남한의 아스팔트 콘크리트 설계온도 추정에 관한 연구

이광호,김수일,Lee, Kwang Ho,Kim, Soo Il 대한토목학회 1992 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.12 No.2

아스팔트 콘크리트 포장체는 기후변화에 따라 각 층의 물성이 변화하는 특성을 갖고 있다. 따라서 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장체의 설계 및 해석에 있어서는 물성변화 특성을 고려한 대표적 기후조건에서 포장재료의 물성치를 적용하여, 포장체의 설계 또는 구조해석을 실시하여야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장체의 설계 및 해석과 관련하여 우리나라에 적합한 대표적 기후조건인 설계온도를 추정하기 위하여, damage effect 분석에 의한 설계온도 추정 알고리즘을 제안하고 이를 전산화하였다. 분석대상 지역은 서울, 대전, 부산 3지역으로 하고 각 지역의 기후특성자료와 정부, 호남, 남해고속도로의 6개 포장단면에 본 연구 제안의 알고리즘 해석과정을 적용하여 국내조건의 설계온도를 추정하였으며, 추정한 설계온도 조건에 적합한 아스팔트 콘크리트 포장체의 파괴기준식을 제안하였다. 연구결과 우리나라의 설계온도는 $17^{\circ}C$가 적합함이 밝혀졌다. 설계온도 $17^{\circ}C$는 아스팔트 콘크리트 표층온도 $23.6^{\circ}C$에 해당되기 때문에 현재 국내에서 사용되는 재료 온도 $20^{\circ}C$에서의 아스팔트 콘크리트 표층 재료의 물성치(AASHTO의 경우)는 과대 평가되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 본 연구에서의 설계온도 추정치, $17^{\circ}C$는 SHELL Design Chart에 의한 결과와 유사함을 알 수 있었다. Layer material properties of asphalt concrete changes with climatic conditions. Pavement design and analysis should be performed in the representative climatic condition that gives standard physical properties of pavement layer materials. In this study, an evaluation procedure of pavement design temperature is proposed and programed based on damage effect analysis using fatigue failure criterion. Three regions, Seoul, Daegeon, and Pusan, are chosen to obtain the representative climatic data of South Korea. Domestic pavement design temperature is developed by applying the proposed algorithm to 6 domestic pavement section models with the respective regional climatic data. Asphalt concrete pavement failure criterion is also proposed for the condition of developed domestic pavement design temperature. The design temperature for the region of South Korea is estimated as $l7^{\circ}C$, which is converted to $23.6^{\circ}C$ for the AC surface layer temperature. It is found that the procedure to determine design properties of AC surface layer material at $20^{\circ}C$ gives overestimated results of AC moduli for the domestic pavement system. From the comparison study, it is also found that the estimated pavement design temperature is similar to the result of SHELL Design Chart.

황동제 주방기구에서 유해중금속의 용출기작에 관한연구

이광호,권기성,전대훈,최병희,김성욱,이선희,이철원,Lee, Kwang-Ho,Kwon, Ki-Sung,Jeon, Dae-Hoon,Choi, Byung-Hee,Kim, Sung-Wook,Lee, Sun-Hee,Lee, Chul-Won 한국포장학회 1999 한국포장학회지 Vol.5 No.2

구이용 불판인 주방용 기구에 사용되는 황동제에서 Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Sn등 유해 중금속의 용출과 메카니즘에 대하여 연구하였다. 황동을 대표금속으로 선정하여 용출 온도 (30, 60, 80, $95^{\circ}C$), pH (2.5, 4.3, 6.0, 7.0) 및 시간 (30, 90, 180, 360분)에 따른 금속 용출량 조사에서 온도 및 pH 변화에 따른 시험결과, $95^{\circ}C$, pH 2.5인 조건에서 용출이 가장 많았던 반면, 용출 시간별 시험에서는 180분 이후까지 Pb가 용출된 후 평형 상태를 유지하였다. 납이 용출되는 가시적 현상은 SEM을 통하여 확인할 수 있었다. 황동의 경우, 재질중의 Pb 함량과 용출량과의 관계를 규명하기 위해 Pb 함량별 10종 (0, 0.02, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.7, 5.4, 9.2%(w/w))의 시편를 제작하여 4% 초산, $95^{\circ}C$, 30분에서 시험한 결과, 용출규격인 중금속이 1.0 ppm (납으로서) 이하가 되기 위해서는 재질중 허용 Pb 함량은 0.2% 이하가 되어야 했다. The migration mechanism of trace elements, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Sn from brass food-contact utensiles was investigated. The migration of metals from brass was affected by the migration temperature (30, 60, 80 and $95^{\circ}C$), the simulant pH (2.5, 4.3, 6.0 and 7.0) and the migration time (30, 90, 180 and 360 min.). The amount of Pb migration was maximum at $95^{\circ}C$ with pH 2.5. This study indicated that the equilibrium of Pb migration was reached at 180 minutes. The mechanism of Pb migration was investigated with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA). To correlate the relations between the migration and the content of Pb in brass samples, ten brass samples having known content of Pb (the quantities of Pb in brass ; 0, 0.02, 0.09, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 0.9, 1.4, 5.4 and 9.2% (w/w)) were tested in the following conditions, 4% acetic acid, $95^{\circ}C$ and 30 minutes. The result represented that content of Pb in brass samples must be below 0.2% (w/w) to satisfy the 1.0 ppm (as Pb) of Korea Food Code.

