백제(百濟)와 히고(肥後) 지역

洪性和 동아시아비교문화연구회 2019 東硏(동연) Vol.5 No.-

원발성 위 신경 내분비종의 간전이 2 예

홍성화 한국간담췌외과학회 2006 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.10 No.3

Gastric neuroendocrine tumor is an uncommon entity, and it constitutes less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumors and less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms. Regardless of its origin, approximately 75% of the patients with neuroendocrine tumors will develop liver metastasis. We report here on two cases of primary neuroendocrine tumor with hepatic metastasis. A 37-year-old-man presented with chronic and intermittent abdominal pain in the epigastric area. He was diagnosed with gastric neuroendocrine tumor together with hepatic metastasis, based on the imaging studies and the octreotide scan. Subtotal gastrectomy and right hemihepatectomy was done and the patient was discharged on the postoperative 15th day without any complication. Another 41-year-old man presented with abdominal discomfort and a RUQ palpable mass. He was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma based on the abdominal computerized tomography (CT). However, we incidentally found a gastric mass in the operating field and subtotal gastrectomy was then done. The pathologic report was large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient was discharged on the postoperative 19th day without any complication. Gastric neuroendocrine tumor is an uncommon entity, and it constitutes less than 1% of all neuroendocrine tumors and less than 2% of all gastric neoplasms. Regardless of its origin, approximately 75% of the patients with neuroendocrine tumors will develop liver metastasis. We report here on two cases of primary neuroendocrine tumor with hepatic metastasis. A 37-year-old-man presented with chronic and intermittent abdominal pain in the epigastric area. He was diagnosed with gastric neuroendocrine tumor together with hepatic metastasis, based on the imaging studies and the octreotide scan. Subtotal gastrectomy and right hemihepatectomy was done and the patient was discharged on the postoperative 15th day without any complication. Another 41-year-old man presented with abdominal discomfort and a RUQ palpable mass. He was diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma based on the abdominal computerized tomography (CT). However, we incidentally found a gastric mass in the operating field and subtotal gastrectomy was then done. The pathologic report was large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. The patient was discharged on the postoperative 19th day without any complication.

國際河川에 關한 硏究 : 專流를 中心으로

洪性化 건국대학교 1974 學術誌 Vol.18 No.1

人權條約과 國際法主體論 小考

홍성화 세계평화교수협의회 1975 아카데미論叢 Vol.3 No.1

本稿는 以下에서 첫째 第 2次大戰을 계기로 하여 무엇때문에 人權의 문제가 國際法의 對象이 되었는가를 밝히고 둘째, 人權의 國際的 保護를 위한 諸條約을 들고 마지막으로 人權全般에 관한 一般的 國際條約이 旣存의 國際法 主體論에 미치는 영향을 叛述的 方法으로 考察하는데 그 目的이 있다.

명대 통화 정책 연구- 동전과 사주전을 중심으로 -

홍성화 고려대학교 역사연구소 2015 사총 Vol.86 No.-

Although fiscal policy in early Ming Dynasty based on spot goods, the issue of the currency is inevitable for government. It was hard to issue the currency massively due to the inflexible fiscal policy in Ming Dynasty. So they had chosen ‘Baochao(寶鈔)’ which costs less comparatively as the currency. But ‘Baochao(寶鈔)’ was vulnerable to excessive issue with less values in possession and could not function as the currency as time went by. The Ming Dynasty also acknowledged the issue of ‘privately issued coins(私錢)’ seriously. As officials also suggested proposals through merchandised order, inducing 鋪行 into system is outstanding but the most striking thing is that they suggested to let it go in private currency market unlike the current common sense and prefer less discussion on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ in the government, regarding the discussions on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ as a troubleshooter for public attention of people. Even though providing enough제전 would be desirable, it was difficult with finance situation in Ming Dynasty. In terms of this, it could not help issuing different coins in various qualities with diverse financial conditions. It means that ‘government issued coins(制錢)’ could not guarantee a good quality of coins. For example, Chongzen Tongbao(崇禎通寶) with mixed kinds in quality separately seemed not that good coins to use. Meanwhile ‘privately issued coins(私錢)’ had almost same quality of government issued coin. Like this, as issue of coins in Ming Dynasty was not enough, most commercial transaction happened inside through silver greatly contributed to increasing the flexibility of commercial transaction. That is, incorporation into silver-economy had a lot of side effects. As silver was handy, wealth in a region moved to another region easily, entailing imbalance between regions and classes. In other words, the mobility of silver had been maximizing and gap between the rich and the poor had deepened in the late Ming Dynasty. Further to this, not going smoothly of silver-flux in Chongzhen reign caused serious social issues. 명초의 재정정책이 아무리 현물 위주라고는 하지만 화폐 발행은 정부로서도 필수불가결한 일이었다. 명조의 재정정책은 그 규모가 비탄력적이었기 때문에 경화(硬貨)를 대량으로 발행하는 것이 쉽지 않았다. 그래서 이들은 발행 비용이 상대적으로 적은 ‘보초(寶鈔)’를 선택하여 통화로서 공급하려고 하였다. 그러나 보초는 그만큼 소재가치가 낮고 남발되기 쉬운 약점을 지니고 있었고, 시간이 지나면서 화폐로서의 기능을 잃게 되었다. 홍치년간 이후 동전 발행이 활발해졌지만, 그 목적은 시장에 良貨를 공급한다는 차원에서가 아니라 주초 차익을 도모하는 것이었고, 이 점은 장거정 집권기를 제외하고는 그 뒤에 줄곧 이런 경향은 유지되었다. 특히 天啓・崇禎年間에는 遼餉으로 인하여 재정 위기가 점증되자, 악화를 발행하는 경향이 더욱 강해졌다. 이처럼 명조의 동전 발행은 충분하지 않았기 때문에, 대부분의 상거래는 銀으로 밖에는 이루어지지 않았고 이러한 현실이 상거래의 유동성을 증대시키는 커다란 원인이 되었다. 이러한 점에서 볼 때, 명말의 은량 사용의 증대는 실제로 악화의 남발 속에서 이루어진 부득이한 측면이 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 16세기 중엽 이후 ‘銀經濟’로의 편입을 단순히 사회경제사적인 발전이나 도약으로만 파악할 수 없다. 이렇게 광범위하게 사용된 銀은 휴대와 운반에 용이하였기 때문에, 한 지역의 부가 손쉽게 다른 지역으로 운반됨으로써 지역간 내지 계층간의 소득 불균형을 초래하였다. 다시 말하자면 명말에 은의 유동성이 극대화되자, 이는 빈부 격차의 심화라는 현상을 가져왔으며, 이에 더하여 해외에서 은유입이 순조롭지 않게 되자 명조 멸망의 한 원인으로 작용하였던 것이다.

