Distribution and mitochondrial DNA tracing of the invasive Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) in South Korea

Park Sang‐Hyun,Ha Young‐Ho,Kim Dong Eon,Kim Chang‐Jun,Choi Moon Bo 한국곤충학회 2021 Entomological Research Vol.51 No.3

Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) are one of the world’s most invasive species and were first reported in South Korea, near Busan Port in 2019. The distribution of their initial spread was investigated here from April to July 2020. In the invasion area, numerous nests and individuals were identified, indicating that they had settled and successfully invaded the habitat. To track the invasion of the Argentine ants we conducted haplotype analysis using COI, COII, and Cytb sequences of their mitochondrial DNA. The invasive ants had the same mitochondrial haplotype (H3) as Argentine ants from America (Chile, Ecuador, Bermuda) and East Asia (Japan). When comparing the import trade volumes at Busan port with the Argentine ant haplotypes from other countries, it was determined that the invasive ants may have originated from the United States or Japan. Numerous ecological and economic impacts due to their invasion and spread in other countries has previously been reported. Therefore, prompt control measures for the Argentine ants found at Busan port, at this relatively early stage of settlement, is required.

녹동균 세포외막 단백질 백신 CFC-1-101의 안정성 및 면역원성 검토 : 임상 제 Ⅰ/Ⅱa상 시험

장인진,김익상,유경상,임동석,김형기,신상구,장우현,박완제,이나경,정상보,안동호,조양제,안보영,이윤하,김영지,남성우,김현수 대한감염학회 1998 감염 Vol.30 No.3

목적 : 제일제당에서는 녹농균의 세포외막 단밸질을 유효성분으로 하는 백신인 CFC-101을 개발하였으며, 동물시험에서 이 백신의 안전성과 유효성을 입증하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 녹농균 백신의 인체에 대한 안전성과 면역원성을 평가하는 동시에 인체 접종시의 최적 투여 용량을 결정하기 위하여 제 I/Ⅱa상 임상시험을 수행하였다. 방법 : 건강한 성인 남자를 피험자로 선별하여 각 용량군에 백신투여자 6명, 위약투여자 2명을 배정하였다. 백신 투여군은 0.25mg, 0.5mg 또는 1.0mg 용량의 녹농균 백신을 7일 간격으로 3회에 걸쳐 근육주사 하였으며, 위약 투여군에게는 세포외막 단백질을 제외한 동일한 성분을 투여하였다. 백신접종 후 국소적 또는 전신적인 반응의 발생여부를 관찰하고, 혈액시료를 체취하여 백신의 역가와 유효성을 검정하였다. 결과 : 녹농균 백신 CFC-101은 모든 접종자에서 양호한 내약성을 보였다. 또한 0.5mg 과 1.0mg 백신 투여군에서는 100%의 항체양전율을 나타내었다. 생성된 항체는 녹농균 세포외막단백질에 특이성을 보였고, 녹농균 감염에 대해 방어효능이 있었다. 결론 : 이와같은 결과로부터 이 녹농균 백신은 인체에 안전하게 투여할 수 있으며, 높은 항체 생성능으로 감염방어 효능을 보이고 0.5mg과 1.0mg이 최적용량인 것으로 판단되었다. Background : We developed a Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane protein(OMP) vaccine CFC-101, and the prophylactic efficacy of which has been demonstrated in animal models. In order to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the P. aeruginosa vaccine, we carried out a phase I/Ⅱa clinical trial in healthy male volunteers. Methods : Groups of eight volunteers, including two placebo subjects, were vaccinated intramuscularly with three doses of 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mg of the vaccine at one week intervals. Sings of systemic and local reactions observed after vaccination were recorded for each vaccinee for 5 days. Physical examinations were performed on days 0, 1, 7, 8, 14, 15, 21, and 42, and clinical laboratory tests were done on days 0, 3, and 21. Blood samples for assay of serum antibody levels were obtained up to 42 days after the first vaccination. Results : The vaccine was generally well tolerated by all vaccinees, showing no significant side effects. In the three dosage groups, all vaccinees, except one receiving the 0.25 mg dose, showed significant elevation in serum IgG antibody titers against the vaccine proteins, indicating 100% seroconversion in 0.5 and 1.0 mg groups. The human antibodies induced by the vaccine were specific for P. aeruginosa OMPs, as confirmed by western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation assays. The capacity of the human antisera to enhance opsonophagocytic killing activity by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to confer protection against P. aeruginosa infections indicates that the antibodies elicited by the vaccine have protective efficacy. Conclusion : We conclude that the P. aeruginosa OMP vaccine is safe and effective for human use and its optimal dose to be 0.5 or 1.0 mg.

