문무왕릉비의 화관(火官)

정연식(Chung, Yeon-sik) 한국역사민속학회 2014 역사민속학 Vol.0 No.44

문무왕릉비에는 신라인이 화관의 후손으로 묘사되어 있고, 김유신비에서는 금관국 출신의 김유신이 황제 헌원의 후예이며 소호 금천씨의 후손으로 신라 왕실과 같은 조상의 후손이라고 했다 한다. 두 비의 내용은 서로 연관되어 있다. 그 목적은 김유신가와 무열왕가를 하나로 통합하기 위한 것이었다. 화관은 화정 또는 축융이라고도 하는데 상고시대에 하늘의 대화성(大火星)에 제사를 지내고 불을 담당하는 관리였다. 그런데 그 화관의 임무를 전욱 고양씨의 후손이 담당했다. 그리고 화관 축융의 후손은 은과 춘추시대에 중국 형초(荊楚) 지역에 나국(羅國)을 건설했던 존재이다. 그런데 신라(新羅)는 글자대로 해석하면 ‘새로운 나국’이 되고, 따라서 신라는 화관의 후예가 세운 나라가 된다. 한편 가야의 금관국은 금관의 나라이다. 가락국은 철로 이름을 널리 알리게 되자 쇠를 다루었던 금관(金官)의 후예를 자처했던 듯하다. 금관 욕수(?收)의 임무는 소호 금천씨의 아들 해(該)가 담당했다. 결국 소호 금천씨 설화는 신라가 아니라 금관국의 것이었다. 신라의 화관은 전욱 고양씨의 후손이고, 가야의 금관은 소호 금천씨의 후손인데 전욱과 소호의 공동 조상이 바로 황제 헌원이다. 화관계 신라의 무열왕과 금관계 가야의 김유신은 황제를 연결고리로 해서 한 핏줄로 묶이게 되었다. 김유신비에서 ‘금(金)’과 아무런 연관이 없는, 사족과 같은 황제 헌원을 언급한 것은 이 때문이다. 그러나 이 내용은 대부분 사실과 거리가 먼 수사적 허구이다. 그러므로 두 가문이 하나로 합쳐져 고착되고 수사적 허구의 목적이 상실된 후로는 시간의 흐름과 함께 잊어져 갔다. The people of Silla was described as the descendants of Hwagwan(official of fire) on the tombstone of King Munmu(文武王), and Gim Yusin(金庾信) was described as the descendants of Shaohao Jintian(少昊 金天) and Huangdi Xuanyuan(黃帝 軒轅) on his tombstone. It says that the royal households of Silla and Gaya had common ancestor. Hwagwan was the official who took charge of fire management and the ritual for Antares(α Sco) in ancient China. Hed founded State Ra(羅國). The name of Silla(新羅) means new State Ra, so he could become the ancestor of the people of Silla. He was the son of Zuanxu Gaoyang(?頊 高陽). State Gaya(加耶), the fatherland of Gim Yusin had been called Geumgwan-gug(金官國) which means the state of official of metal. Geumgwan was the son of Shaohao Jintian. Silla was the state of Hwagwan and the Gaya was the state of Geumgwan. Hwagwan, the founder of the royal household of Silla was the son of Zuanxu and Geumgwan, the founder of the royal household of Gaya was the son of Shaohao. Zuanxu and Shaohao was the descendants of Hwangdi, so Hwangdi was the common ancestor of Silla and Gaya. Finally Hwangdi became the same ancestor of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol(武烈王) who was the father of King Munmu. The tombstone of King Munmu and Gim Yusin manifests the union of the blood of Gim Yusin and King Muyeol. But it was not the fact but the rhetorical fiction.

