주자학과 眞德秀의 {대학} 이해

지준호 ( Chun Ho Chi ) 한국철학사연구회 2012 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.33

진덕수(眞德秀)는 남송시대 주자학사에 있어서 매우 중요한 인물로 평가받는다. 따라서 그의 철학사상, 경세사상, 문학사상 등 학술적인 측면에서의 다양한 논의들이 이루어져 왔다. 본 연구는 이러한 선행적 연구 성과를 기초로 진덕수의 『대학』 이해에 관하여 총체적으로 살펴보고자 한다. "수기(修己)"와 "치인(治人)"이라는 중심 개념을 통하여 알 수 있듯이, 『대학은』 유학자의 수양서로서 혹은 제왕의 정치철학으로서 그 기능을 담당해왔다. 진덕수(眞德秀) 역시 이러한 유학의 입장에서, 『대학』을 지성인이 갖추어야 하는 수양론의 기초로 이해하고 있으며, 개인의 인격적 수양을 통한 학문과 정치의 도리를 밝히고 있다. 진덕수는 성리학의 관학화 과정에서 커다란 역할을 하였다. 남송시기, 주자의 후학들은 교육과 정치라는 현실참여 방법으로 주자학을 전파하였다. 그들은 적극적으로 정치에 참여하여 사회개혁에 관한 혁혁한 치적을 올렸으며, 물러나서는 서원교육을 통하여 향촌의 교화에 힘씀으로써 현실적인 시대의 문제를 타개하여 갔다. 이는 주자 성리학의 심화이자 당면한 현실을 의식한 실용적 사고이기도 하다. 유학의 학문적 전통은 덕목을 통한 덕성(德性) 함양과 실천적인 덕행(德行) 교육이라는 측면에 있어서 현재까지도 직접적으로 우리의 학문과 교육 및 문화에 영향을 주고 있다. Throughout Song Dynasty Zhen Dexiu(眞德秀) Was a very important figure in history of Neo-Confucianism, scholars have gone deeper into studies upon him, and luckily the research yielded a rich harvest. Thought of Dynasty Zhen Dexiu are a Whole system, and thus needs to be explored as a whole. As we can guess from the concepts of "Cultivate himself"(修己) and "Administrate the People"(治人), Daxue was a book for cultivation for Confucian and political ideas for a ruler. Zhen Dexiu(眞德秀) understood Daxue as basic knowledge that intellectuals should learn and taught the methods of ruling based on training self-discipline from the view of Confucianism. Zhen Dexiu played an important role, which can`t be replaced by anyone, in the process of the Neo-Confucianism which acknowledged by the domineering regime. During the Song Dynasty, followers of Chu Hsi taught Neo-Confucianism through politics and education that required them to participate in real world. When they actively participated in politics, they achieved significant success in social reform, while they focused on education of people in Shuyuan(書院: a lecture hall) to cope with practical issues when they were not in the political mainstream. This also expressed the intensified teaching of Neo-Confucianism and the realism from being aware of present question. The academic tradition of Confucianism lies in the cultivation of moral character through virtues and practical education for virtuous conduct and directly affects our learning, education, and culture even today.

전통 사상 및 교육 방법의 현대 도덕 교육과정에서의 활용 가능성 연구

함규진 ( Kyu-jin Ham ),신창호 ( Chang Ho Shin ),임홍태 ( Hong Tae Lim ),지준호 ( Chun-ho Chi ) 한국철학사연구회 2016 한국 철학논집 Vol.0 No.50