일부 여대생의 스트레스와 철분 영양상태에 관한 연구

승정자,하보경,김미현,최선혜 숙명여자대학교 건강. 생활과학연구소 1999 生活科學硏究誌 Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the iron status of 39 female adult who divided into five groups according to the stress condition. The iron status was evaluated based on dietary intake and blood analysis. The average age of the subjects was 23.10years, and the average score of BMI was 20.06kg/m2. The proportion of subjects in each stress condition was : 2.56%(1) in A1type(the group who easily get disease associated with stress), 64.10%(25) in A2type(condition susceptible to the disease associated with stress), 30.77%(12) in ABtype(middle type of A and B), 2.56%(1) in B2type(appropriate stressed condition) and 0%(0) in B1type(risk free to the disease associated with stress). The average daily intake of energy in study subjects was 2,399kcal, ti caloric ratio of carbohydrate, protein, fat was 59.90 : 14.39 : 25.71, respectively. There was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements, dietary intake status, hematologic indices of iron status between high stress group(A1type and A2type) and low stress group(ABtype and B2type). To compare the iron stores between high stress group and low stress group, subjects in each group were devided into iron 0 mg, 250 mg, 500 mg group. Stress level did not affect iron stores although in both groups, number of subjects in iron 0 mg group were higher than those of iron 250 mg and 500mg groups. Correlation coefficients between anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake status, hematologic indices of iron status and stress score of subjects did not reveal any significance. Therefore, the results suggest that psychological stress did not affect the iron status in normal female adult. However, be more systematic study on stress and the iron status is required in the future.

임플란트의 collar design이 변연골과 연조직에 미치는 영향

유현상,강선녀,정창모,윤미정,허중보,전영찬 대한치과보철학회 2012 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.50 No.1

