Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

사내커뮤니케이션과 구성원 정서적, 자주적, 변화참여 열의와의 관계 연구

신호창(Shin, Ho-Chang),송주현(Song, Ju-Hyun) 한국정치정보학회 2015 정치정보연구 Vol.18 No.2

본 연구는 현대 경영에서 중요시되는 소통과 그 동안 커뮤니케이션학에서는 잘 다루어지지 않았던 열의(engagement)의 개념에 주목하여 사내커뮤니케이션과 구성원 열의와의 관계를 통합적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 실무 종사자 약 300여 명을 표집하여 서베이 연구를 실시하였으며, 본 정량적 연구결과를 보강하고 변인간의 관계를 심층적으로 이해하고자 사내커뮤니케이션과 밀접한 직무를 수행하는 국내 유수 기업의 홍보, 인사, 기업 문화 담당 실무자 11명을 대상으로 심층인터뷰를 진행했다. 연구결과, 사내커뮤니케이션의 차원과 구성원 열의의 세부 변인 간에 밀접한 영향 관계가 나타났다. 기업의 가치관(경영이념)에 대한 구성원의 이해가 높을수록 구성원은 기업에 대한 소속감, 애착감이 높아지는 상관관계가 나타났으며, 업무상황에서 개인의 커뮤니케이션 능력과 구성원의 역할인지가 높을수록 업무에 대한 의미감과 자신감이 높게 나타나는 정(+)적인 관계를 발견할 수 있었다. 또한 조직 변화 시기에 구성원의 지지와 참여를 이끌어내기 위해서는 커뮤니케이션 캠페인 활동이 필수적이며, 이를 통해 성공적인 변화를 안착할 수 있음이 드러났다. 본 연구는 그동안 다양한 용어와 개념적 접근으로 혼재되었던 열의(engagement)를 종합적으로 고찰하여 한국형 구성원 열의를 설명하고자 시도했던 첫 연구라 할 수 있다. 특히 구성원 열의를 자발적이고 능동적인 개념에 주목하여 3가지 차원(정서적 열의, 자주적 열의, 변화참여 열의)을 도출하였다는 점에서 현대 조직 구성원의 특성을 반영하여 열의에 대한 새로운 논의를 이끌어냈다. 또한, 실무적으로도 사보제작 및 사내방송을 통한 일방향적인 커뮤니케이션 전술의 한계를 벗어나 구성원의 열의를 증진시키는 데 기여할 수 있는 커뮤니케이션 콘텐츠 및 전략을 논의하였다. The purpose of present study is to identify relations of internal communication (sharing the values, clearness of work communication, communication campaigns) and employee engagement(affective, independent, change-participation will in change situation). The major findings of the study are summarized as follows: First, there is a direct correlation between sharing the values and affective employee engagement. Especially, employees’ understanding of CEO’s philosophy is significantly associated with employees’ membership and organizational identification. Second, the clearness of work communication has positively related to independent employee engagement in work circumstance. In particular, through the open communication at work, personal communication ability and knowledge of working role are considerably associated with perception of work meaningfulness and job confidence. Third, communication campaign has positive effect on employee change-participation will in organizational change situation. This study has a significance owing to looking into the relations between communication and employee engagement in multiple levels. It focuses on not only the specific conditions related to employee’s job satisfaction or citizenship behaviors but also participation will in organizational changing situation. Also, this study strongly concludes that internal communication factors need to be considered in order to increase the level of employee engagement and improve the work effectiveness.

