Putin’s “Reset” since the Rise of Protest Movement

Soo?Heon Park 한국슬라브유라시아학회 2017 슬라브학보 Vol.32 No.3

After a decade of post‐Soviet transformation in the 1990s, the Russian political regime established under Putin’s leadership in the 2000s had shown certain features of “electoral authoritarianism” (close to a “competitive” version), in which despite shortage of democratic essence, elections played a central role in Russian politics dominated by the Kremlin. Faced with a serious challenge by the mass political protests caused by massive electoral frauds in the December 2011 Duma elections, the Kremlin made a variety of efforts to suppress the protest movement and build a new formula of rule for maintaining and strengthening its power. First, the Putin regime took strenuous endeavors to make its victories in the national and regional elections much more certain by making various legal rearrangements (e. g., the restoration of direct election of governors, lowering of the requirements for party registrations, and return to the mixed electoral system for the Duma with the 5% threshold rule) and by diversifying the methods of manipulating the elections (e. g., obstructing opposition candidates’ entering the elections, gerrymandering the electoral districts, providing illegal fund to the ruling party’s candidates, strengthening control over election monitors). In order to make these moves for electoral victories more successful, the Kremlin tried to weaken further the position of the opposition by increasing arrests of and legal charges on opposition figures, holding smearing campaigns against them, and using violence in certain cases. At the same time, it also made Russian society more submissive to the regime by introducing a series of repressive measures that restricted political and civil rights of citizens and tightened its control over Russian media and internet communication. In the process of making a new formula of rule, a new political regime was being formed under Putin. It was getting close to a “hegemonic” type of “electoral authoritarianism” with the ruling power’s absolute domination in the national and regional elections. In those elections, real democracy was not there. Level of contestation between the Kremlin and the opposition was very low on the uneven electoral playing field, and certainty in the victory of the ruling party in the elections got extremely high.

덕유산 국립공원 등산로의 환경훼손에 대한 이용영향

서병수(Byung Soo Seo),김세천(Sei Cheon Kim),박종민(Chong Min Park),이창헌(Chang Heon Lee),이규완(Kyu Wan Lee) 한국산림과학회 1994 한국산림과학회지 Vol.83 No.3

The object of this study was to examine the user`s impacts on the environmental deteriorations of trail at Ticket Office - Paekryunsa (Temple) Hyangcho^kpong - Dongyupryung - Chilyun Fall area in To^kyusan National Park. Four trails were sampled in the study area according to the amount of users. Then the user`s impacts on trail were measured at each trail. The Ticket Office-Paekryunsa trail was the mo;;t used district and followed at Paekryunsa-Hyangcho^kpong trail, Hyangcho^kpong-Dongyupryung trail in descending order. Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail is not used by people because of rest rotation system. The entire width of trail was greater at the more heavily used trail. Maximum depth, cross-sectional area loss, and surface texture and roughness of trail were the highest at Paekryunsa-Hyangcho^kpong trail. Soil hardness, soil acidity, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and exchange canon were influenced by trampling. Soil hardness, soil acidity and exchange canon increased in tramples soil, but content of soil moisture and organic matter decreased therein. Environmental deteriorations of trail were significantly influenced by the amount of users and the slope of trail. Bared lands about 2.000㎡ were appeared by trampling and camping around Hyangcho^kpong. Effects of carrying of rest rotation system for National Park were partly recognized at Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail.

자가 면역성 간염에서 자가항체의 발현 양상과 스테로이드 치료의 효과

박기오,채경훈,허원석,강윤세,정재훈,김연수,문희석,이엄석,김선문,이병석,김남재,이헌영 충남대학교 의과대학 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.1