연구 목적: 임플란트 경부가 잘 설계된 경우 양호한 연조직 반응을 통해 변연골을 보존하는데 도움이 된다. 본 실험에서는 연, 경조직 경계부에 가장 가까이 위치하는 임플란트의 collar design이 변연골 변화와 연조직 반응에 미치는 영향을 동물실험을 통해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 2마리의 건강한 Beagle dog에 임플란트 collar design만 다른 두 종류의 임플란트(Neobiotech Co. Seoul, Korea)를 식립하였다. Collar에 bevel 을 부여한 군(Bevel 군)과 "S"자 형태를 부여한 군(Bioseal 군)으로 나누어 마리 당 7개, 군당 7개, 총 14개의 임플란트를 무작위로 식립한 후 Healing abutment를 즉시 체결하였다. 디지털 표준구내 방사선사진을 이용해 4주 간격으로 총 12주간 근원심 변연골 변화를 관찰하였고, 12주에 희생하여 조직학적 분석을 통해 협설 변연골 흡수 및 임플란트 주변 연조직 반응을 평가하였다. Mann-Whitney test를 통해 동일한 방사선 사진 촬영 시점에서 근원심 변연골 변화량 및 조직계측치를 군 간 비교하였고, Kruskal-Wallis test를 통해 방사선 사진상 근원심 변연골 변화량이 시간에 따른 차이가 있는지 군 내 분석 한 후 Duncan test를 통해 사후 검증하였다(α=.05). 결과: 방사선학적 분석 결과 각 촬영 시점에서 두 군간 근원심 변연골 변화량의 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>.05). 군 내에서 시간에 따른 근원심 변연골의 흡수량을 분석한 결과 Bevel 군에서는 시간에 따른 차이를 보이지 않았으나 (P>.05), Bioseal 군에서는 시간에 따른 차이를 보였으며, 4주및8주와 비교했을 때 12주에서 변연골의 증가를 보였다(P<.05). 조직학적 분석 결과 협설측 변연골 흡수량에서 두 군간 차이를 보이지 않았으나 (P>.05), Bevel 군에 비해 Bioseal 군에서 더 견고한 결합조직부착을 관찰할 수 있었으며, 생물학적 폭경의 값은 두 집단 간 차이를 보이지 않은 반면에 (P>.05), 접합상피부착은 Bevel 군에서 유의하게 길었고, 결합조직부착은 Bioseal 군에서 더 길게 나타났다(P<.05). 결론: Bevel 군에 비해 Bioseal 군에서 결합조직부착은 길게 형성된 반면에 접합상피부착은 더 짧게 나타났으며, 생물학적 폭경과 초기 변연골 흡수에는 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 연조직 반응의 차이가 실제 기능하중 하에서 변연골 변화에 미치는 영향에 대해서 향후 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of implant collar design on marginal bone change and soft tissue response by an animal test. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two types of Implant (Neobiotech Co. Seoul, Korea) that only differs in collar design were planted on two healthy Beagle dogs. The implants were divided into two groups, the first group with a beveled collar (Bevel Group) and the second group with "S" shaped collar (Bioseal group). Standardized intraoral radiographs were used to investigate the mesio-distal change of the marginal bone. Histological analysis was done to evaluate the bucco-lingual marginal bone resorption and the soft tissue response adjacent to the implant. Mann-Whitney test was done to compare the mesio-distal marginal bone change at equivalent time for taking the radiographs and the tissue measurements between the groups. RESULTS. Radiographic and histological analysis showed that there was no difference in marginal bone change between the two groups (P>.05). Histological analysis showed Bioseal group had more rigid connective tissue attachment than the Bevel group. There was no difference in biological width (P>.05). Bevel group showed significantly longer junctional epithelium attachment and Bioseal group showed longer connective tissue attachment (P<.05). CONCLUSION. For three months there were no differences in marginal bone change between the Bevel group and the Bioseal group. As for the soft tissue adjacent to the implant, Bioseal group showed longer connective tissue attachment while showing shorter junctional epithelium attachment. There were no differences in biologic width.

Ruled Surface로 형성된 임펠러 블레이드 전용 CAD/CAM 시스템 개발 Ⅰ : 모델링에 관한 연구 A Study on the Modeling

조현덕,정대일,윤문철,최두선,신보성,이응숙,董玉革 한국공작기계학회 2001 한국생산제조학회지 Vol.10 No.6

We have developed the exclusive CAD/CAM system for the machining of impeller blades. This study is about the modeling method for the effective machining of impeller blades formed by ruled surface. As the impeller is consisted of boss part and blade part, the boss is modeled by rotational surface of hub curve on z-axis and the blade is described by ruled-surfaces between hub curve and shroud curve. This modeling process can be carried out on the software developed in this study. And, the developed software can describe the impeller as a solid model through interface with Solid-Works software. The developed software containing the interface method proposed in this study was very effective for impeller modeling.

주행시 운동화 후족제어가 경도 차이 및 충격력에 미치는 영향 (Ⅰ)

최성진,박종진,하현보 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.6

1) In Factor analysis of foot pressure at 8km/h. It is the highest point that C is 394.15N in MO1, C is 259.09N in MO2, A is 660.00N in MO3, C is 372.07N in MO4, A is 2.55.4oN in MO5 and A is 16048N in MO6. 2) In Factor analysis of foot power at 8km/h. It is the highest point that C is 24.81P in MO1, C is 24.81P in MO2, A is 18.17P in MO3, C is 24.48P in MO4, C is 19.74P in MO5 and C is 21.76P in MO6. 3) In Factor analysis of foot pressure at 12km/h. It is the highest point that C is 476.67N in MO1. C is 341.89N in MO2. A is 721.64N in MO3. C is 392.97N in MO4. C is 285.85N in MO5 and B is 175.58N in MO6. 4) In Factor analysis of foot power at 12km/h. It is the highest point that C is 31.48P in MO1, C is 31.41P in MO2, A is 19.51P in MO3, C is 24.58P in MO4. A is 20.12P in MO5 and C is 22.08P in MO6.

