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농경지 토양에서 패화석에 의한 카드뮴의 용출성 및 부동화 기작 구명
홍창오,노용동,김상윤,김필주 한국환경농학회 2014 한국환경농학회지 Vol.33 No.4
BACKGROUND: Oyster shell(OS) is alkaline with pH 9.8,porous, and has high concentration of CaCO3. It could beused as an alternative of lime fertilizer to immobilizecadmium(Cd) in heavy metal contaminated arable soil. Therefore, this study has been conducted to compare effectsof calcium(Ca) materials [OS and Ca(OH)2] on Cdextractability in contaminated soil and determinedmechanisms of Cd immobilization with OS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Both Ca materials wereadded at the rates of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% (wt Ca wt-1)in Cd contaminated soil and the mixtures were incubated at25℃ for 4 weeks. Both Ca materials increased pH andnegative charge of soil with increasing Ca addition anddecreased 1N NH4OAc extractable Cd concentration. 0.1 NHCl extractable Cd concentration markedly decreased withaddition of OS. 1 N NH4OAc extractable Cd concentrationwas related with pH and net negative charge of soil, but notwith 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd concentration. We assumedthat Cd immobilization with Ca(OH)2 was mainly attributedto Cd adsorption resulted from increase in pH-inducednegative charge of soil. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) images and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)analyses were conducted to determine mechanism of Cdimmobilization with OS. There was no visible precipitationon surface of both Ca materials. However, Cd was detectedin innerlayer of OS by EDS analyses but not in that ofCa(OH)2. CONCLUSION: We concluded that Cd immobilizationwith OS was different from that with Ca(OH)2. OS mightadsorbed interlayer of oyster shell or have other chemicalreactions.
연구보문 : 토양환경 ; 중금속 오염 농경지에서 축분퇴비와 인산비료의 혼용시용에 의한 카드뮴 식물이용성 저감효과
홍창오 ( Chang Oh Hong ),김상윤 ( Sang Yoon Kim ),김필주 ( Pil Joo Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.3
BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as one of most toxic elements. Application of organic amendments and phosphate fertilizers can decrease the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to evaluate effect of combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure in reducing cadmium phytoavailability in heavy metal contaminated soil. Phosphate fertilizers [Fused and super phosphate (FSP) and K2HPO4 (DPP)] and manure (M) were applied as single application (FSP, DPP, and M) to combined application (FSP+M and DPP+M) before radish seeding. K2HPO4 decreased NH4OAc extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration, mainly due to increases in soil pH and negative charge. However, FSP increased NH4OAc extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration. Manure significantly increased soil pH and negative charge. Combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure were much more effective in reducing Cd phytoavailability than a simple application of each component. Calculated solubility diagram indicated that Cd concentrations in the solution of soils amended with phosphate fertilizers and manure were undersaturated with respect to all pote1ntial Cd minerals [Cd3(PO4)2, CdCO3, Cd(OH)2, and CdHPO4]. Plant Cd concentration and NH4OAc extractable Cd were negatively related to soil pH and negative charge. CONCLUSION: Alleviation of Cd phytoavailability with phosphate fertilizer and manure can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd and phosphate precipitation. Therefore, combined application of alkaline phosphate materials and manure is effective for reducing Cd phytoavailability.