1995 협회선박기간보험약관상 보험자 면책사유 ①

홍성화 한국해사문제연구소 1997 (月刊)海洋韓國 Vol.281 No.-

N/A

청대 법제사 연구를 위한 몇 가지 개념 이해

홍성화 효원사학회 2016 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.49

1841-42년 鐘人杰의 란(亂)을 통해서 본 청대 지방사회

홍성화 수선사학회 2012 史林 Vol.0 No.43

The eighteenth century was the time of prosperity in East-Asia. In the Qing Dynasty, this period was when the prominent emperors such as Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng Emperor and Qianlong Emperor seized power and the prosperity continued until early in the nineteenth century. This is why this period called "乾嘉盛稅" (1736-1820). As the aspects of prosperity of Qing Dynasty was highlighted, the shadow of it was also contrasted deeply. When the fact that the prosperity will not be lasted ever was realized with the shadow appeared in the regions as the politic power, the aspects of prosperity was proven how it was vain by itself. With nineteenth century coming, Qing Dynasty had to fight against foreign power and deep shadows made by itself. One of its shadows is The Zhong Ren-Jie's Rebellion which happened in 1841-42 for forty three days which had various meanings with its small size. As compared with about 1, 300 "Hyun"s which was basic unit of administration when the population was ten hundred millions and five thousands, the number of Hyun was almost same when the population doubled. It means that the number of population which a Hyun had to control had mounted twice or three times in nineteenth century, comparing to the past. But Qing Dynasty did not try to change its system. As a result, the irregular position(胥史層) was expanded too much to divide administrative burden in Hyun and lower class in the region were needed to collect tax. The Qing Dynasty was losing practical power to make up for the financial lack because massive foreign expedition in Qianlong emperor period and immense expenditure to repress White Lotus Rebellion. As a result, power of 胥史 and 紳士 was growing to make up for the lack of government administrative and then they collected too much tax and extra one from the public. And the government authority, especially local administrative system at that time did not have practical power to control them. In the end, "Zhong Ren-Jie"s Rebellion" was one of the violent events happened between 胥史 and 紳士 during this process.

제주지역 관광정보 데이터베이스 구축을 통한 사이버 마케팅 전략

홍성화,고승익,오창현 濟州觀光學會 2000 濟州觀光學硏究 Vol.3 No.-

2006년 해사노동협약 국내수용을 위한 주요 쟁점사항 : 선원근로조건을 중심으로

홍성화 한국항해항만학회 2008 한국항해항만학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.추계

2006년 해사노동협약은 앞으로 2011년에 발효할 예정이며, 이러한 발효시점에 맞추어 해사노동협약을 국내법적으로 수용하기 위하여 선원법 등 관련법령의 정비작업이 시급히 이루어져야 하며, 특히 본 연구에서는 2006년 해사노동협약 중 중요한 비중을 차지하는 선원근로조건을 중심으로 국내수용을 위한 주요 쟁점사항에 대하여 검토한 후 이에 대한 개선안을 제시하고자 한다.