공간분석에 의한 산불발생확률모형 개발 및 위험지도 작성

안상현,이시영,원명수,이명보,신영철 한국지리정보학회 2004 한국지리정보학회지 Vol.7 No.4

우리나라는 산불을 효율적으로 방지하기 위하여 기상, 지형, 임상을 중심으로 산불발생위험을 관정말 수 있는 알고리즘 및 관련인자의 DIB구축을 통한 웹기반 산불위험예보시스템을 개발하여 활용 중에 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우, 자연적으로 산불이 발생하는 미국, 캐나다와 달리 인위적인 산불이 대부분을 차지하고 있어 우리나라에 적합한 지형 및 연로인자와 산불발생에 관한 기초연구가 지속적으로 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 현재 실용화하고 있는 산불위험예보시스템의 알고리즘 개선을 위한 기포연구로서 산불발생지역에 대한 GIS를 이용한 공간분석과 로지스틱 분석을 이용하띠 산불발생위험지역을 구분할 수 있는 산불발생확률모형을 개발하였다. In order to decrease the area damaged by forest fires and to prevent the occurrence of forest fires, the forest fire danger rating system was developed to estimate forest fire risk by means of weather, topography, and forest type. Forest fires occurrence prediction needs to improve continually. Logistic regression and spatial analysis was used in developing the forest fire occurrence probability model. The forest fire danger index in accordance to the probability of forest fire occurrence was used in the classification of forest fire occurrence risk regions.

백서 정중구개봉합 확대후의 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유의 변화

김보경,박국필,경희문,권오원,성재현 대한치과교정학회 1999 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.29 No.1

측방확대장치에 의한 정중구개봉합부의 확대시 고정력은 구개부의 신경요소들에 변화를 일으키면서 동통을 유발하게 되고 구개봉합부가 확대되고 그것이 유지되는 동안에 기계적 자극에 의한 구개부신경섬유의 반응성에 변화를 일으킬 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구에서는 백서 정중구개봉합부의 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유의 교정력 적용시간에 따른 형태학적인 반응성, 밀도, 분포변화등을 관찰하고 그와 연관된 CGRP의 기능을 알아보고 자 250gm내외의 Sprague-Dawley 웅성백서 상악전치에 200gm의 치아이개력이 가해지도록 활성화시킨 helical spring을 삽입하여 정상대조군과 장치 장착후 경과시간에 따라 1일, 4일, 7일, 14일 경과군으로 나누어 정중구개봉합부를 확대후 희생시켜 면역조직화학법으로 염색하여 관찰하였다. · 대조군에서 정중구개 봉합붑 결합조직의 CGRP 면역양성 신경섬유는 거의 관찰되지 않았다. · 1일군에서는 대조군에 비해 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유가 현저한 증가를 보였으며 주로 혈관 주위에 염주알 모양의 가는 신경섬유가 관찰되었다. · 4일군에서는 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유가 대조군에 비해서는 현저한 증가를 보였으나 1일군에 비해서는 크게 증가하지 않았으며 혈관의 크기가 훨씬 확장되어 관찰되었다. · 7일군에서는 특징적으로 조골양세포가 새로이 형성된 골변연을 따라 줄지어 배열되는 독특한 양상이 관찰되었고 신경섬유의 수는 4일군에 비하여 감소하고 혈관의 직경도 감소되었다. · 14일군에서는 CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유가 7일군과 유사한 분포를 보였으며 확대에 의한 골변연의 불규칙성도 대체로 감소되었다. CGRP 면역반응 신경섬유는 정중구개봉합의 확대시 초기에 일어나는 신경원성 염증반응에 주로 관련되어 증식되는 것으로 생각된다. Midplatal suture expansion is often used for patients having narrow maxillary arch, cleft palate, respiratory handicap with narrow nasal cavity. CGRP has been known as a modulator of pain transmission in central nervous system and a local effector to peripheral tissue causing vasodilation, increase of blood flow, modulation of immune system, regulation of macrophagic function and stimulation of bone formation. To investigate changes of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers in midpalatal suture during the the expansion, immunohistochemical study was performed by using rats. Experimental rats(10weeks, 250gm) were divided into five groups(control, 1, 4, 7, 14 days group (each n=4) and applied orthodontic force (approximately 200gm) to upper anterior incisors. Frozen sections of midpalatal suture area were immunostained by using rabbit antisera. The results were as follows. · The CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were hardly observed in control group. · In 1 day group, the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were more increased around the vessels than control group. · In 4 days group, the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were more increased than control group, but not more increased than 1 day group. Vascular diameter was more enlarged. · In 7 days group, expecially, hematoxilin affinity of cells was remarkable and cells were arranged along the bone margin. The CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were more reduced than 4 days group and vascular diameter was also reduced. · In 14 dayds group, the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were similar to those of 7 days group and the irregularity of bone margin was almost recoverd. In Conclusion, the CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers may be related to initial neurogenic inflammatory reaction in expanding mid-palatal suture.