중금속 오염 논토양에서 카드뮴의 부동화와 식물이용성에 대한 석회 시용 효과
홍창오 ( Chang Oh Hong ),김용균 ( Yong Gyun Kim ),이상몽 ( Sang Mong Lee ),박현철 ( Hyean Cheal Park ),김근기 ( Keun Ki Kim ),손홍주 ( Hong Joo Son ),조재환 ( Jae Hwan Cho ),김필주 ( Pil Joo Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2013 한국환경농학회지 Vol.32 No.1
석회시용에 의한 카드뮴의 부동화와 식물이용성 저감효과를 구명하기 위해 우리나라의 대표적인 석회비료인 소석회를 선정하여 소석회에 의한 논토양 내 카드뮴의 부동화 기작과 벼의 카드뮴 흡수특성을 조사하였다. 소석회는 토양의 pH와 음하전도를 증대시켜 카드뮴의 흡착을 증대시키는 것으로 조사되었다. 소석회의 처리량을 증가시킴에 따라 식물이 이용하기 쉬운 형태인 유효태 카드뮴과 치환성 및 carbonate 결합태 카드뮴의 함량이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 소석회를 8,000 mg/kg 과량으로 시용하였을 때 CdCO3 형태로의 침전이 가능하였을 것으로 판단되나 8,000 mg/kg 이하로 처리하였을 때 CdCO3나 Cd(OH)2 형태로의 침전은 없었던 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 토양의 pH와 음하전도는 유효태 카드뮴과치환성 및 carbonate 결합태 카드뮴의 함량과 유의한 부의상관관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 소석회에 의한 토양 내 카드뮴의 부동화는 CdCO3나 Cd(OH)2 형태로의 침전형성에 의한 것이 아니라 pH와 음하전도의 증대에 기인된 카드뮴 이온의 흡착에 의한 것으로 판단되어 졌다. 논토양의 현장조건에서 소석회의 시용에 의한 벼의 카드뮴 흡수농도 저감효과를 시험한 결과, 소석회의 시용량을 증가시킴에 따라 벼의 카드뮴 흡수농도는 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. Research Article : BACKGROUND : Many studies associated with cadmium (Cd) immobilization using lime fertilizer have been conducted for several decades. However, these studies did not suggest exact mechanism of Cd immobilization using lime fertilizer and evaluated effect of lime fertilizer on Cd phytoavailability in rice paddy soil under field condition. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to determine exact mechanism of Cd immobilization using lime fertilizer and evaluate liming effect on Cd uptake of rice in contaminated paddy soil. Ca(OH)2 was mixed with Cd contaminated arable soil at rates corresponding to 0, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 mg/kg. The limed soil was moistened to paddy soil condition, and incubated at 25℃ for 4 weeks. NH4OAc extractable Cd concentration in soil decreased significantly with increasing Ca(OH)2 rate, since Ca(OH)2 markedly increased net negative charge of soil by pH increase, and decreased bioavailable Cd fractions (F1; exchangeable + acidic and reducible Cd fraction). Calculated solubility diagram indicated that Cd solubility was controlled by soil-Cd. NH4OAc extractable Cd and F1 concentration were negatively related to soil pH and negative charge. Ca(OH)2 was applied at rates 0, 2, 4, and 8 Mg/ha and then cultivated rice in the paddy soil under field condition. Cadmium concentrations in grain, straw, and root of rice plant decreased significantly with increasing application rate of Ca(OH)2. CONCLUSION(S): Alleviation of Cd phytoavailability with Ca(OH)2 can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than precipitation of Cd(OH)2 or CdCO3, and therefore, Ca(OH)2 is effective for reducing Cd phytoavailability of rice in paddy soil.
논토양에서 퇴비시용 및 경운이 토양탄소 축적과 안정화에 미치는 영향
홍창오 ( Chang Oh Hong ),강점순 ( Jum Soon Kang ),신현무 ( Hyun Moo Shin ),조재환 ( Jae Hwan Cho ),서정민 ( Jeong Min Suh ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.11
So far, most studies associated with soil carbon sequestration have been focused on long term aspect. However, information regarding soil carbon sequestration in short term aspect is limited. This study was conducted to determine changes of soil organic carbon content and stability of carbon in response to compost application rate and tillage management during rice growing season(150 days) in short term aspect. Under pot experiment condition, compost was mixed with an arable soil at rates corresponding to 0, 6, 12, and 24 Mg/ha. To determine effect of tillage on soil carbon sequestration, till and no-till treatments were set up in soils amended with application rate of 12 Mg/ha. Compost application and tillage management did not significantly affect soil organic carbon(SOC) content in soil at harvest time. Bulk density of soil was not changed significantly with compost application and tillage management. These might result from short duration of experiment. While hot water extractable organic carbon(HWEOC) content decreased with compost application, humic substances(HS) increased. Below ground biomass of rice increased with application of compost and till operation. From the above results, continuos application of compost and reduce tillage might improve increase in soil organic carbon content and stability of carbon in long term aspect.