도덕은 하나의 철학적, 심리적 상념으로서도 존재하지만, 실천으로 이어져야만 비로소 도덕으로서 역할을 할 수 있게 된다. 기본적으로 도덕이란 타자가 자신과 공존할 때, 그 타자와의 관계에서 좋음(goodness) 또는 옳음(righteousness)을 추구하는 것이기 때문이다. 그런 도덕이란 대부분 본능적으로 체득할 수 없기에 도덕교육이 있게 되는데, 한국인의 경우 서구와 다른 도덕적 전통을 갖고 있으며 따라서 서구적 도덕교육으로 충분하지 않거나, 전통적 도덕교육을 활용함으로써 더 나은 교육이 이루어질 수 있는 가능성을 찾을 수 있다. 그런 견지에서 전통의 실천적 의미를 재해석하고 활용하는 일은 한편의 논문으로는 너무 방대한 과제이다. 그래서 이 글에서는 비교와 범주화, 그리고 활용의 편의를 위해 전통을 ‘근세 유교(조선왕조 이후의 유교) 전통’으로 한정짓고, 다시 도덕교육 가운데 현행 도덕과 교육의 교육과정을 전통 교육과정과 비교함으로써 일정한 성과를 얻고자 하였다. 전통 교육과정은 기(氣)의 발달에 근거하여 연령별로 단계별 학습을 시도했으며, 그 핵심 이념은 인(仁)과 의(義), 실천적 덕목은 효(孝), 제(弟), 자(慈), 직(直), 근(勤), 검(儉)이라고 정리해볼 수 있다. 여기서는 그러한 전통 교육 이념이 ‘자신과의 관계’, ‘타인과의 관계’, ‘사회 공동체와의 관계’, ‘자연·초월과의 관계’로 영역을 나누고 각기 지향할 가치, 실천할 덕목을 배정한 현 도덕과 교육의 체계와 상통할 수 있다고 보고, 그에 따라 교육 현장에서 실천할 몇 가지 전통-현대 융합적 교육 방안들을 제안하였다. Any moral ideas get integrity upon their practices. Because in human society systems, morality have capability among human interactions, for it gives moral standards(good or bad/ right or wrong) to them. And when the society system is Korean, Koreans surely have developed unique styles of moral practice and moral education in their traditional ages. So reinterpretating and categorizing the moral tradition for taking advantage of it in contemporary context, make sense. In this study, Korean moral tradition is focused in its scope, as ``Confucian moral tradition in semi-modern era``. For convenience of study and the potentials of effective revision, Korean tradition have been resized. In Confucian moral tradition, semi-modern Korean moral ideas could be presented as ren(仁) and yi(義). Furthermore, ren and yi could be practiced with several moral virtues, like xiao(孝), di(弟), ci(慈), zhi(直) qin(勤) gian(儉). When compared with contemporary moral education idea systems, the traditional system can have affinity with the systems in moral ideas division(``with-self morality``, ``with-others morality``, ``with-universe and transcendence morality``). And several fusion-style, integration-based education practices can be developed and applied at contemporary school moral education.

Efficient Plant Regeneration from Shoot Tip and Young Leaf in Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor.

Chi,Hyung-Joon,Yoon,Jae-Ho,Yang,Deok-Chun,Song,Won-Seob 한국자원식물학회 2003 Plant Resources Vol.6 No.3

The shoot tip and young leaf of Rhodiola sachalinensis were cultured to invest the plant growth regulator condition for callus induction, shoot and root regeneration. When the shoot tip was sterilized in 2.0% of NaOCl for 20min., the contamination rate was the lowest. And the survival rate of the culture material was good in carbenicillin 500mg/L treatment group. Callus was obtained from shoot tip and young leaf segments. NAA 0.1-1.0mg/L and 2,4-D 0.1-0.5mg/L alone treatment were shown to have a good response on callus induction from shoot tip culture. In the case of young leaf culture, NAA and 2,4-D 0.1-0.5mg/L alone treatment were good in callus induction. In culturing shoot tip NAA 0.5mg/L and BA 0.5mg/L, NAA1.0mg/L and BA 0.lmg/L combination treatment was good in shoot regeneration. The regenerated shoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA combination treatment. Especially, NAA 1.0mg/L and BA 0.1mg/L combination treatment was effective for root regeneration.