〈주생전〉을 읽는 즐거움

정규식(Chung, ku-sik) 한국어문학회 2016 語文學 Vol.0 No.131

The purpose of this study was to clarify how much it is delightful to read classics by focusing on lies found in 〈Jusaengjeong〉. For this purpose, this researcher offered a classics that may be interesting to scholars of classical literature. The researcher ultimately sought to build up a virtuous circle in which those scholars provide their interesting interpretations of classics to the public or learners who in turn recognize those classics are funny. Therefore, this study examined lies found in 〈Jusaengjeon〉 as a love romance of the 17th century in the light of human growth and development. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows. Jusaeng’s lies are a diversion from the conventional order of love. Those lies suggest the fraction and destruction of exclusive relationships between a man and a woman who are main characters. They also may have presumedly been the very source of numerous lies related to love between men and women that are found in romances since 〈Jusaengjeon〉. These findings make clear that lies found in 〈Jusaengjeon〉 do not just function as a means of covering a love triangle, but they are like an inflection point which triggers certain changes in Korean novel history. This is where those lies provide the fun and delight of reading 〈Jusaengjeon〉.

만성 정신분열병 환자에서 지연성 운동장애와 음성증상 및 인지기능 장애와의 연관성

심주철,반철식,성기수,이정구,정도운,정청,윤진상,김영훈 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.4

연구목적: 정신과 전문병원에 입원해 있는 만성정신분열병 환자들을 대상으로 첫째 지연성 운동장애의 유병율과 위험인자들을 조사하고, 둘째 지연성 운동장애와 정신분열병의 음성증상 및 인지기능 장애와의 상관성을 조사하고자 한다. 방법: 연구대상자는 마산동서병원에 입원 중인 환자 중 DSM-IV의 정신분열별 진단기준에 부합하며, 최근 3개월 이상 동일 용량의 항정신병약물 복용한 271명(남자 174명, 여자 97명)의 환자들이었다. 지연성 운동장애에 대한 평가는 Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS)을 이용하였고, DSM-IV와 Sc-hooler와 Kane(1982)의 진단기준 양자에 부합하는 환자들만을 지연성 운동장애군으로 분류하였다, 정신 분열병 정신병리에 대한 평가는 Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS)와 Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome(SDS)을 이용하였고, 인지기능에 대한 평가는 Mini-Mental Status Examination(MMSE)을 이용하였다. 결과: 지연성 운동장애의 유병율은 50.9%이었고, 50세 이상, 남자에서 높았다. 그러나 입원기간과 항정신병 약물의 일일 사용량에 따른 차이는 없었다. 지연성 운동장애의 호발부위는 혀, 상지, 입술과 입 주위의 순이었다. BPRS 총점 및 소항목 척도점수와 SDS 척도점수는 지연성 운동장애의 유무에 따른 차이가 없었다. MMSE 총점 및 소항목 점수도 지연성 운동장애의 유무에 따른 차이가 없었다. 결론: 평균입원기간이 9년 이상인 만성정신분열병 환자들에게서의 지연성 운동장애의 유병율은 50.5%이었고, 연령이 가장 의미있는 위험인자임을 확인했다. 만성정신분열병 환자들이 주 대상인 본 연구에서는 지연성 운동장애와 정신분열병의 음성증상 및 인지기능 장애와의 상관성은 입증하지 못했다. Objectives: The purpose of present study was to determine the prevalence rate of tardive dyskinesia and to search for its risk factors in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic subjects. We also examined the relationship between tardive dyskinesia and both negative symptoms and cognitive impairments in the same subjects. Methods: Subjects were 271 in-patients(174 males, 97 females) at Masan Dongsuh Hospital. They met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and had been taking fixed doses of antipsychotics for at least 3 months. Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS). Cases of tardive dyskinesia were ascertained by the criteria of Schooler and Kane (1982) and DSM-IV. The rating of psychopathology was acquired using Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS) and Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome(SDS) and the assessment of cognitive function using Mini-Mental State Examination(MMSE). Results: The prevalence of tardive dyskinesia is 50.9% and the frequency of tardive dyskinesia was high est in male above the age of fifty. But there was no statistically significant relationship between the frequency of tardive dyskinesia and both the length of hospitalization and the daily dose of antipsychotics. The frequency order of abnormal movement in the patients with tardive dyskinesia was as follows : tongue, upper extremities, lips and perioral area. We couldn't find any significant difference in the total and subscale scores of BPRS between the groups with and without tardive dyskinesia. There were no differences in MMSE scores between the groups with and without tardive dyskinesia. Conclusion: This study gave us that the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia was high in chronically institutionalized schizophrenic inpatients and that age was the most significant risk factor of tardive dyskinesia. The relationship between tardive dyskinesia and both negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, however, was not revealed.