소화조(消化槽)의 수리학적(水理學的) 체류시간(滯留時間)이 분뇨(糞尿)와 정화조(淨化槽)슬러지 혼합물(混合物)의 혐기성소화(嫌氣性消化)에 미치는 영향(影響)

이광호,양상현,Lee, Kwang Ho,Yang, Sang Hyun 대한토목학회 1983 대한토목학회논문집 Vol.3 No.3

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 분뇨(糞尿)와 정화조(淨化槽)슬러지 혼합액(混合液)을 2단(段) 혐기성(嫌氣性) 소화방식(消化方式)으로 처리(處理)할 때 제(第)1소화조(消化槽)(반응조(反應槽))에서의 수리학적(水理學的) 체류시간(滯留時間)(5일(日), 15일(日), 25일(日))이 반응조(反應槽)내에서의 화학적(化學的) 특성(特性)과 처리도(處理度)에 미치는 영향(影響), 그리고 제(第)2소화조(消化槽)(침전조(沈澱槽))에서의 적정(適定) 체류시간(滯留時間)을 검토(檢討)하였으며 그 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1) 휘발성(揮發性) 산(酸)(volatile-Acid)은 HRT의 증가(增加)에 따라 감소현상(減少現象)을 나타냈다. 2) HRT가 증가(增加)함에 따라 알카리도와, Ammonia-N은 증가(增加)하였으며 pH는 짧은 체류시간(滯留時間)에서는 증가추세(增加趨勢)를 보였으나 15일(日) 이상(以上)의 HRT에서는 거의 일정(一定)하였다. 3) TBOD, TCOD, TS, VS의 제거율(除去率)은 HRT의 증가(增加)에 따라서 증가(增加)하였다. 4) 휘발성고형물(揮發性固形物)(VS)의 제거율(除去率)은 부하량(負荷量)이 증가(增加)됨에 따라 감소현상(減少現象)을 나타냈다. 5) 주입된 VS 단위(單位)무게당(當) gas 생산량(生産量)은 HRT 5일(日)에서 $0.33m^3/kg$ VS fed/day, HRT 15일(日)에서 $0.58m^3/kg$ VS fed/day, HRT 25일(日)에서 $0.57m^3/kg$ VS fed/day로 HRT 15일(日) 부근에서 가장 높았다. 6) 슬러지고형물(固形物)의 침전(沈澱)이 완료(完了)되는데 요구(要求)되는 시간(時間)(tu)은 8.6 일(日)이었으며 육안(肉眼)으로 관찰(觀察)된 고형물(固形物)과 상등수(上燈水)의 경계면(境界面)이 최종단계(最終段階)에 이르는 시간(時間)은 약(約) 10일(日)이었다. An experimental research was performed employing the two stage anaerobic digestion of the mixture of the nightsoil and septic tank sludge to determine the effects of various hydraulic retention time of the digestion on chemical characteristics and treatment effeciency, thus determining the proper retention time. Results of the research are as follows, 1. Volatile-acid decreased as HRT increased. 2. Alklinity and ammonia-N tended to increase as HRT increased as did pH values, however, were observed to be constant at higher HRT values than 15 days. 3. The removal efficiencies of TBOD, TCOD and VS increased as HRT increased. 4. The removal efficiency of volatile solid decreased as VS loading increased. 5. It was observed that the rates of gas production were: 0.33 with HRT of 5 days, 0.58 with HRT of 15 days and $0.57m^3/kg$ VS fed/day with HRT of 25 days respectively. It is believed that the highest rate of gas production was at HRT of 15 days. 6. The sludge settling experiment showed that the minimum settling time required to ensure the desired underflow concentraton was estimated to be 8.6 days.

