北韓의 詩歌 文學

金大幸 梨花女子大學校 韓國文化硏究院 1985 主題硏究 Vol.10 No.-

This is a survey on literary policy and activities of North-Korea. North-Korean literary policy imposes rigid regulations for all literary activitied which they call "six principles" in the following. 1) the principle of fidelity to their party (the Labor Party) and activity for and by the working class and people 2) the principle of embodiment of national characteristics 3) the principle of keeping the methods of socialistic realism 4) the principle of creating and developing for and by the masses of people 5) the principle of reforming authors with revolutionists and man from working class 6) the principle of strengthening of the party's leading power As each of these principles presents lines and limits of studying and writing of poetry, papers and poems and songs show their distinct tendencies as follows: 1) Under the principles of fidelity to their party, poems and songs can merely admire the line of their party and their leader Kim, Il Seong. Hence they must praise, a) Kim, Il Seong and his family: Kim, Hyeong Jik (father), Kang, Ban Seok (mother), Kim, Jeong Sook (former wife) and Kim, Jeong Il (son). b) the line of socialistic revolution by their party. c) the happiness of living in the socialistic nation i.e. North-Korea. d) Kim's "heroic activities" as partisan against Japanese Colonialism. 2) For the principle of working class, the poems and songs must, a) encourage the working class' great power to construct a socialistic nation. b) stimulate the working class to work more hardly. c) induce poets themselves to participate in the working: the collective farm, industrial factory and so on. 3) In order to achieve the purpose of mass people, a) poets must write poems so popular as to appeal to the general public. b) the party should incite the masses to compose the songs and sing a song together. 4) Within the principle of embodiment of national characteristics, a) scholars and poets are called upon to admire the beautiful landscape and "heroic tradition' of revolution. b) especially, scholars are forced to collect and study the products of oral literature. 5) For executing the principle of socialistic realism, a) the poets have to give cheers for their socialistic revolution and their leader Kim, Il Seong who is leading that revolution. b) the poets have to write poems which incite the people for establishing the "socialistic stability." c) they must encourage the so-colled revolutionist in South-Korea to revolt against their government. therefore, they creat the poems which describe "the miserable state of South-Korea": shoe shine boys, beggers with tin-can, poor board shacks and so on. 6) For the principle of 'the masses', a) poets have to devote themselves to writing the kasa (verse) which is regarded as the most important one among the genres of poetry, because kasa can be sung and created by the masses. b) they put heavy weight upon the writings of masses which do not present private emotion but public propaganda. c) they attach importance to the oral poetry such as folk-song, especially, songs of partisan which were allegedly created by Kim, Il Seong and guerrillas of anti-Japan combat. 7) In order to fulfill the principle of alignment of authors and artists' ranks, a) the government have systematized the 'Chosun Artist Federation' to control the artists and equipped the men from working class with artistic tool. b) the government continued purging the artists with the inclination of bourgeois' thoughts. 8) For the principle of strengthening the party's leading power, a) the party have been publishing the documents about their literary policy and commentary. b) by the party, the scholars and poets are demanded to study and write poetry along the line of Kim, Il Seong's instructions. In couclusion, we could not find any sense of humour of laughter in the poems and songs of North-Korea but abundant grim applauses and grave solemnity. These phenomena seemed to be originated from the view of socialistic literature; poetry for didacticism, for productive labor and for revolution.

Animalized Asians in Li-Young Lee`s “The Cleaving” and Myung Mi Kim’s Poetics of Commons