피틴산(Phytic acid)이 비브리오(Vibrio vulnificus) 패혈증에 미치는 영향

정영호,조천휘,이선우,임치환 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2005 농업과학연구 Vol.32 No.1

Phytic acid chelates excellently the metallic ions and the positive ions, especially has high affinity with Fe^(2+) and Ca^(2+). Merits of phytic acid can be taked in easily, edibile and harmless to body, so it was investigated that phytic acid can be substituted for EDTA in this study. 1. The Intensificative effect of chelating agent and disinfective osmotic shock of Vibrio vulnificus The number of initial existent fungi measured 1.7x10^(6). The percentages of the survival fungi against the osmotic shock by distillated water were calculated at 1 minute, 3 minute and 5 minute after inoculation. The percentages of the survival fungi in Mg^(2+) were 92.5%, 91.8% and 79.8% at each time, the average percentage was 88%. Also the sudden extinction was observed around 1 minute after inoculation and the survival fungi were not observed from 3 through 5 minute in spite of repeated experimentation. 2. Influence of Vibrio vulnificus on the survival of the mice. The first mouse started to die in 180 minute after inoculation in case that the inoculating number was 2.3x10^(7) cfu/ml. All died within 4.5 hour. The average of survival time was 226 minute. The first mouse started to die in 228 minute after inoculation in case that the inoculating number was 0.8x10^(6) cfu/ml. All died within 5 hour. The average of survival time was 300 minute and the survival time was 1.3 times high. The tendencies of death in two cases were similar, but the fatal rate were largely dependent on inoculating number.

중국실학의 함의와 현대적 의의

張學智,池俊鎬 한국철학사연구회 2003 한국 철학논집 Vol.12 No.-

실학에 관한 대부분의 저서와 논문들은 일반적으로 明·淸시기에 일어난 ‘經世致用’ 思潮를 실학으로 정의하고 있다. 그러나 역사적인 문헌에서 드러나는 ‘실학’이라는 두 글자의 의미와 그리고 중국 역사에서 실제로 일어났던 사상조류의 변천을 살펴보면, 실학은 실제적으로 더욱 광범위한 내용을 포괄하고 있다. 실학은 도덕적인 측면에서의 ‘독실한 수양(篤實修養)’, 경제적인 측면에서의 ‘유가의 경전에 능통하여 실질적인 쓸모 있는 것에 정통함(通經致用)’, 事功이라는 측면에서의 ‘나라를 경영하여 세상을 구제함(經邦濟世)’이라는 세 가지 주요한 측면을 포괄하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 세 가지 측면을 역사적인 문헌과 사상사의 발전이라는 면으로 나누어 그 의미를 설명하였으며, 明·淸시기에 經世致用의 學이 왜 특별히 表彰되어 ‘실학’으로 불리게 되었는지 그 원인에 관하여도 검토하였다. 아울러 王陽明 心學의 변천과 明代 中·後期에 왕양명의 제자들이 토론한 주요 문제들이 갖는 의의를 탐구함으로써 明淸之際에 이르러 학풍이 크게 변화된 이유를 살펴보았다. 修德과 明經 그리고 經世의 세 가지 측면은 종합된 하나의 틀을 갖추고 있으며, 明德은 統領이 되고 明經과 致用은 輔翼이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 미래에 과학기술이 모든 것을 지배하고 모든 것을 제약하는 시대에 이르러서도 가치적인 理想을 수립할 수 있으며 사람의 최후까지도 배려하고 보살필 수 있게 된다. 이러한 점은 실학이 갖고 있는 현대적인 의의이기도 하다. 경제의 세계화 그리고 문화의 多元化시대인 오늘날 전통의 계승과 창조적인 발전은 중시되어야 한다. 아울러 전통에 관한 총체적인 이해와 설명을 통하여 새로운 學統도 형성하여야 한다. 중국 문화의 우수한 점을 흡수하고, 서양 민주제의 장점을 받아들이고, 지식인들의 憂患意識과 현실 정치에 대한 비판정신을 간직함으로써 정치적인 면에서도 새로운 政治文明을 건설하여야 할 것이다. Real Learning (Shixue) in Chinese classics and its historical context can be actually interpreted as a term which includes more comprehensive meaning than its literal meaning. Real Learning should be interpreted in three aspects: religious cultivating in morality, understanding the classics and making them be useful in social practice in Confucian studies, and administering the country and succoring the masses in the public affairs. This paper tries to articulate these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning in terms of its meaning in texts and in the progress of the history of thought. According to this paper, these three aspects of the connotation of Real Learning played important roles in Chinese traditions of morality, learning, and politics. The ideological trend of practice in Ming and Qing Dynasties is not a totally new one but the continuation of Chinese traditional thought. Real Learning cannot be understood as an ideology which is similar to the Confucianism in the two Han Dynasties, Metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, or Neo- Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. 一般硏究實學的著作和論文都以明淸時期興起的經世致用思潮來定義實學本文則認爲, 從“實學”這兩個字在歷史典籍里的意思和中國歷史中實際發生的思想潮流的變遷來看, 實學實際上包括着更爲廣闊的內容. 實學應該包括三個主要的方面: 道德上的篤實修養, 經學上的通經致用和事功上的經邦濟世. 本文對這三個方面分別從歷史文獻和思想史的發展說明타們的眞實義涵. 着重梳理這三個方面對中國道統、學統、政統發生的巨大影響, 認爲明淸經世思潮是中國源遠流長的利用、厚生傳統的延續, 不是明淸時期特有的. “實學”只是一個標志學術思潮或學風轉型的槪念, 不能把타作爲和兩漢經學、魏晋玄學、隋唐佛學、宋明理學平行的思潮. 本文還檢討了明淸經世致用之學爲什요特別被表彰爲實學的原因, 幷從王陽明心學的演變及王陽明弟子所討論的主要問題在明代中後期的意義說明明淸之際學風丕變的根据. 在實學的現代意義方面, 本文認爲, 修德、明經、經世三個方面應當組成一個광架, 明德是統領, 明經、致用爲輔翼, 在未來科技宰制一切、規約一切的時代樹立价値理想, 完成人的終極關懷. 在當今經濟全球化、文化多元化的時代中重視對傳統的繼承與創造性轉化, 幷經過詮釋形成新的學統. 在政統方面, 吸收中國文化的優良成分, 吸納西方的民主制度的長處, 保持知識分子的憂患意識和對現實政治的批判精神, 建設新的政治文明.