전기자극과 운동치료가 뇌졸중환자의 보행에 미치는 영향

송창호,이종삼 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.5

This study, adopting the pretest-post test experimental study, is designed to find out how the functional electrical stimulation makes effect on the walking of a patient with spasticity of the ankle plantarflexor muscle caused by hemiplegic after stroke. The 46 subjects for this study were randomly sampled out of the patients who were hospitalized from September 1, 2003 to November 30, 2003 in A hospital in Kyungki-do. The patients were with spasticity of the ankle plantarflexor muscle caused by hemiplegic after stroke and able to walk without supporting implements. The purpose of the study is firstly to analyze the change of ROM, TUG, 10mWT of a patient with spasticity of the ankle plantarflexor muscle when the functional electrical stimulation is applied and secondly to find out how the sex, age, height, weight, part of the diagnosis, duration of pain, experience of relapse and getting hurt from a fall of a patient make effect on the change. The ROM test was performed to check the range of motion of the ankle with a double armed universal goniometer. The test was done 3 times to take an average. TUG and 10mWT were for walking test. The statistical test was conducted using the SPSS 10.0/PC program by means of the following methods: x^2-test and t-test for testing homogeneity between the groups; paired t-test, independent sample t-test, F-test, and two-way ANOVA for analyzing the changes before and after the treatment, differences between the groups, and the affecting factors on the changes and, Pearson's correlation coefficient for testing the correlation between the changes in the dependent factors, The levels of statistical significance of all the data were maintained at p<.05. According to the test, ROM has more decreased in experimental group than in control group when the functional electrical stimulation was applied only to the experimental group. However, the significant statistic difference was not shown (p=.059). All of TUG 10mWT showed remarkable differences in the experimental group compared to the control group, showing the significant statistic difference (p=.000). On the one hand, the change of ROM TUG and 10mWT related with the HE, age, height, weight, part of the diagnosis, and experience relapse was a meaningless minimum value, The change of ROM related to the duration of pain and the experience of falling down was also meaningless, However, TUG, 10mWT showed significant statistic difference (p<.05), According to the test above, the application of functional electrical stimulation to a patient with spasticity of the ankle dorsiflexor muscle caused by hemiplegic after stroke makes significant effect on the walking of a patient, but the result has nothing with the sex, age, height, weight, part of the diagnosis, duration of pain, experience of relapse and getting hurt from a fall of a patient, The range of motion of the ankle doesn't show significant correlation with other dependant factors, However, it is regarded to give contribution to the balance and walking improvement of a patient. Therefore, this study expects to be a valuable clinical material for a patient with spasticity.

Rat의 복강내에 투여한 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid 제형이 장기에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

강대영,송규상,최정목,노승무,정경수,오정연,김진향,양준묵,최선웅,이진호,조준식,민병무,김용백,김창식,박근성,김승영,김학용,인현빈 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1998 충남의대잡지 Vol.25 No.1

For more effective intraperitoneal chemotherapy, the authers made 5-fluorouracil-polyglycolic acid composite disks(FU-PGA disks) with 5-fluorouracil and polyglycolic acid, a biodegradable polymer. We inserted the FU-PGA disk into the peritoneal cavites of Sprague-Dawley male rats, the control and three experimental groups; one FU-PGA disk insert group(300mg/kg), two FU-PGA disk insert group(600mg/kg), and three FU-PGA disk insert group(900mg/kg). The control group received a similar number of PGA disk inserts. A pharmacokinetic study was performed to measure the 5-fluorouracil concentration in the peritoneal fluid, blood, and tissues(liver, kidney and heart) at 24 hours, 72hours and 168 hours after insertion of the FU-PGA disk. Light and electron microscopic studies were done. The results were as follows: 1) The number of white blood cells and platelets decreased after FU-PGA insertion. The degree was proportional to the duration and amounts inserted. The change in the number of red blood cells varied slightly. 2) Light microscopically, slight changes were noted at 168 hours in the 3 disk insert group (900mg/kg). Mild fatty change and hepatocyte degeneration around the central veins of the liver were noted, with vacuolar degeneration in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. 3) Electron microscopically,the liver showed focal increases of lipid droplets in the hepatocytes, and irregular nuclear membrane with focal nucleolar segregation of the fibrillar and granular elements. Also the double membranous structure of the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells was widened with bleb formation. The kidney showed wide separation of the nuclear double membrane in the proximal convoluted tubular cells and mesangial cells, with vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the proximal convoluted tubular cells, at 72 hours and 168 hours in the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. The heart showed focal loss of cristae,vacuolation and myelin figure formation in the mitochondria of the 2 to 3 FU-PGA insert groups. In conclusion, despite the large amont of FU-PGA inserted, the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and heart were slight, and consonant with the very low amount of 5-fluorouracil concentrations detected in the liver, kidney and heart. The above results suggest that the FU-PGA composite can serve as a new device for releasing drugs in a controlled manner and easily targeted to intraperitoneal organs. This device can improve the efficacy of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for gastric cancer.