( Dae Joong Kim ) 한국영어영문학회 2013 영어 영문학 Vol.59 No.3

This paper aims to address Asian (im)migrants` animalized or Otherized humanity and representations of humanity transposed to animlaity in two poets` poems (Li-Young Lee and Myung Mi Kim) which jointly create a constellation that provides a universal picture of Asians in oppressive history. By this analysis, this paper endeavors to envision two cross-ethnic and cross-aesthetic relations between Li-Young Lee`s commonplace of animalized Asians and Myung Mi Kim`s poetics of commons. Li-Young Lee`s poem, “Cleaving” raises a fundamental question of historicity related to beings` facticity and visualizes, as an ontological de-hierarchization, death as commonly relational ethos of all beings. By these fundamental question and visualization Lee posits this imagery of history and universal Being to physical and spiritual imageries of immigrants; in turn, Lee ends his poem with an image of gathering of all different immigrants into a common place or a ring where the alterity on their faces requires ethical responsibility. Myung Mi Kim`s poems, relational and experimental, draw a constellation which delivers ideas about animalized humanity in the context of global violence such as wars and colonization of Korea and other nations. This paper especially focuses two long poems from her Commons which can be read as a manifesto of her poetics. This paper also shows how Myung Mi Kim traces Western philosophies, aesthetics, and their spirits by forming commons as a literary space of a community through the rhythm of historicity from which she envisages a space of errancy or a trans-spatial experience.

Clinical Outcome of Modified Cervical Lateral Mass Screw Fixation Technique

Kim, Seong-Hwan,Seo, Won-Deog,Kim, Ki-Hong,Yeo, Hyung-Tae,Choi, Gi-Hwan,Kim, Dae-Hyun The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2012 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.52 No.2

Objective : The purpose of this study was 1) to analyze clinically-executed cervical lateral mass screw fixation by the Kim's technique as suggested in the previous morphometric and cadaveric study and 2) to examine various complications and bicortical purchase that are important for b-one fusion. Methods : A retrospective study was done on the charts, operative records, radiographs, and clinical follow up of thirty-nine patients. One hundred and seventy-eight lateral mass screws were analyzed. The spinal nerve injury, violation of the facet joint, vertebral artery injury, and the bicortical purchases were examined at each lateral mass. Results : All thirty-nine patients received instrumentations with poly axial screws and rod systems, in which one hundred and seventy-eight screws in total. No vertebral artery injury or nerve root injury were observed. Sixteen facet joint violations were observed (9.0%). Bicortical purchases were achieved on one hundred and fifty-six (87.6%). Bone fusion was achieved in all patients. Conclusion : The advantages of the Kim's technique are that it is performed by using given anatomical structures and that the complication rate is as low as those of other known techniques. The Kim's technique can be performed easily and safely without fluoroscopic assistance for the treatment of many cervical diseases.

부안 동림서원의 건립과 변천에 대한 연구―『동림서원지』를 중심으로―

김승대 ( Kim Seung-dae ) 한국실학학회 2020 한국실학연구 Vol.0 No.40

동림서원은 반계 유형원을 배향한 유일한 서원이었다. 최근 필자는 부안김씨 담계 종중에서 『동림서원지』 등 고문서 4건을 발굴하였다. 이를 통해 동림서원에 대해 새로운 사실을 확인하게 되었다. 동림서원은 1693년(숙종19) 부안 소산면 파산에서 반계를 배향한 남인 계열의 ‘반계사’, ‘파산서원’으로 출발하였다. 1711년(숙종37) 유문원과 김서경을 추가 배향하였고, 1737년(영조13)에는 상서면 동림으로 이건하였다. 1789년(정조13) 김회신을 추가 배향하고, 1794년(정조18)에는 강당을 창건하였다. 동림으로 옮긴 후 동림서원은 부안김씨 문중서원의 성격을 많이 내포하게 되었다. 또한, 『재임안』·『서재 유생안』·『양사재 계안』은 19세기 동림서원의 양상을 잘 나타내고 있다. 1868년(고종5) 서원이 철폐된 후, 현재 1908년, 1939년에 세워진 ‘동림서원 유허비’와 건물 주초석만이 남아있다. 향후 고문서 번역, 본격적인 고증과 문화재 지정 검토, 인근 반계 유적과 연계한 활용방안 등이 검토된다. Donglim Seowon(東林書院) in Buan was the only Confucian academy in the country to commemorate Bangue(磻溪) Yu Hyeong-won(柳馨遠). Recently, I discovered four ancient documents, including “Dongnim Seowonji(東林書院誌)”, from the Buan Kim Clan. Donglim Seowon started in 1693 as ‘Bangye-sa(磻溪祠)’ and 'Pasan seowon(巴山書院)' in commemoration of Yu Hyeong-won in the Pasan village of Sosan-myeon, Buan-gun. In 1711 the Yu Mun-won and Kim Seo-gyeong were additionally commemorated, and in 1737 they moved to Donglim Village in Sangseo-myeon. In 1789, Kim Hoe-sin was additionally commemorated, and in 1794, an auditorium was established. After moving to Dongnim Village, Donglim Seowon was largely associated with the character of Buan Kim's Munjungseowon. In addition, ‘Jaeiman’, ‘Seojae Yusaengan’ and ‘Yangsajae Gyean’ are documents that show various aspects of Donglim Seowon in the 19th century. The Confucian academy was abolished in 1868. Currently, only the monument and the foundation stone of the building erected in 1908 and 1939. In the future, it is necessary to review the translation of ancient documents, the full-fledged review of historical records and cultural heritage designation, and the historical sites and utilization measures of nearby Bangue Yu Hyeong-won.