목적 : 최근 8년간 본원에서 경험한 자기면역성 간염의 혈액학적 특징과 스테로이드의 치료효과를 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1996년 이후부터 2002년까지 충남대학교 병원에서 1999년 International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group(LAHG)에서 제시한 수정 진단 기준안에 의거하여 총 진단점수가 probable 이상에 해당하는 환자들을 대상으로 임상적 특징, 검사실 및 조직 소견과 스테로이드와 azathioprine의 치료 효과를 후향적으로 조사하였다. 결과 : 9예의 환자들은 여성이 78%, 40대가 많았고, 급성 발병이 33.3%, 피로감, 식욕부진 및 황달 등이 나타났으며, 항핵항체가 55.6%에서 그리고 항평활근 항체가 77.8%에서 양성이었고, 동반 질환은 류마치스 관절염이 2예, 특발성 혈소판 감소증 1예, Henoch-Sch nlein 자반증 및 그레브스병이 각각 1예 씩이었다. 7예에 대해서 스테로이드와 azathioprine으로 치료하여 생화학적 임상적 완해가 이루어져서 유효한 치료 결과를 얻었다. 결론 : 자가면역성 간염은 우리 나라에서 원인을 찾을 수 없는 만성 간질환의 경우, 특히 중년여성에서 다른 자가면역성 질환이 동반되었을 때 자가면역성 간염을 의심하여 자가항체 선별검사를 시행해 보아야 할 것으로 생각된다. 향후 다기관 연구를 통하여 좀 더 많은 증례를 모으고 전향적인 연구를 시행하여야 할 필요가 있다. Although autoimmune hepatitis(AIH) is common in western contries, some studties have been reported in Korea. The aim of the study was to analyze the clinical and histological features and expression pattern of the autoantibody and to examine clinical course of AIH in Korea. For 9 patients diagnosed as having AIH in our hospital since 1996, we reviewed medical records and analyzed clinical and laboratory findings retrospectively. They had a probable or definite AIH according to the revised criteria of International AIH group. The mean age was 42.7(21∼68)years and 7(77.8%) were female. Three of them(33.3%) showed acute hepatitis and five of them showed cirrhosis. Fatigue and anorexia were the most frequently complained symptoms(55.6%). Four patients(44.4%) were accompanied with other autoimmune diseases. Antinuclear antibody was detected in 5(55.6%) and anti-smooth muscle antibody was detected in 7(77.8%). Three patients showed focal picemeal necrosis and four showed periportal fibrosis. Among 7 patients who received immunosuppressive therapy, six patients(85.7%) showed initial response. and biochemical and serologic remission were achived in 5(71.4%) and 3(42.8%) patients, AIH seems to be partly responsible for chronic liver disease of unknown etiology in Korea. AIH should be suspected in female patients with unknown chronic liver disease of unknown etiolgy, especially accompanied with other autoimmune disease. The clinical characteristics of AIH may not be quite different from those of Western countries.

먹이의 색깔과 맛이 조류(鳥類)의 먹이선택에 미치는 영향

박헌우,김수일 한국교원대학교 환경과학연구소 2004 환경연구논문집 Vol.- No.8

조류는 먹이에 대하여 색과 맛, 냄새로 먹이의 안전성을 확인하고 선택적으로 섭식하므로 먹이의 선책은 경험에 의해 달라질 수 있다. 본 연구는 조류가 먹이의 선택에 있어 맛과 색을 구별하고 이들의 학습능력의 정도를 곤줄박이(Parus varius), 되지빠귀(Turdus hortulorum), 멧새(Emberiza cioides), 바다직박구리(Monticola solitarius)4종을 통하여 알아본 결과이다. 실험 결과 색깔에 대한 반응은 종류마다 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 선호도가 높은 색으로 곤줄박이는 노란색, 되지빠귀는 녹색, 멧새는 무처리였고, 바다직박구리는 분홍색을 선호하였으며, 효과는 시간이 지날수록 더 강화되었다. 먹이의 색에 맛을 첨가한 실험에서는 곤줄박이와 바다직박구리는 쓴맛을 회피하였으며, 2주 후에는 회피정도가 더 심한 것으로 나타났다. 되지빠귀와 멧새는 초기 먹이를 주로 섭식 하였으나, 시간이 지날수록 단맛의 먹이를 먹는 비율이 높아졌다. 따라서 조류는 먹이의 색과 맛에 대하여 섭식 선호도를 나타내며, 먹이의 맛은 색보다 우위를 차지였고, 맛에 대한 경험의 효과는 시간이 지날수록 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. Most birds tend to forage their foods selectively checking the safety by color, taste or smell of items. Birds' food selection behavior may be therefore, learned and changed by the previous experiences of individual. This study is designed to test the effects of food color and taste on the choice of several passerine species: Varied Tit(Parus varius). Gray-backed Thrush(Turdus hortulorum). Meadow Bunting(Emberiza cioides) and Bine Rockthiush(Monticola solitaius). The color choice experiment was performed with food tablet with four different colors(red, scarlet, yellow, green), and no color added as a control. Food taste experiment was performed with bitter taste and sweet taste. The results showed that each species had different color choices: the best choice of Varied Tit was yellow. Meadow Bunting was control, and Blue Rockthrush was scarlet. The best choice on a specific color by each species sustained at least for two weeks. Results for taste added on colored foods showed that Varied Tit and Blue Rockthrush tend to avoid bitter taste and the tendency increased as days passed for two weeks. Gray-backed Thrush and Meadow Bunting favored firstly selected food choice, but the choice level gradually increased to sweetened food. This results indicate that birds take food selectively, taste take precedence over the color, and the effect of taste experience increase and persisted at least two weeks period.

유동성 복합 레진을 적용한 예방적 레진 수복물의 미세 누출 양상에 관한 비교 연구

박헌정,김종수,김용기 대한소아치과학회 2000 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.27 No.3

성인에 비해 치료를 견딜 수 있는 시간이 상대적으로 짧은 소아 환자에 있어 시술 시간은 치료 결과의 중요한 변수로 작용하게 된다. 최근 소개된 유동성 복합 레진을 예방적 레진 수복술에 사용하게 될 경우 전색재 도포 과정을 생략할 수 있어 시술 시간의 단축, 편의성 등의 장점이 인정되나 미세누출 등에 관한 연구 결과는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 최근 소개된 유동성 복합 레진을 사용한 예방적 레진 수복물과 기존의 복합 레진과 전색재를 사용한 예방적 레진 수복물 간의 미세누출 및 기포발생 정도를 비교하고자 함이었다. 교합면이 건전한 상악 소구치 60개를 대상으로 고속용 1/2 round bur를 이용하여 교합면 열구를 따라 길이3.0 ×폭0.7 ×깊이2.0mm의 Ⅰ급 와동을 형성하고 각 군 당 20개씩 무작위로 시편을 배분하고, 제조자의 지침에 따라 본딩재인 Scotchbond Multipurpose □ (3M dental product, U.S.A.)를 적용하고 유동성 복합 레진 수복군인 Ⅰ,Ⅱ군에는 각각 Revolution □ (Kerr, U.S.A.)과 Arabesk Flow(VOCO, Germany), 대조군인 Ⅲ군(통상적 예방적 레진 수복군)에는 Restorative Z-100 □ (3M dental product, U.S.A.)과 Concise □ (3M dental product, U.S.A.)를 제조자의 지시에 따라 충전, 적용하였다. 3,000회의 열 순환 및 색소 침투 후 시편을 절단하여 컴퓨터에 영상을 입력하고 색소의 침투 길이 및 침투 비율을 계산하고 미세누출 평가 기준을 이용하여 각 시편에 대한 미세누출 정도를 평가하였다. 또한, 각 군별로 특징적으로 나타난 기포의 발생 양상을 별도의 평가기준에 따라 평가하였다. 미세누출은 수복재와 법랑질의 계면부에 국한되어 관찰되었고, 와동 내부까지 침투된 경우는 없었으며, 유동성 복합레진 수복군(Ⅰ, Ⅱ군)이 기존의 예방적 레진 수복군(Ⅲ군)에 비해 낮은 미세 누출 정도를 나타냈다(p〈0.05). 미세누출 결과 외에, 대부분의 충전물 내에서 다양한 형태의 기포가 발견되었으며, Ⅰ, Ⅱ군 표본에서 Ⅲ군에 비해 크기가 큰 기포가 더욱 많이 관찰되었다. The purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage pattern of preventive resin restoration using conventional composite resin and allowable composite resin that recently developed. 60 sound premolar teeth were allocated to three groups. Flowable composite resin was used for the experimental groups(GroupⅠ,Ⅱ) and conventional resin for the control group(Group Ⅲ) . After composite fi11ing and sealant application. all teeth were thermocycled and evaluated for microleakage under light microscope. Additionally, a variety of voids formed inside restorations were also evaluated. Data were analyzed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis test and/or Mann-Whitney U-test. The results of the present study were as fo11ows . 1.Microleakage found in all samples was only limited to the interface o( restoration margin and enamel. 2.The flowable composite resin groups (GroupⅠ, Ⅱ) generally showed less micoleakage than control groups (conventional preventive resin restoration) (p〈0.05) 3.Various types of voids were observed in most specimens. Especially, there was a tendency for more and larger voids to be found in group Ⅰ, Ⅱ than group Ⅲ (p〈0.05).

Discrete Choice Theories in urban planning

박헌수 안양대학교 자연과학연구소 1998 自然科學硏究 Vol.5 No.1

In urban planning, a decision maker (a single individual, a family group, a firm, a public agency, etc.) makes a choice among alternatives which are discrete in nature due to their conflict and mutually exclusiveness. The decision maker's rationality is not perfect but bounded and is intrinsically probabilistic. The lack of information which leads him/her to use probabilistic choice rules justificates probabilistic approach. This paper discusses two major approaches of discrete choice in more detail and provides a potential power framework for analyzing discrete choice situations.

스딸린사후 흐루시초프의 공산당 개혁정책 : 당내 공공원칙의 전개를 중심으로

박수현 서울대학교러시아연구소 1992 러시아연구 Vol.1 No.-

This article deals with Khrushchev's attempts to reform the CPSU structure and its mode of operation. Its specific focus is on the introduction of 'public principle' into the party during the 1953∼64 period. The background, development and contents of the reform efforts are analysed, discussed and evaluated. The major finding of this article is that emphasis on public principle was largely limited to the areas in support to local party organization while leaving basically untouched areas where the status of the party vis-a-vis Soviet society and rank-and-files of the party were virtually left unaffected. Even such limited reforms were rebuffed under Brezhnev regime. The policy of "full trust in cards" did not leave any room for expansion of mass participation in discussion of political matters.

New paradigm in planning

박헌수 안양대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 自然科學硏究 Vol.4 No.-

The scientific view of nature or "paradigm" is drifting toward disorder, instability, diversity, disequilibrium, nonlinearity, and temporality. This paper discusses how useful new paradigm is in planning.

‘제3세대’이후 국내 러시아 연구의 현황과 과제 : 사회과학을 중심으로

박수헌,신범식 서울대학교 러시아연구소 2006 러시아연구 Vol.16 No.2

Since the mid-1990s, Russian Studies in Korea have been in the stage of "relative stabilization" after undergoing the ups and downs in the previous years. The rise of the "third generation" scholars, many of which returned to Korea after earning their doctoral degrees in Russia, has contributed to this trend. The current research, based on a comprehensive review of social science works on Russia, published as M. A. and Ph.D theses, in book forms and monographs, and as articles in 12 academic journals during the past decade in Korea, shows the following developmental tendencies in the Russian Studies in Korea since the mid-1990s. First, the number of Korean specialists on Russia has consistently increased. Second, the scope of research has been extended in spatial dimension as well as in research topics. In the former, while CIS countries other than Russia have increasingly became the subject of research, the investigation of local politics and economy in Russia has also grown. In the latter, topics have been more diversified beyond the traditional fields of politics, economy, society, and history into education, law, media, anthropology, and political geography. Third, the cases of field researches and surveys have continued to increase, which can contribute to a qualitative progress in the Russian Studies in Korea. Fourth, more research efforts have been devoted to the analysis of various aspects of Russia from a comparative theoretical perspective. Fifth, new attention has been called to the methodological issues in understanding the Russian experiences. Despite these new developments and achievements, however, Russian Studies in Korea still offer the room for continuing improvement. First, compared with those countries with more advanced Russian Studies, the Russian Studies community in Korea is still much small, and there are very few specialists on other CIS countries than Russia. Second, Russian politics and economy still command a disproportionally high position in terms of research topic. Third, researches are lopsidedly tilting toward policy-oriented studies rather than contributing to strengthening the foundation of Russian Studies. Fourth, the previous tendency to approach the Russian experiences from the viewpoint of break with the past has not been fully overcome. Fifth, although efforts have been made for establishing a "Korean style of studying Russia", the Western approaches to the Russian realities still enjoy a disproportionately high popularity. Sixth, strenuous endeavor among the Russian Studies community is required for implementing interdisciplinary researches of Russia as subject of area studies.

갈등에서 협력으로 : 새로운 국제관계 패러다임의 모색 In Search of a New Paradigm of International Relations

박수헌 경희대학교 사회과학대학 1999 社會 科學 論叢 Vol.17 No.-