기후변화를 고려한 농업용 저수지 여유고 평가에 관한 연구

송창영 ( Song Chang Young ),강호영 ( Kang Ho Yeong ) 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 2018 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.22 No.1

Domestic agricultural reservoir dam facilities are difficult to manage water resources because of the in summer rainfall increase due to aging and climate change, it is expected that the dam risk will be large due to the overflow. In this study, author selected study basin in order to evaluate hydrological safety of agricultural reservoir dam facilities. And calculated the probable rainfall, Present PMP, Future PMP considering climate change. Also, author carried quantitative analysis out for increasing rainfall due to climate change, analyze freeboard assessment of agricultural reservoir by calculate flood discharge, reservoir flood routing according to rainfall scenarios. As a result of evaluate hydrological safety of agricultural reservoir dam facilities using Future PMP considering climate change, Gosam, Kumkwang, Miho, Cheongcheon reservoir had the Highest Water Level over the design flood level, it is analyzed that it would be vulnerable to overflow risk.

Finding key vulnerable areas by a climate change vulnerability assessment

Kim, Ho Gul,Lee, Dong Kun,Jung, Huicheul,Kil, Sung-Ho,Park, Jin Han,Park, Chan,Tanaka, Riwako,Seo, Changwan,Kim, Ho,Kong, Wooseok,Oh, Kyusik,Choi, Jinyong,Oh, Young-Ju,Hwang, Gangseok,Song, Chang-Keun Springer Netherlands 2016 Natural hazards Vol.81 No.3

<P>Extreme climate events such as typhoons, heat waves, and floods have increased in frequency with climate change. Many municipalities within the Republic of Korea (ROK) have experienced damage from these events, necessitating countermeasures. Vulnerability assessment has been suggested in the implementation of a national plan for reducing damage resulting from climate change. Thus, in this study, we assess the vulnerability of the ROK and identify key vulnerable municipalities in support of the national adaptation plan. We create a framework for assessing the vulnerability of all 232 municipalities of the ROK with respect to 32 items in 7 fields. The framework regards decision makers' comprehension and availability of data as important factors. We assess the vulnerability index of each municipality by using variables of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. The weights of variables are determined by the Delphi method. We used the representative concentration pathways 8.5 climate scenario to reflect future climate exposure for the vulnerability assessment. From the analysis, vulnerability maps are prepared for the 32 items of 7 fields, and key vulnerable municipalities are identified by aggregating the maps. The distribution of vulnerable municipalities changes with the future climate conditions. These maps provide a scientific and objective basis for the ROK government to establish adaptation plans and allocate resources. The ROK government can utilize the results to identify the characteristics of highly vulnerable areas, and municipalities can use the results as a basis for requesting support from the national government.</P>