논문 : 『시경(詩經)』『큰 쥐(碩鼠)』와 김시습의 「큰 쥐」 비교 연구

김대중 ( Dae Joong Kim ) 민족문학사학회·민족문학사연구소 2013 민족문학사연구 Vol.51 No.-

본고는 김시습(金時習, 1435∼1493)의 「큰 쥐(碩鼠)」와 『시경(詩經)』 「큰 쥐」의 비 교 연구이다. 김시습의 「큰 쥐」는 『시경』「큰 쥐」에 바탕을 둔다. 따라서 김시습이 『시경』의 어떤 전통을 자각적으로 계승했는지, 그와 동시에 어떤 창의적인 전변(轉變)을 이루 었는지, 김시습의 「큰 쥐」는 『시경』「큰 쥐」에 비해 어떤 변별적인 특징을 갖는지 등등을 구체적으로 밝히기 위해서는 두 작품 간의 비교 고찰이 필요하다. 비교 연구의 궁극적인 목표는 현실 비판시를 새롭게 인식하기 위한 연구 방법을 모색하는 것이다. 과거에 민족문학론이 힘을 얻었을 때 현실 비판시에 대한 연구는 활기를 띠었지만 이제는 그렇지 않다. 본고는 이런 상황에서 현실 비판시를 『시경』이라는 고전적 전통과의 관계 속에서 재인식하기 위한 시도이다. This is a comparative study on Kim si-seup(金時習, 1435∼1493)`s ``Big Mouse``(碩鼠) and the poetry of the same title included in the Book of Poetry(詩經). Kim`s ``Big Mouse`` is based upon ``Big Mouse`` of the Book of Poetry. Therefore, it is necessary to compare these two works in order to explain how Kim appropriated the literary tradition of the Book of Poetry, and what the peculiarity of Kim`s ``Big Mouse`` is. The ultimate aim of this study is to investigate new methodology which can help new understanding of critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period. When the realistic literary theory based on counter-nationalism got wide consent, many scholars studied the critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period. But such studies are seldom found nowadays. This study is an attempt to reconsider critical poetry written in classical Chinese during Choseon period in relation to classical tradition.

관상동맥질환을 동반한 모야모야병 1례

김동기,이영태,김기향,김성만,김대경,김두일,김동수 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

Moyamoya disease is an occlusive intracranial arteriopathy with an abnormal cerebral vascular collateral networks. Although this disease is known to be associated with stenosis of extracranial arteries, such as the renal artery, a case associated with stenosis of the coronary artery is extremely rare. We report a case of coronary artery occlusive disease affected by Moyamoya disease. The patient was a 38-year-old female experiencing intermittent headache and exer tional chest pain. Cerebral MRI showed complete obstruction of both internal carotid arteries and abnormal cerebrovascular systems which confirmed Moyamoya disease. Coronary angiography showed a significant stenosis of left anterior descending coronary artery ostium with TIMI grade I collateral blood flow from the normal right coronary artery. After coronary artery stenting and medical treatment for headache, her subjective symptoms were relieved. In Moyamoya patient, an evaluation of the extracranial (especially coronary artery) vascular system should be considered if there are some evidences of coronary artery disease.