q진 LCZ 수열군의 일반화된 확장 생성 방법

정정수(Jung-Soo Chung),김영식(Young-Sik Kim),장지웅(Ji-Woong Jang),노종선(Jong-Seon No),정하봉(Ha-Bong Chung) 한국통신학회 2008 韓國通信學會論文誌 Vol.33 No.11C

[1]에서 LCZ 수열군의 2배 확장을 제안하였다. 본 논문에서는 [1]에서의 2배 확장방법을 일반화하는 새로운 확장방법을 제안한다. 이 생성방법을 사용하면 인수가 (N,M,L,ε)인 q진 LCZ 수열군은 인수가(pN,pM,p「(L+1)/p」-,pε)인 q진 LCZ 수열군이 된다. 이 때, p는 소수이고 p는 q의 약수다. 특히 L≡p-1modp 일 때, 확장된 q진 LCZ 수열군의 인수는 (pN,pM,L,pε)이 된다. In this paper, a new extending method of q-ary low correlation zone(LCZ) sequence sets is proposed, which is a generalization of binary LCZ sequence set by Kim, Jang, No, and Chung. Using this method, q-ary LCZ sequence set with parameters (N,M,L,ε) is extended as a q-ary LCZ sequence set with parameters (pN,pM,p「(L+1)/p」-1,pε), where p is prime and p|q.

가토에 있어서 편측 요관 폐색시 환측, 반대측 요관에 대한 변화 : 조직학적 소견을 중심으로

설종구,김용웅,육승모,노안식,김홍식,김상현,이충식 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

This study was designed to clarify histological changes in the experimental rabbit ureter after unilateral prartial or complete ureteral obstruction. A total of 20 adult white rabbits were divided into 4 subgroups in the partial obstruction followed by 2 weeks, partial obstruction followed by 4 weeks, complete obstruction followed by 2 weeks, complete obstruction followed by 4 weeks. The normal control group consisted of 5 adult white rabbits. The H & E stain. light microscopy were used. Abnormal histological fingings were showed in ipsilateral ureter of all subgroups; dilatation of ureter, epithelial cell atrophy or loss, interstitial fibrosis, interstitial inflammation. These findings were most severe in the complete-obstructed ureter for 4 weeks. There were no significant changes in contralateral ureter of all subgroups. Despite of progressive histological changes in ipsilateral ureter no abnormal findings were showed in contralateral ureter. We suggest that long term experimental investigation for histological changes in ipsilateral ureter and compensatory changes in contralateral ureter should be done.

J. S. Bach 18 Kleine Praludien

鄭貞植 이화여자대학교 한국문화연구원 1982 韓國文化硏究院 論叢 Vol.41 No.-

The purpose of this study is to consider the musical content instructional value of J. S. Bach's Twelve Little Preludes (BWV 924-30, 939-942, 999) and Six Little Preludes (BWV 9330938). This study includes a consideration of J. S. Bach's life concentrating on his Cothen period, his teaching method on the clavier, and an analysis of the above mentioned 18 Little Preludes followed by a presentation of the analysis in tabulated form. In order to clarify the sources of the 18 Little Preludes, the musical content of his Clavier-Buchlein for Wilhelm Friedmann Bach has been investigated here also. As a result of this study, it becomes clear that J. S. Bach's Twelve Little Preludes and Six Little Preludes should serve as the best preliminary text for all beginners learning to play polyphonic music fir the first time.