우관상동맥 개구부 완전 폐쇄가 동반된 대동맥 판상부 협착증 1례

임상현,김종진,김희열,진승원,전희경,노태호,채장성,김재형,홍순조,최규보,윤정섭,김치경 대한순환기학회 2000 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.30 No.4

조혈모세포이식 후 발생한 주폐포자층 폐렴에 대한 고찰

주지현,최정현,이동건,백지연,고윤호,이혜정,김세희,신호진,박윤희,박지영,김유진,신완식,김춘추 대한감염학회 2001 감염 Vol.33 No.4

Background : Pneumocytitis cainii pneumonia (PCP) can occur in immunocompromised hosts especially such as AIDS or cancer patients. Although recent research had focused on PCP in AIDS patients, few studies have described the clinical presentations of PCP in recipients of stem cell transplantation (SCT). We evaluated the clinical manifestations of PCP in SCT patients admitted at St. Mary's hospital, Seoul, Korea. Methods : The medical records of 17 PCP patients undergoing SCT between Feb. 1998 and Feb. 2000 were reviewed. The diagnosis of PCP was confirmed through the demonstration of Pneumocytitis cainii via either cytology of brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) or histological technique of lung biopsy. CMV disease and CMV infection were confirmed by BAL culture and antigenemia respectively . Results : Seventeen patients were all recipients of allogeneic SCT and 7 of 17 patients were performed non-sibling SCT. Patients presented with symptoms including brief period (4 ∼23 days) of fever (76%), dyspnea (70%), cough (64%), and signs such as rare(58.8%), Sixteen patients (94%) had been receiving immunosuppressive agent such as cyclosporine A (64%) or Fk506 (35%) without PCP prophylaxis. Eleven patients (64%) were treated with corticosteroid with mean dose of 16 mg/day prednisolone and mean duration of 4.6 months after post-SCT period. Twelve patients were co-infected with CMV. Another co-infected miCroorganisms were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, herpes simplex virus, parainfluenza virus, Average duration of treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was 21 ±9 days. Four patients died, and three of them were related with PCP. Conclusion : PCP developed frequently in patients who were taking immunosuppressive drug due to graft versus host disease or were not taking TMP/SMX prophylaxis. High risk patients showing fever, cough, or dyspnea should be considered to take early bronchoscopic intervention for detection of PCP. When treat for PCP, it also be considered to the possibility of coinfection such as CMV. (Korean J Infect Dis 33:273∼279, 2001)