추측확인법과 확인추측법의 의미와 기원

이광호(Lee, Kwang-Ho) 한국어문학회 2017 語文學 Vol.0 No.137

The grammatical sum does not form a coherent semantic identity. In the arrangement of the prefinal ending, the following elements add the grammatical and semantic meanings to the preceding elements. In conclusion, the arrangement of the prefinal ending of the estimation-confirmation is composed of the functions of estimation and confirmation and adds the semantic qualities of the information to the assumed element, and the confirmation-estimation undermines grammatical structure by less emphasizing the significance of confirmation. The ‘-리어-’ of the estimationconfirmation and the ‘-어리-’ of the confirmation-estimation have different syntactic structures, leading to different semantic qualities in terms of [±Confirmation]. This is accompanied by a change in the semantic elements of the estimation according to the meaning of the confirmation that precedes to or follows after the ‘-리-’, which is realized in the same form. Specifically, the form of estimation-confirmation carries the semantic element of simple assumption, while functioning to deliver the information. Therefore, the meaning unit of confirmation is not clearly distinguished. On the other hand, confirmation-estimation takes a form of rhetorical questionand therefore conveys the opposite meaning. It strengthens the role of confirmation, by placing the semantic element of the confirmation after the prefinal ending. The sentence of the confirmation-estimation often takes a form of “interrogative -려” (or “interrogative -리어-”) in front of the final ending. On the other hand, confirmation-estimation is associated with ‘-아- + -리 - + -아 (< 가)’. The grammatical arrangement and placement determines different semantic roles. If ‘-리-’ is realized in the form of estimation, it can be used to express the semantic differences determined byaccording to the order of arrangement. However, as a result, this research shows that ‘-리₁-’, which is settled in the form of estimation-confirmation, and ‘-리₂-’, is realized in a form of the confirmation-estimation, and the both are originally different grammatical elements. In a historical sense, there is no precedent to ‘-리₁-’ coming before the prefinal endings of ‘-거/어-아-’, except for ‘-리₂-’. ‘★’ and ‘★’ in Sǒktok kugyǒl during the Koryǒ period, which reveals the historical trajectory of the grammar functions corresponding to ‘ - 리₁-’ and ‘- 리₂-’ of the 15th century Korea, respectively. For example, ‘★’ functions as the prefinal ending and ‘★’ functions as the interrogative ending in combination with interrogative auxiliary element. In the 15th century, ‘-리₁-’ and ‘-리₂-’ show different grammatical categorization, as the ‘-리-’ element was originally a combination of two or more morphemes, not a single morpheme, deriving from other grammatical elements. The element was drawn from a combination of a gerund ending and a copula, but ‘리₁-’ and ‘-리₂-’ were differentiated by which prefinal ending the element is being combined with. The two forms derived from the grammaticalization process of the interrogative endings and formed new grammar categories. Although they contain different semantic compositions, their properties indicates that they share the semantic function of the estimation.

교통사고로 인한 요통환자의 어혈방(瘀血方) 치료효능에 관한 임상적 연구

이광호,문경숙,김태우,박현재,양승인,원승환,권기록,Lee, Kwang-ho,Mun, Kyung-suk,Kim, Tae-woo,Park, Hyun-jae,Yang, Seoung-in,Won, Seung-hwan,Kwon, Ki-rok 대한침구의학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.6

Objective : The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Eo-Hyeol Bang(瘀血方) for the patients with low back pain due to traffic accident. Methods : Eo-Hyeol Bang based on Sa-Am Acupuncture treatment(four needle technic), consists of Taibai(SP3), Taiyuan(LU9), Quchi(LI11). In following research, 60 patients were divided into Group A and Group B of each 30 persons. Only Group A was treated with Eo-Hyeol Bang, Group B was treated with common acupuncture treatment. Results : In VAS, Group A is $5.77{\pm}1.96$ and Group B is $4.53{\pm}2.40$ (P=0.033). In Improvement index, Group A is $0.3191{\pm}0.1597$ and Group B is $0.2267{\pm}0.1297$ (P=0.017). Conclusions : As a result of each P-value, we knew that Eo-Hyeol Bang is more effective than another acupuncture technic.