흰쥐에서 사염화 탄소(CCl4)에 의한 간섬유화의 유도

김병호,이정일,김효종,김영관,장린,동석호,장영운,송일한 대한소화기학회 1992 대한소화기학회지 Vol.24 No.6

Experimental model of hepatic fibrosis is importent contributions to the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the liver. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is one of the oldest and most widely used toxin for experimental induction of hepatic fibrosis in laboratory animals. In this study, We intended to induce the hepatic fibrosis in the rat by the intragastric CCl₄/ phenobarbtal treatment once a week for 12 weeks and the administration dosage of CCl₄ in each week was determined by the daily body weight change. Liver function and histologic change were examined just after 12-week treatment in group Ia (9 rats, Phenobarbital treatment only) and II (18 rats, CCl₄/phenobarbital treatment), and liver function and the irreversibility o histologic change were examined 12 weeks after 12-week treatment in group Ib (9 rats, phenobarbital treatment only) and III (18 rats, CCl₄/phenobarbital treatment). 1) Death rate after 12-week treatment was 11% in group Ⅰ, 56% in group Ⅱ and 50% in group Ⅲ. and the highest rate was at 1 week. that is 33 o each in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ. 2) Tatal protein, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and portal venous pressure were significantly increased in group Ⅱ compared with that in group Ⅰa, but it was only portal venous pressure that was increased in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅰb, 3) The gross finding of micronodular change was shown in 88% of group Ⅱ, 71% of group Ⅲ, but none of group Ⅰ. The microscopic finding of hepatic fibrosis was found in all of group Ⅱ and Ⅲ, but none of group Ⅰ. The severe form of hepatic fibrosis suggesting cirrhosis was found in group Ⅱ and Ⅲ, 12% and 29% respectively. In our study, mortality rate was high within 1 week after CCl₄ treatment, which resulted in half survival rate after 12-week treatment. We also experienced the loin rate of severe fibrotic changes in surviving rats. In the future, in order to produce a severe irreversible fibrotic change with low mortality in inducing hepatic fibrosis with CCl₄/phenobarbital treatment in the rat, adequate detemination of the initial dose of CCl₄ and appropriate choice of administration route of CCl₄ were thought to be needed.

난치성 만성정신분열증 환자의 생활의 질에 미치는 정신사회치료 프로그램의 효과에 대한 예비연구

송동호,배민진,이종호,이홍식,김선경,서호석,김찬형,전지용 大韓神經精神醫學會 1995 신경정신의학 Vol.34 No.4

Objects : Recent studies of psychosocial adjustment after hospitalization have found that the combination of maintenance antipsychotic drug treatment and psychosocial treatment including psychoeducational program are highly predictive of social rehabilitation and reduction of subsequent relapse. Two groups of patients with refractory chronic schizophrenia were preliminarily compared to determine the effect of a psychosocial treatment program on the quality of life in refractory chronic schizophrenics in an open comparative trial. Methods : One group(N=11) was assigned to approximately six months of the psychosocial treatment program(including psychoeducation program and activity program such as interpersonal relationship program, social skill training, self management program, outings, etc), in a group format, twice a week and a fixed maintenance dosage of clozapine ; while scale(QLS) was used to provide an objective measure of changes in patient's psychosocial functioning and a general assessment of psychopathology was made using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). Results : Both BPRS total positive score and the QLS total score, especially in the intrapsychic foundation factor of the scale showed a statistically significant improvement in the psychosocial treatment group. But there was no significant change in both BPRS and QLS scores over a 6-month period in the non-psychosocial treatment group. A significant negative correlation was found between the negative symptom and changes of QLS total, instrumental role and common object and activities scores respectively after receiving a 6-month of the psychosocial treatment program. Conclusion : These results suggest that a psychosocial treatment program including the integration of psychoeducation and a skill training oriented activity program serve as an outpatient treatment modality to improve the quality of the life in refractory chronic schizophrenia. To further clarify the effect of psychosocial treatment in chronic schizophrenia, a randomized trial should be done.

인덕터의 DC 바이어스 특성을 고려한 대용량 DC-DC 컨버터의 손실계산

조영창(Young-Chang Jo),최주엽(Ju-Yeop Choi),정승기(Seung-Ki Jung),최익(Ick Choy),송승호(Seung-Ho Song) 대한전기학회 2011 전기학회논문지 Vol.60 No.4

It is necessary to accurately predict converter losses for optimized design of a high-power DC-DC converter. The losses of switching devices and inductor among the elements of the converter take significantly greater proportion. The current ripple will be determined by the size of the inductance and this inductance value varies depending on the DC amount of inductor current. As the inductance changes according to load current, the change influences not only the inductor loss itself but also the total converter loss. In this paper, for more accurate design of a bi-directional DC-DC converter for 30㎾-class energy storage system, more accurate computational model is proposed considering inductance variation according to the load current change. The inductance changes using variable magnetic cores are verified and converter efficiency is tested through simulations and experiments.

두 가족의 가족성 모야모야병 환자 4례

구자성,노재규,박성호,이한보,이용석,윤창호,송치성,송재우 대한신경과학회 1998 대한신경과학회지 Vol.16 No.4