미니동종 조혈모세포 이식에서 T림프구 수용체 단클론성 항체의 이용 가능성 및 혼합 림프구 배양에서 림프구 억제효과에 대한 연구

손상균,박성원,백진호,김동환,정진태,현동우,곽동석,이재태,이규보 대한조혈모세포이식학회 1999 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.4 No.2

연구배경: 조혈모세포이식 및 조건화 치료는 원발성 질환을 제거 후 새로운 조혈세포를 이용한 공간을 마련하고 세포의 생착을 이름으로써 치료의 목표를 달성하고자 하나 심한 부작용으로 인한 높은 조기 사망률은 극복하여야 할 점이다. 저독성 조건화 처치를 하면 불충분한 면역세포의 살해로 인한 거부반응이 큰 문제가 된다. 이에 거부반응 및 이식편대숙주반응의 중요한 역할을 하는 림프구에 대한 억제작용을 갖는 단클로성 항체의 생체 내에서 효과를 추측하기 위해 DLA(Dog lymphocyte Antigen) mismatched dog의 말초혈액을 이용한 MLC assay를 시행하였다. 방법: DLA typing의 결과와 비교하기 위해 단클론성 항체 첨가 없이 DLA가 서로 다른 3마리의 말초혈액을 이용하여 서로의 MLC 반응을 비교 실험하였다. T림프구 수용체에 대한 단클론성 항체의 농도에 따른 proloferation 억제효과를 보기 위해 2, 10, 20, 200ug/ml의 농도로 DM5 (antigranulocyte antbody: 음성 대조군)와 비교하였다. 항원에 감작된 림프구에서의 D5에 대한 효과를 보기위해 장기 골수 배양 배지에서 responder를 stimulator 및 D5와 함께 3일간 배양후 세척하고 2일간의 배양후 다시 stimulator로서 재자극 후 5일 뒤에 proliferation assay를 시행하였다. 실제 이식을 시행한 donor 및 recipient의 세포를 분리하여 proliferation assay를 하여 이식 전후를 비교하였다. 결과: T림프구 수용체에 대한 단클론성 항체의 농도를 달리한 실험에서 2, 10 ,20ug/ml 모두에서 같은 농도의 DM5는 억제효과가 없는데 비해상 당한 림프구증식 억제효과가 관찰되었다. In vivo 실험에서 중용량의 방사성 치료 및 면역 억제 요법으로 DLA matched 2마리 모두에서 성공적인 생착을 확인하였다. 공여자의 mismatched sample에 대해 G-CSF를 이용한 가동화 치료전 보다 낮은 proliferation score를 보였다. 결론: T림프구 수용체에 대한 단클론성 항체는 In vitro 실험에서 T림프구의 억제효과가 관찰되었고 동물 이식에서 부작용을 줄이는 저용량의 조건화 치료 후 생착을 유도하는 면역억제제로서 그 가능성을 확인하였고 향후 그 기전에 대한 연구 및 많은 생체 실험이 필요하다고 생각된다. 재생불량성 빈혈 같은 저세포 충실도의 골수 질환이나 과거에 방사선 치료를 심하게 받은 경우는 이미 골수 내 생착을 위한 공간이 마련된 상태이므로 특별한 면역억제 요법이 가능하다면 이러한 저독성의 조건화 처치가 유용하게 응용될수 있을 것으로 전망된다. Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of anti-TCR monoclonal antibody in mixed lymphocyte culture and as a part of immunosuppressive regimens in the allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Since marrow space is empty in the patients with aplastic anemia or previous radiation and no new space for allograft needs to be created, nontoxic imminosuppressive conditioning regimens should be feasible. These may include monoclonal antibody directed against T cell receptor other surface determinants on T cell. Moncoclonal antibody (MAb) 15.9D5 raised to canine TCR α β was found to induce hyporesponsiveness to allogeneic stimulator cells in primary and secondary mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Methods: Anti-TCR monoclonal antibody was tested to evaluate its suppressive effect of lymphocyte activity in vitro compared with anti- granulocyte anti body and used as an immuno-suppressive agent in two recipient dogs. Four different concentration of anti-TCR MAbs was tested in MLC to know the appropriate concentration for suppressing lymphocyte proliferation, and MLC assays were serially done from blood sample of recipient dogs and donor dogs before and after transplantation. Results: Anti-TCR monoclonal antibody had significantly suppressed H3-thymidine uptake in MLC compared with anti-granulocyte antibody(control). In two recipient dogs conditioned with non-myeloablative regimens and MAb, transplanted with DLA- matched donor dogs, successful mobilizing stem cells were less reactive to the stimulator lymphocytes than the lymphocytes from the dogs not treated before. Conclusion: The precise mechanism of immunosuppression induced by anti- TCR MAb needs to be elucidated. G-CSF had a role in suppressing lymphocyte activity of donor dogs and might have a role in preventing GVHD. Non-myeloablative conditioning strategy might be useful in patients with hypoplastic marrows who require immunosuppression only (e. g. aplastic anemia) and already has some spaces for engraftment in the marrow (e. g. irradiated marrows).

