and protecting normal cells. 5. In clinical studies, "invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" has effects on prolonging the survival period of cancer patients, improving clinical symptoms and quality of life of cancer patients, degrading the side effects of western therapie(operation, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). 6. "Invigorating spleen and supplementing qi" is an extensive discipline of syndrome differentiation used to inhibit occurence, development, recurrence and metastasis.