Communication, Argumentation and Relevance

Dae-Young Kim 한국언어학회 2014 언어 Vol.39 No.4

Kim, Dae-Young. 2014. Communication, Argumentation and Relevance. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 719-748. The purpose of this paper is to argue that a theory of argumentation can be incorporated into a theory of communication (i.e. Relevance Theory). Whereas argumentation is the process of justifying something in an organized or a logical way, which is composed of one or more claims and shows one or more grounds for maintaining them, communication is sharing communicators’ intentions. A speaker’s conveying of his intention to hearer is to create an effect in the hearer’s mind. Two pragmatic theories, Relevance Theory (henceforth RT) and argumentation theory (henceforth AT) are involved in this approach, which is based on the position that communication is always accompanied with argumentation. However, RT has been more focused on explaining how the utterance is interpreted by the hearer, not how argumentation is performed. For this reason, this approach presented here argues for the needs to extend the scope of RT’s application. This integrated approach within a single principle of relevance ultimately contributes to pursuing a more economic and coherent explanation of argumentation. (Jeonju University)

대스팬 지붕구조물의 바람에 의한 동적거동을 고려한 풍하중 평가에 관한 연구

김대영,김지영,김한영,이명호,김상대 대한건축학회 2004 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.24 No.1(구조계)

Generally, wind loads for large span structures are evaluated with surface pressure data acquired in wind tunnel test. Unlike cladding wind loads, the structural wind loads could be over-estimated with only peak pressures of each surface pressure point because the peak pressures on a surface are not well correlated at a given time. Also, the load shapes of wind loads, and the load effects and dynamic behaviors of a structure should be considered in the wind load assessment. In this study, several wind load evaluation methods were applied to Gwangmyeong Velodrome dome and the results were compared to analyze the properties of each method for the suggestion of a proper evaluation procedure.

Some Phonetic Characteristics of Mid-vocalic Lax Stops and Pre/Post-stop Vowels in Korean