한약수치에 관한 연구(제 8보) : 오수유 탕포법 The Changes of Physico-chemical Parameter and Biological Activities by Processing of Evodia Fruit

박성환,이우정,최혁재,송보완,김동현,김남재 EAST-WEST MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYUNG HEE UNI 2005 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2005 No.-

We have studied the physico-chemical change and pharmacological transformation of traditional herbal medicines with processing. Evodia fruit (EF) has processed for the purpose of detoxification and reduction of its bitter taste. There are various methods of processing EF in Oriental medicinal references. Among them, we processed EF according to the method of Sang-han theory, the most famous medicinal reference. We processed EF with washing in hot water, and then dried. Processed EFs(PEFs) were prepared according to the above procedure through repetition of 1,3,5 and 7 times respectively. The contents of weight loss, water extract, diluted ethanol extract, ether extract, total ash, acid insoluble ash, alkaloids and limonin in non-processed EF (NPEF) and PEFs were examined. The weight loss, and contents of water extract and dilute ethanol extract in PEF showed decrease in proportion to increase of washing time, while the contents of ether extract, total ash and acid insoluble ash showed little change as compared with those of NPEF. And the content of evodiamine and rutaecarpine was not changed distinctly. However, the content of limonin decreased in the final processed material in proportion to increase of washing times with hot water. And the intense of bitter taste in PEF was also reduced. These results were ascribed to the flowing-out of the water-soluble portion. The biological activities of NPEF and PEF were also investigated. In the test of DPPH scavenging effect, xanthine oxidase inhibition effect and TBA-Rs effect, PEF was more effective than NPEF in vitro. Also, both NPEF and PEF showed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects against in mice. Especially, PEF by 3 times washing with hot water was more effective than other PEFs. From these results, it is considered that PEF should be prepared by 3 times washing with hot water.