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韓仁熙 건국대학교 1980 論文集 Vol.12 No.1
Koryo Dynasty was a hierachical and feudalistic society which had a strict class system. It had a characteristic which the lowest class out of three was slavery and it was relatively impossible for the lowest class to have become a upper class. The greatest hope of the class was to release from the slavery. We called it Myun-Chun (exemption from the slavery). What the lowest class released from the slavery was not easy, but the class could change its place into upper place, if the slavery had taken one of the following conditions: (1) by the military service, good ability of foreign language, and capturing robbers. (2) by economical power. (3) by appeals to powerful men. (4) by escaping to another place. (5) by the mercies of the King and the powerful men The men to have been exempted from slavery could get the following rights, (1) to get civil rights. (2) to get the rights of private property. (3) the guarantee of the social status. Even though it succeeded in exemption, sometime, it could not enjoy the perfect rights comparatively. There were some limitations on new-born class; (1) limitation on prerogative. (2) limitation public position. Myun-Chun(exemption from the slavery) in Koryo Dynasty was illegally and unreasonably performed without any principles. The only slaves who got the support of powerful men and used the money for the exemption could have possibility to changed the slavery into upper class in the late Koryo Dynasty. It is worth nothing that the staves devoted their all the efforts for the least human rights.
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韓仁熙 건국대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.13 No.1
The Recruitment of Slaves of Koryo Dynasty sloped the following stage: 1.War Captives; The Recruitment of Slaves had been achieved by war captives, as a result of war and work of pirate. Usually they were the young adults who had a strong power of labor. At the same time their family, whose head submitted to economy, had become the slaves in the meantime. 2.Economic Falling; The reasons of becoming slaves in economic respect were famine, desease, seizure of lands by the nobles and the monks, heavy taxes and official threats. 3.Power Struggles; In this case, firestly the failure of coup d'e´tat, Secondly disployalty and third phisical violence made them slaves. 4.Staves by Marriage; In Koryo Dynasty, the society of staves was mother centered one and position of slaves had been ingerited forever once they became slaves. So slaves could not marry general people, and even by marriage with general people they still remain in the same position.
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일반 성인의 키보드 연주 손가락 타력 MIDI 표준치 연구
한인희,김수지 한국음악치료교육학회 2013 인간행동과 음악연구 Vol.10 No.2
The purpose of this study was to obtain the normative data of finger strength using the keyboard and the MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) software. A total of 92 college students (46 male and 46 female) were recruited from universities located in Seoul and Chungcheong province and an average age was 21.7(SD=1.8). After the completion of demographic information, each participant asked to press the five keys both in ascending and descending manners with the maximum strength of individual finger. The velocity was obtained as an indicator for finger pressing force by using the MIDI software. Results showed that the individual finger velocity ranged between 77 to 97 (Maximum possible velocity=127). Regarding male’s velocity data, the maximum velocity was found in index finger of dominant hand(96.9), while the minimum strength was found in ring finger of nondominant hand(78.5). Female data appeared to be similar to male’s one in terms of maximum strength in dominant index finger(92) and minimum strength in nondominant ring finger(77.5). It also found that the statistically significant differences(p<.05) on finger strength of all fingers between dominant and non-dominant hands except the thumbs(p<.05). The current findings serves as a “normative standard“ that proves the validity and effectiveness of hand rehabilitation training program using the electronic keyboard connected with the MIDI software to enhance functional changes in hands. 본 연구는 MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface) 프로그램을 연결한 키보드 연주 시 일반인의 각 손가락 타력 표준치를 측정하고자 실시되었다. 연구 대상은 서울과 충청 지역 대학에 재학 중인 학생 총 92명(남성 46명, 여성 46명)으로 평균 연령은 만 18세부터 28세였다(평균나이: 21.7, 표준편차: 1.8). 연구 대상자의 음악교육경험 및 기간에 관한 조사를 선행한 후, 연구대상자의 각 손가락을 이용하여 키보드 건반을 상행 및 하행으로 타건하도록 하였다. 개인별 타건의 MIDI값을 분석해 본 결과 최대 강도 127 중 77∼97의 수치를 기록하였다. 남성의 경우 최대값은 우세손 손가락의 검지에서 96.9를 기록했고, 최저값은 비우세손 약지에서 78.5 나타났다. 여성은 우세손 중지의 타력값이 92로 가장 높았으며 최저값은 남성과 유사하게 비우세손 약지에서 77.5로 나타났다. 참여자들의 우세손과 비우세손 손가락 타력의 차이는 엄지를 제외한 모든 손가락에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였으나(p<.05) 성별과 악기 연주 경험에서는 유의미한 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p<.05). 본 연구에서 측정된 손가락 타력의 표준치는 건반악기와 MIDI프로그램의 사용이 손기능을 평가하는 도구로 활용될 수 있으며, 손기능 중재 방안의 효과성 입증을 위한 근거 자료로 활용 될 수 있음을 시사한다.
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