Kim, Dae Won 한국음성과학회 1999 음성과학 Vol.5 No.2

It has been claimed that Korean mid-vocalic voiceless unaspirated lax stops are phonetically realized with voicing throughout the oral closure phase. Acoustic measurements were undertaken to examine the claim with four Korean native speakers using /V_1CV_2/ words where the vowel (V_1 = V_2) was /i,a,u/ and the C was voiceless unaspirated lax stops /p,t,k/. Findings: (1) During mid-vocalic stops /k/ and /p/ the vowel /u/ was accompanied generally by a significant increase in voice cessation time as percentage of the oral closure interval (PCT) than the vowel /a/, regardless of subject-dependent, (2) The effcts of vowels on PCT were significantly greater in mid-vocalic /k/ than /p/, regardless of subjects, (3) The mean PCT, averaged across six tokens, ranged from 17 % to 100 %, giving overall mean 61 % in which the standard deviation was ±30, and (4) Overall 67 % of the total of mid-vocalic unaspirated lax stops were produced with a substantial period of devocing and voicing lag. Considering these results, it is difficult to agree with the existing claims that Korean voiceless unaspirated lax stops are phonetically realized with voicing throughout the oral closure phase. Other phonetic variables, including the durations of pre/post-stop vowels, voice onset time, voice cessation time, and the duration of oral closure, were measured. Keywords: voicing, Korean intervocalic lax stop, Korean vowel, duration The duration of V_1 and V_2. Across six tokens, the mean durations of V_1 ranged from 52 ms to 153 ms, giving overall mean 20 ms, averaged across six tokens, four subjects, three vowel types, and three stop types. The range of the mean (across six tokens) duraion of V_2 was from 196 ms to 292 ms., giving overall mean 252 ms. Overall (across four subjects, three vowel types, three stop types and six tokens), the mean ratio of the duration of pre-stop vowels and post-stop vowels was 1 (V_1) : 2.5 (V_2). In general, the inconsistent resutls of V_1 and V_2 resulted genrally from between-subject differences and ocassional differences. The duartion of oral closure (DOC). Across six tokens the mean DOC of mid-vocalic unaspirated lax stops in unstressed position ranged from 50 ms to 97 ms depending upon subjects, with overall mean 70 ms. The effects of the place of articulation for stops and vowel types on the DOC was generally inconsistent depending upon subjects. S_1 produced significantly greater DOC for /p/ than /t/ and /k/, mean while S_4 yielded significantly less DOC for /p/ than /t/ and /k/. S_2 and S_3 showed the insignificant effects of the place of articulation on DOC. Voice onset time (VOT). VOT was generally dependent of subjects, and there were considerable effects of vowel types on VOT. Across three stops, three vowels and six tokens, the range of mean VOT was from 4 ms (S_2) to 17 ms (S_1), with overall mean 10 ms (SD = ± 10). Voice cessation time as percentage of the oral closure interval (PCT). During mid-vocalic stops /k/ and /p/ the vowel /u/ was accompanied generally by a significant increase in PCT than the vowel /a/, regardless of subjects, whereas in mid-vocalic alveolar stop /t/ the effects of vowels on PCT were subject-dependent. The effects of vowels on PCT were significantly greater in mid-vocalic /k/ than /p/, regardless of subjects. The mean PCT, averaged across six tokens, ranged from 17 % to 100 %, giving overall mean 61 % which the standard deviation was ±30. In mid-vocalic unaspirated lax stops where the vowel was /a/, overall (across four subjects, three stops, and 6 tokens) 86 % of the toal of mid-vocalic stops were produced with a substantial period of devoicing and voicing lag (see Table I, II and III). This is agreeable with Kim's findings (1987) in which 98 % of the total of mid-vocalic stops were manifested with a substantial period of devoicing and voicing lag. However, overall 67 % of the total of mid-vocalic unaspirated lax stops were produced with a substantial period of devocing and voicing lag. Considering these results and Kim's findings (1987), it is difficult to agree with the earlier claims that Korean voiceless unaspirated lax stops are phonetically realized with voicing throughtout the oral closure phase (e.g., Zong, 1973; Kagaya, 1974; Han and Witzman, 1970; Kim, 1965; Lee, 1969; Heo, 1972; Ladefoged, 1973). The voicing during intervocalic lax stops appears not to be allophonic, i.e., rule-governed, but it is rather one of potential phonetic correlates of the intervocalic lax stops. The range of the mean values for timing variables, overall mean values, and the mean ratios may be useful in programming a communication system.

Korean Americans in the Space of Racial Formation

( Kim¸ Dae Joong ) 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2012 영어권문화연구 Vol.5 No.1

This paper aims to show how Asian Americans, especially Korean Americans, as a race or ethnic group has been represented in early immigration history. In the postmodern global society, social status of Asian Americans is overdetermined by ideologies of the model minority. To understand these phenomena, research on the racial space or urban ethnic enclaves Korean Americans have created is necessary. In this regard, spatial theory can be a theoretical framework Asian American literary scholars can take. Applying various spatial theories which emphasize spatial interconnection of different spaces the oppressed create to resist authentic rule of the teleological history, in this paper, I will analyze how the early Korean immigration history created the dialectic space of utopia and heterotopia in the Korean enclave within the complex, hegemonic context of nationalism, class, racism, and colonialism. For this project, I will analyze Clay Walls written by Ronyoung Kim. By this research, I will also demonstrate the spatial meaning of race and racism in early Korean immigration societies in the U.S. history. And then, I will argue that this Korean enclave, founded by early Korean immigrants who were the ideologues of nationalism aspiring to build an ethnic utopia, are placed in a contradictory relation to heterotopia for the second generation.