한국 재원 정신분열병환자의 사회경제적 특성에 관한 역학적 조사 : 일일 시정조사 Point Prevalence Study

정인원,김용식,이정균 大韓神經精神醫學會 1985 신경정신의학 Vol.24 No.1

1984년 2월 27일 현재 전국 정신과 병·의원의 입원환자를 대상으로 일일시정조사를 시행하였다. 자료분석 때까지 도착한 자료중 ICD-9의 진단기준에 의하여 정신질환의 범주에 속하는 2,895명을 1:1 쌍쌍대응법으로 분석하여 거주지별로 정신분열병군과 대조군간의 사회경제적 특성을 비교하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 정신분열병환자의 결혼상태는 두 지역 모두에서 독신이 많았고 odd ratio는 각각 5.33과 3.56이었다. 농ㆍ어촌의 정신분열병환자가 독신이 더 많았다. 2. 교육수준은 양 군에서 뚜렷한 차이는 없었다. 3. 직업은 도시의 정신분열병환자에서 무직이 많았고 odd ratio는 1.90이었다. 4. 경제수준은 도시의 정신분열병환자에서 낮은 층이 많았고 odd ratio는 1.65이었다. 5. 그외 가족구조와 종교, 부모의 결혼상태에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Aiming at suggestion the possible ways to improve psychiatric care, rehabilitation, and mental health services in Korea, this nation-wide hospital study was intended to explore the socioeconomical status of mental in-patients. This point prevalence study was conducted to patients who were in psychiatric wards at Feb. 27th. 1984 using mailing questionnaire. The number of hospitals and clinics answered was 88 and the patients, 3,300. Among them, we selected the 2,895 patients who were included in mental disorders (290-319) by ICD-9. Finally we compared the socioeconomical status between schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia in rural and urban area with the method of Fleiss. The results were as follows; 1. The relative proportions of single persons in schizophrenia were higher in both areas, and their odds ratios were 5.33 and 3.56, respectively. There were more single schizophrenics in rural than urban. 2. In educational levels, there were no significant differences between schizophrenia and control. 3. In urban area, the jobless persons were more in schizophrenia than control, and its odd ratio was 1.90. 4. The urban schizophrenics were significantly lower than the urban control in economical levels, and its odd ratio was 1.65. 5. About family structure, religion, and marital status of parents, there were no significant differences between schizophrenia and control.

도재인레이 하방에서 광중합형 복합레진과 이중중합형 보갑레진시멘트의 미세경도와 중합률에 관한 연구

엄정문,조성식,김승수 大韓齒科保存學會 2000 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.25 No.1

분광광도계를 이용한 커피와 인공타액에서의 수복용 복합레진의 변색에

이정식,조효선,엄승희 大韓齒科保存學會 1996 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.21 No.2

근관 충전용 Sealer가 수종의 세포에 미치는 독성효과에 관한 연구

이정식,임미경 大韓齒科保存學會 1992 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.17 No.2

This study was performed to evaluate and compare the cytotoxic effects of five root canal sealers to several cifferent cell lines. Five root canal sealers were AH-26, N2, Sealapex, Tubliseal, and Vitapex. Each esalers were mixed according to the manufacturer's instructions and culture media were added to each sealers immdeiately after mixing (the immediate group) and after three days (the third day group) and seven days (the seventh day group) respectively. And every sealer solutions were diluted to 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4. Three different permanent cell lines (HEp-2, McCoy, MRC-5) and human gingival fibroblasts and mononuclear cells were challenged by each sealer solution and the cytopathic effects were evaluated using MTT-ELISA MTT-microscopy, and lactate dehydrogenase(LD)activity. The results were as follows: 1. In Ep-2 and MRC-5 cells, Vitapex was the least cytotoxic sealers. 2. AH-26 showed mild cytotoxic effects to HEp-2, gingival fibroblast and mononuclear cells. 3. N2 was the most toxic xealer to gingival gibroblast and it showed relatively strong cytotoxicity to HEp2, McCoy, MRC-5 cells. 4. Tublisdal showde strong cytotoxic effects to HEp2, McCoy, MRC-5, and mononuclear cells. 5. Sealapex showed strong cytotoxic effects to HEp2, McCoy, MRC-5, and gingival fibroblasts.