3차원 불규칙 수치파동수조(3D-NIT) 모델의 적용성에 관한 연구

이광호,백동진,김도삼,Lee, Kwang-Ho,Baek, Dong-Jin,Kim, Do-Sam 해양환경안전학회 2012 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.18 No.5

In this study, 3D-NIT(3-Dimensional Numerical Irregular wave Tank) model in which regular wave as well as stable irregular wave can be generated in 3-dimensional numerical irregular wave tank was proposed. To verify validity, the following steps need to be conducted: 1) comparative analysis between calculated waveforms and targeted waveforms at the wave generating point, 2) comparative analysis with the existing experimental values of overtopping volume estimated, targeting shore protection structures installed on a slope bed, 3) comparison with the existing numerical and hydraulic experimental results through application in the analysis on the wave deformation by structures and wave force acting on the vertical cylindrical structures. Based on the results, characteristics of the breaking wave forces according to incident waves and interval distance of structures were identified through application of 3D-NIT model in the analysis on the breaking wave forces acting on the cylindrical structures installed on a slope bed, and reflection and overtopping was reviewed through application in the special breakwaters on the domestic fields. The numerical results obtained the 3D-NIT model are in good agreement with experimental results, and its applicaion to the complex-shpaed coastal structures is verified. 본 연구에서는 3차원수치파동수조에 규칙파뿐만 아니라 안정적인 불규칙파가 조파될 수 있는 새로운 조파시스템 3D-NIT(3-Dimensional Numerical Irregular wave Tank)모델을 제안한다. 그의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 1) 조파지점에서 계산파형과 목표파형을 비교 검토하고, 2) 경사수심역에 설치된 호안구조물을 대상으로 산정된 기존 월파량에 대한 실험치와 비교 검토하며, 3) 연직원주 구조물에 작용하는 파력 및 구조물에 의한 파랑변형의 해석에 적용하여 기존의 수치 및 수리실험결과와 비교한다. 이상의 결과를 기초로 3D-NIT모델을 경사수심역에 설치된 원주구조물에 작용하는 쇄파력의 해석에 적용하여 입사파고, 구조물의 이격거리 등에 따른 작용쇄파력의 특성을 규명하고, 더불어 국내현장의 특수방파제에 적용하여 반사율, 월파량 등을 검토하였다. 그 결과 본 연구에서 제안하는 3D-NIT모델을 이용한 수치실험결과는 기존의 수리모형실험을 잘 재현하고 있음을 확인하였고 복잡한 형상을 갖는 해안구조물의 해석에 적용할 수 있음이 확인되었다.

진행파동장하 해저지반내 잔류간극수압의 해석해

이광호,김동욱,김도삼,김태형,김규한,류흥원,Lee, Kwang-Ho,Kim, Dong-Wook,Kim, Do-Sam,Kim, Tae-Hyung,Kim, Kyu-Han,Ryu, Heung Won 한국해안해양공학회 2015 한국해안해양공학회 논문집 Vol.27 No.3

본 연구에서는 잔류간극수압의 추정에 관한 기존의 해석해에서 지적된 오류를 수정한 새로운 해석해를 제시한다. Fourier급수전개법과 변수분리법으로 산정된 해석해의 타당성은 기존의 해석해, 수치해석해 및 실험결과와 비교 검토로부터 검증된다. 무한 (깊은)두께의 본 해석해는 기존의 해석해보다는 수치적분 등이 수행될 필요가 없는 보다 간단한 식이다. 유한두께에 관한 해석해에 지반두께를 매우 작게 한 경우 극한의 얕은 두께로 점근적인 접근은 가능하지만, 지반두께를 매우 크게 한 경우 극한의 무한두께로 접근은 불가능하며, 유한두께와 무한두께의 사이에는 불연속적인 영역이 존재한다. In this paper, the errors found in the existed analytical solutions described the mechanism of residual pore-water pressure accumulation were examined and a new analytical was proposed. The new analytical solution was derived by using a Fourier series expansion and separation of variables was verified by comparison with the existed both analytical and numerical solutions and experimental result. The new analytical solution is very simple that there is no need for numerical integration for deep soil thickness. In addition, the solutions of the residual pore-water pressure for finite, deep, and shallow soil thickness reveled that it is possible to approach from finite to shallow soil thickness, but not possible to deep soil thickness because there was discontinues zone between finite and deep soil thickness.