试论黄榦门人与其後学

( Chi Chun-ho ) 성균관대학교 유교문화연구소 2004 儒敎文化硏究(中文版) Vol.4 No.-

Huang Qian (1152-1221) was named Mianzhai, Sanshan, and Changle, from Minxian, Fuzhou. He lived in Qingshan, Changle County, Fuzhou for the first time, and later was the east of Yijia County, and was the sixth generation of Min County. From the age of twenty-five (1176) to the death of Zhu Xi (1200), Huang Gan studied at Zhu Xi. In the 9th year of Xiaozong Chunxi Renyin (1182), when Huang Gan was 31 years old, Zhu Xi used Zhong's daughter as his wife Huang Gan. Zhu Zi taught Huang Qian with ""the decree of moral life"", so Huang Gan inherited the decree of Zhuzi, ""then he disliked the work of the imperial examination and was very aspiring to Dao"". Huang Gan is Zhu Xi's son-in-law, so he is closest to Zhu Xi. Zhang Boxing also said: ""Hui Weng advocates the southeast, and hundreds of scholars travel to his gates without worry. Mr. Du Mianzhai has traveled the longest time and is the most kind in Shimen. This article presents his life and the discussion of his descendants.

Antioxidative Effect of Rhus javanica Linne Extract Against Hydrogen Peroxide or Menadione Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in HepG₂ Cells

Chun, Chi-Sung,Kim, Ji-Hyun,Lim, Hyun-Ae,Sohn, Ho-Yong,Son, Kun-Ho,Kim, Young-Kyoon,Kim, Jong-Sang,Kwon, Chong-Suk The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2004 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.9 No.2

The free radical scavenging activities and the protective effects of Rhus javanica extracts against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were prepared from a methanol extract. DPPH radical, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were estimated. Intracellular ROS formation was quantified using fluorescent probes, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydroxyl radical and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide anion. The oxidative DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay in HepG$_2$ cells exposed either to $H_2O$$_2$ or to menadione. The highest $IC_{50}$/ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 5.38 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Cells pretreated with $\geq$ 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the ethyl acetate extract had significantly increased cell viability compared to control cells, which were not pretreated with the extract. Intracellular ROS formation and DNA damage in HepG$_2$ cells, which were pretreated with the various concentrations of Rhus javanica ethyl acetate extract and then incubated either with $H_2O$$_2$ or with menadione, reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Rhus javanica might have biologically active components which have strong protective effects against ROS induced oxidative damages to the biomolecules, such as cell membranes and DNA.

Antioxidative Effect of Rhus javanica Linne Extract Against Hydrogen Peroxide or Menadione Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in HepG₂ Cells

Chi Sung Chun,Ji Hyun Kim,Hyun Ae Lim,Ho-Yong Sohn,Kun Ho Son,Young Kyoon Kim,Jong Sang Kim,Chong Suk Kwon 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.9 No.2

The free radical scavenging activities and the protective effects of Rhus javanica extracts against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were prepared from a methanol extract. DPPH radical, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were estimated. Intracellular ROS formation was quantified using fluorescent probes, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydroxyl radical and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide anion. The oxidative DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay in HepG₂ cells exposed either to H₂O₂ or to menadione. The highest IC_(50) values for DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 5.38 μg/mL. Cells pretreated with ≥1 μg/mL of the ethyl acetate extract had significantly increased cell viability compared to control cells, which were not pretreated with the extract. Intracellular ROS formation and DNA damage in HepG₂ cells, which were pretreated with the various concentrations of Rhus javanica ethyl acetate extract and then incubated either with H₂O₂ or with menadione, reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Rhus javanica might have biologically active components which have strong protective effects against ROS induced oxidative damages to the biomolecules, such as cell membranes and DNA.