고립파 작용하 직립호안 주변에서 지반의 동적응답에 관한 수치시뮬레이션

이광호,육승민,김도삼,김태형,이윤두,Lee, Kwang-Ho,Yuk, Seung-Min,Kim, Do-Sam,Kim, Tae-Hyeong,Lee, Yoon-Doo 한국해안해양공학회 2014 한국해안해양공학회 논문집 Vol.26 No.6

지진해일파(tsunami)에 의한 피해로 소중한 인명손실뿐만 아니라 침수 범람에 의한 가옥과 같은 건물의 유실 및 방파제, 교량 및 항만과 같은 사회간접자본의 심각한 파괴 등을 들 수 있다. 본 연구의 대상인 연안구조물에서 피해원인으로 먼저 큰 지진해일파력을 고려할 수 있지만, 더불어 기초지반에서 세굴과 액상화와 같은 지반파괴를 고려할 수 있다. 진동성분과 잔류성분으로 구성되는 과잉간극수압의 증가에 따른 유효응력의 감소로 해저지반내에 액상화의 가능성이 나타나고, 액상화가 발생되면 그의 진행에 따라 구조물의 침하 혹은 전도에 의해 종국적으로 구조물이 파괴될 가능성이 높아지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 2D-NIT(Two-Dimensional Numerical Irregular wave Tank)모델로 부터 고립파를 조파시켜 직립호안 및 해저지반상에서 시간변동의 동파압을 산정하고, 그 결과를 지반의 동적응답과 구조물의 동적거동을 정밀하게 재현할 수 있는 유한요소법에 기초한 탄 소성해저지반응답의 수치해석프로그램인 FLIP(Finite element analysis LIquefaction Program)모델에 입력치로 적용하여 해저지반 및 직립호안의 주변에서 과잉간극수압 및 유효응력의 시 공간변화, 지반변형, 구조물의 변위 및 지반액상화 등을 정량적으로 평가하여 직립호안의 안정성을 평가한다. Tsunami take away life, wash houses away and bring devastation to social infrastructures such as breakwaters, bridges and ports. The targeted coastal structure object in this study can be damaged mainly by the tsunami force together with foundation ground failure due to scouring and liquefaction. The increase of excess pore water pressure composed of oscillatory and residual components may reduce effective stress and, consequently, the seabed may liquefy. If liquefaction occurs in the seabed, the structure may sink, overturn, and eventually increase the failure potential. In this study, the solitary wave was generated using 2D-NIT(Two-Dimensional Numerical Irregular wave Tank) model, and the dynamic wave pressure acting on the seabed and the estimated surface boundary of the vertical revetment. Simulation results were used as an input data in a finite element computer program(FLIP) for elasto-plastic seabed response. The time and spatial variations in excess pore water pressure, effective stress, seabed deformation, structure displacement and liquefaction potential in the seabed were estimated. From the results of the analysis, the stability of the vertical revetment was evaluated.

수요반응자원이 포함된 전력시장의 쿠르노 경쟁모형 해석

이광호,Lee, Kwang-Ho 대한전기학회 2017 전기학회논문지 Vol.66 No.1

In order to reduce costs of electricity energy at periods of peak demand, there has been an exponential interest in Demand Response (DR). This paper discusses the effect on the participants' behavior in response to DR. Under the assumption of perfect competition, the equilibrium point of the electricity market with DR is derived by modeling a DR curve, which is suitable for microeconomic analysis. Cournot model is used to analyze the electricity market of imperfect competition that includes strategic behavior of the generation companies. Strategic behavior with DR makes it harder to compute equilibrium point due to the non-differential function of payoff distribution. This paper presents a solution method for achieving the equilibrium point using the best response function of the strategic players. The effect of DR on the electricity market is illustrated using a test system.

삼각 섬유연골 복합체 부분 파열에 대한 관절강내 봉약침 시술 치험 1례

이광호,유영진,선승호,권기록,Lee, Kwang-Ho,Ryu, Young-Jin,Sun, Seung-Ho,Kwon, Ki-Rok 대한약침학회 2009 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.12 No.4

Objective: This case was to report a case of Partial Tear of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex treated by Intra-articular bee venom Pharmacopuncture. Methods: The patient was treated by Intra-articular bee venom Pharmacopuncture. The Effect of Treatment was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale(VAS) and Modified Mayo Wrist Score(Wrist Score). Results & Conclusions: After Treatment, Patient's VAS decreased and Wrist Score increased. For this results, Intra-articular Bee Venom Pharmacopuncture may be effective for Partial Tear of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex.