퇴직연금에서의 위험자산 선택요인 분석: 사업장 특성을 중심으로

최수정 한국금융정보학회 2023 금융정보연구 Vol.12 No.2

This study aims to examine whether the decisions of employers to invest in risky assets are related to workplace characteristics such as the number of employees, types of industries, and retirement pension types. The study utilizes individual-level data from Individual Retirement Pension Plan (IRP), Defined Contribution Plan (DC), and firm IRP accounts that are self-managed by employers in the workplace. However, individual DB balance cannot be identified because Defined Benefit Plan (DB) accounts are managed by the firm in aggregate. The data was obtained from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) for the period 2015 to 2020 through the authorized Microdata Integrated Service (MDIS). Previous literature has documented a peer effect in investing in risky assets, which appears strongly among investors who earn relatively higher disposable incomes and among males. The study finds that employers who work in large-sized and well-compensated firms are more likely to invest in risky assets, particularly male employers who are older, have longer work period, and work in industries requiring a high level of financial literacy. This result indirectly supports the peer effect in choosing risky assets in their retirement pension plan for employers. Interestingly, the study also finds that DB holders are less likely to invest in risky assets through their IRP accounts than DC or firm IRP holders. However, once they start investing in risky assets, the proportion of risky assets relative to the total balance is higher than others. Overall, this study provides comprehensive insights into the determinants of investing in risky assets by employers, utilizing individual-level data and workplace information. 본 연구는 통계청에서 제공하는 승인형 퇴직연금 마이크로데이터(MDIS)를 분석하여 직장정보가 존재하는 개인 IRP 계좌 보유자를 대상으로 사업장 특성이 근로자들의 위험자산 선택과 관련이 있는지 살펴보았다. DB 적립금의 경우 가입자별 계좌 금액이 별도로 보고되지 않지만, DC, 기업형 IRP, 개인 IRP는 가입자별 계좌 잔액이 보고되어 개인 IRP 계좌 잔액만 분석한 최수정(2022)보다 좀 더 폭넓게 개인별 위험자산 투자현황 및 위험자산 선호 여부를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 위험자산 금액은 계좌 총 잔액에서 원리금보장형 상품 잔액과 계좌 내 대기성자금을 제외한 원리금비보장(실적배당)형 상품 잔액으로 정의하였다. 개인의 위험자산 선택 여부는 동료의 위험자산 선택 여부에 크게 좌우되며, 이러한 동료효과(peer effect)는 성별 및 연령 요인과 함께 개인이 위험자산을 선택하는 주요한 요인일 수 있으므로 사업장 특성 분석을 통해 위험자산 선택에 있어서 동료효과의 존재를 간접적으로 검토하고자 했다. 기존 연구에 따르면, 가처분소득이 높은 남성들에게 동료효과가 강하게 나타나는데, 본 연구에서도 기업의 규모가 크고 평균소득이 높은 산업군에서 위험자산을 선택하는 경우가 많았고 보유금액도 높게 나타났다. 즉, 근속기간이 길수록, 근로자 연령이 높을수록, 사업장 규모가 클수록, 여성보다는 남성 근로자가 더 위험자산을 선택 및 많이 보유하였으며, 다른 퇴직연금 가입자들에 비해서 DB 가입자들의 경우 평균적으로 개인 IRP 계좌에서 위험자산에 투자하지 않거나 적게 보유했지만, 일단 위험자산을 1원 이상 보유한 경우 위험자산에 더 많이 투자하는 경향이 존재했다.

지상권의 개정방안

최수정 한국민사법학회 2012 民事法學 Vol.60 No.-

.The Korean Civil Code provides two kinds of superficies, one is contractual and the other is statutory. In addition, the case law has allowed another kind of superficies by customary law. But the contractual superficies is not in good use. Whether through case law or by statute,the application and the use of the superficies have many problems,especially in the execution proceedings, and it has encountered criticism. In 2011 the Third Subcommittee of the Civil Code Amendment Committee reviewed the superficies generally and proposed the draft. First,in the contractual superficies the duration compelled by law should be shortened. Art.280 and Art.281 provide the minium period of the superficies, which is very long in the Civil Code and imposes a heavy burden on the landowner. Art.284 stipulates this period at the renewal of the contract again. But it can't be justified, and should be rescinded. Second, the superficies by customary law should be codified. When a person conveys his land or the building on it without any agreement on the use of the land or the removal of the building, it is enough that the owner of the building be given only a right to bring an action against the landowner for creating the superficies, not the superficies itself by law. Therefore the draft Art.289-3 provide the right to bring an action for creating the superficies. However when the land or the building is transferred in the execution proceedings or such as in which an agreement on the use of the land could not be expected, the owner of the building be given the superficies. So the draft Art.289-4 proposes the general provision on the statutory superficies including Art.366. While this superficies aims to maintain the building, it has the effect corresponding to the institutional intent.

Symbolic Violence of the Native Speaker Fallacy: A Qualitative Case Study of an NNES Teacher

최수정 한국영어어문교육학회 2009 영어어문교육 Vol.15 No.3

Taking the issues of inequity and power between NES and NNES teachers as a starting point, this qualitative study explores the way the widespread belief of the native speaker fallacy manifests itself in one NNES teacher’s teaching life and is linked to the teacher’s understanding of herself as an English teacher. Guided by critical applied linguistics (Pennycook, 2001) and using Bourdieu’s (1991) theorization of symbolic violence, I conducted an instrumental case study (Stake, 1995) in an ESL writing class at a US university. I collected data through classroom observations and interviews over a nine-month period and analyzed the data using the constant comparison method (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). The findings illustrate the ways the dominant ideology of the native speaker fallacy works to maintain and reproduce the status quo unequal relation between NES and NNES teachers by making all parties involved believe in the artificial sociocultural arrangements that favor NES teachers as legitimate. The findings direct our attention to the importance of critical teacher education that will enable future TESOL professionals to engage in critical reflection on diverse issues and envision transformative change. The findings, in particular, point to the need for language support for NNES teachers in TESOL teacher education.

민속화로서의 민화의 현대적 적용

최수정 한국문화융합학회 2015 한국문화융합학회 전국학술대회 Vol.2015 No.11

중학교 교사의 경험과 인식을 통해서 바라 본 TEE 수업의 현실

최수정 현대영미어문학회 2013 현대영미어문학 Vol.31 No.3

Focusing on two middle-school English teachers, this study aims to bring to light the way the governmental TEE policy manifests in real classrooms, exploring the issues and experiences of teachers in managing their TEE classes in their local contexts. As an instrumental case study, data were collected from multiple sources, including classroom observations, interviews, personal communications and document reviews, and were analyzed qualitatively. The findings demonstrate that the two teachers supported the TEE policy and thought highly of co-teaching TEE classes with native English-speaking teachers. The way they implemented the TEE policy into their classrooms, however, differed markedly from one another, with the two teachers having different issues and experiences largely due to contextual factors. Despite the differences, their purportedly communicatively-oriented TEE classes did not seem to produce meaningful communication among students, either being filled with teacher talk without students' output or recalling traditional English classrooms with drills and repetitions. In addition, the cultural contents in one of the teacher's classroom were mostly those of 'Inner Circle' countries, i.e., Britain and the USA, reminding us of the need to include critical components in current teacher education programs that introduce concepts such as English as a lingua franca and world Englishes.

국가별 중등직업교육 유형에 따른 직업교육 이수자의 역량 및 노동시장 이행 성과

최수정 한국직업교육학회 2015 職業 敎育 硏究 Vol.34 No.2

There has been ongoing discussion on the key competency of vocational education graduates. Labour market demands the general skills as well as industry-specific skills. In particular, it is emphasized that the general skills could be useful tool to maintain their ability though life-long learning. The purpose of this study was to analyze the gap of key competency and labour market outcomes between vocational education graduates and general education graduates. Using the PIAAC international data from OECD, the data analysis in this study was based on statistical approach including HLM & GHLM. This study shows that the level of vocational education graduates’ literacy was relatively lower than that of general education graduates. It was common pattern among the countries. Secondly, these tendency intensified in work-based VET countries, such as Germany, Austria and Denmark. Thirdly, although the low literacy of vocational education graduates, they tend to transit to labour market smoothly than general education graduates. Especially, vocational education graduates from work-based VET countries are likely to get a decent job. Based on the result, this study has made some practical recommendations for the better research on secondary vocational education system . 직업교육 이수자들의 직업기초능력에 대한 논의는 끊임없이 제기되어 왔다. 이는 전문적인 industry-specific skill을 강조함에 따라 기초역량 부재가 일어나고 있다는 문제의식에서 기초한다. 본 연구에서는 2012년 OECD 국제성인역량조사(PIAAC) 데이터를 활용하여 주요 국가별 직업교육 시스템 특성에 따른 청년들의 역량 격차의 실태와 노동시장 이행 성과를 분석하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 직업교육 이수자들이 같은 수준의 인문교육 이수자에 비해 낮은 언어역량을 갖추고 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 거의 모든 국가에서 같은 양상을 보였다. 둘째, 고등학교 단계에서 직업교육을 중점적으로 운영하고 있거나, 도제훈련 형태의 직업교육 체제를 갖고 있는 국가일수록 국가 내 청년층의 언어능력 평균이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 특히 도제훈련 중심 국가일수록 이러한 경향성은 크게 나타났다. 이는 기업과 학교에서의 교환적인 교육이라는 도제훈련의 특성이 반영된 결과라고 판단된다. 셋째, 그럼에도 불구하고 직업교육을 이수한 사람이나 직업교육을 중점적으로 운영하는 국가일수록 청년층의 노동시장 이행 성과는 매우 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 기술통계 수준에서도 뚜렷하게 확인되었으며(경제활동상태, 직업의 수준, 임금 수준, 학력미스매치 등), 실제 인과관계 분석에서도 통계적으로 유의미한 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 주목할 점은 일 기반 학습 중심 국가일수록 청년층의 노동시장 이행 성과가 우수하고, 조기에 노동시장으로 진입할 확률이 높다는 점이다. 이상의 연구결과를 토대로 향후 산업기술 고도화에 따른 직업교육 이수자의 기초 학습능력의 강화가 필요하며, 도제훈련 제도 도입 시 기초학습에 대한 강화 필요, 도제훈련 중심 국가와 우리나라의 노동시장 차이를 반영한 제도 도입 등을 제안하였다.

수면시간과 고혈압과의 관계

최수정,박은옥 대한임상건강증진학회 2013 Korean Journal of Health Promotion Vol.13 No.4

연구배경: 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 우리나라 30세 이상 성인의 수면시간과 고혈압 간의 관련성을 규명하고자 하였다. 방법: 본 연구는 2010년 제5차 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 30세 이상의 성인 5,450명의 자료를 이용하여 이차분석하였다. 분석에 이용한 자료는 건강조사 설문지와 혈압, 신체계측 자료 등이다. SAS 9.2를 이용하여 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 우리나라 30세 이상 성인의 고혈압 유병률은28.9%로, 6시간 미만 수면 집단이 8시간 수면 집단에 비해고혈압 유병 위험 교차비(odds ratio [OR])가 2.16 (95%confidence interval [95% CI]=1.73-2.69)으로 높게 나타났고, 인구 및 사회경제적 특성, 건강행태 등을 보정하여도교차비가 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타났다(OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.03-1.69). 결론: 본 연구는 우리나라 성인에게 6시간 미만의 짧은수면시간이 고혈압에 독립적 위험요인이 될 수 있음을 확인하였다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 고혈압 예방과 관리를 위해 금연, 체중조절, 저염식이, 운동 등의 생활습관 개선과함께 적절한 수면을 고려할 필요가 있다. Purpose: This study investigated the association between sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults. Methods: A secondary analysis was performed using data from the 5th Korea National Health and NutritionExamination Survey conducted in 2010. Of the respondents, 5,450 adults over 30 years were included in thisanalysis. Logistic regression analysis was applied using SAS 9.2. Results: Among Korean adults, the prevalence of hypertension was 28.9% and the mean duration of sleep pernight was 6.8 hours. The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for hypertension was 2.16 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]=1.73-2.69) among adults who slept over 6 hours per night compared to those who slept 8 hours per night. After adjusting for risk factors of hypertension including age, gender, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors(smoking, obesity, alcohol intake, physical activity, and stress), the OR remained significant (OR=1.32,95% CI=1.03-1.69). Conclusion: Short sleep duration should be considered a risk factor for hypertension. Interventions for adequatesleep duration could be added to other lifestyle changes (smoking cessation, weight control, low sodiumdiet, physical activities, and etc.) for preventing hypertension.

노인환자의 자아존중감과 무력감 및 사회심리적 적응에 관한 연구

최수정 이화여자대학교 간호과학연구소 1997 Health & Nursing Vol.9 No.2

This study was designed to identify degree of self-esteem, powerlessness, and psychosocial adjustment and to investigate the relationship among them. The purpose of this study was to promote quality of life on the base of understanding of self-esteem, powerlessness, psychosocial adjustment in hospitalized elderly patients. The tool for self-esteem was the Self-Esteem Scale developed by Rosenberg( 1965), and the tool for powerlessness was the Powerlessness Behavioral Assessment Tool(Miller, 1992), and the tool for perceived psychosocial adjustment was the Psychosocial Adjustment Scale(Derogatis, 1983) base on PAIS, but except 6 items about sexual life. Data was analyzed by the S.A.S. computer program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The conclusion of this study are summerized as follows; 1. The mean score of self-esteem was 28.62(SD=±4.64) in a range of 7 to 39, and the mean score of powerlessness was 35.02 (SD=± 9.24) in a range of 2 to 64, and the mean score of psychosocial adjustment was 98.68(SD=±14.91)in a range of 19 to 132. 2. There was a significant negative between self-esteem and powerlessness(r=-0.25, p=0.017). In other words, the heigher the degree of self-esteem, the lower the degree of powerlessness. 3. There were significant difference statistically in the degree of self-esteem according to the perceived personality(t= -2.24, p=0.028) and in the degree of powerlessness according to marital status(F=3.86, p=0.012), admission experience(t- =2.91, p=0.004) and previous used method to treat disease(F=3.45,p=0.004). Especially, among elderly women there was significant difference statistically according to the job (t=2.47, p=0.017). Also, there was significant difference statistically in the degree of psychosocial adjustment according to the marital status(F=15.38, p =0.0001). Based on these conclusions, futher study is suggested to discover variable factors influencing the self-esteem, powerlessness, and psychosocial adjustment. Also, a study is required to identify the repeated research on the correlation among these three concepts in the hospitalized elderly.

청소년의 주의집중과 협동 의식에 미치는 부모 영향요인 연구: PLS-구조방정식 활용

최수정 한국청소년학회 2022 청소년학연구 Vol.29 No.8

The purpose of this study is to understand the structural relationship of the influence factors of parents on adolescents' attention and cooperation, focusing on the mediating effect of adolescent emotions and competence. NYPI(National Youth Policy Institute) KCYPS(Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey) data was used. Each variable was based on the published classification of NYPI and previous studies. Analysis was performed using R studio-plspm package. Through factor analysis, cross-validation, reliability, concentration validity, and discriminant validity were examined, and the fit of the model was calculated. The path coefficient for the direct effect was estimated, the indirect effect was verified by the Sobel-test, and a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling model was derived. As a result of the analysis, a total of nine pathways were significant, and parental emotion and competency factors significantly mediate children's emotions and factors, and as a result, they were found to have a positive(+) effect on children's attention and cooperation. Based on the above results, the implications of the study were discussed, and additional research limitations and follow-up studies were suggested. 본 연구는 청소년의 주의집중과 협동심에 미치는 부모의 영향요인에 대하여 청소년 정서와 역량의 매개효과를 중심으로 구조적인 관계를 파악하고자 하였다. 한국청소년정책연구원의 아동·청소년패널조사(Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey) 데이터를 활용하였다. 각 변수는 한국청소년정책연구원의 공시된 분류와 선행연구를 기반으로 하였다. 분석은 R studio의 plspm package를 사용하였다. 요인분석을 통하여 교차타당성, 신뢰도, 집중타당성, 판별타당성을 살펴보았고 모형의 적합도를 산출하였다. 직접효과에 대한 경로계수를 추정하고 Sobel-test로 간접효과를 증명하였으며 PLS구조방정식(Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling) 모형을 도출하였다. 분석 결과 총 아홉 가지의 경로가 유의하였고, 부모의 정서와 역량요인은 자녀의 정서와 역량요인을 유의하게 매개하였고 결과적으로 자녀의 주의집중과 협동심에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 위와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 함의를 논의하였으며, 추가적으로 연구의 제한점과 후속연구에 대하여 제안하였다.

금융기관의 내부통제제도 강화를 위한 법적 개선방안 - 은행을 중심으로 -

최수정 한국상사법학회 2011 商事法硏究 Vol.29 No.4

This paper examines the current internal control systems of the financial institutions with the main focus on banks in Korea. Weak risk management and internal control systems have been widely considered as fundamental problems of the global financial crisis from 2007. To address the defects of the risk management and internal control systems, the legislative efforts to improve companies’ corporate governance have been made in many countries. To keep abreast of these global financial regulatory reforms, the Financial Services Commission proposed tentatively named "The Financial Institutions' Corporate Governance Act". In the wake of the financial crisis in 1998, the Korean government enacted new legal initiatives requiring that banks, mutual savings banks,insurance companies, financial investment businesses, and specialized credit financial businesses establish internal control guidelines and procedures, and maintain at least one compliance officer. Nevertheless, the Woori Bank case(2009) and Kyungnam Bank case(2010)reaffirmed deficiencies of the risk management and internal control systems. In September 2009, the Financial Services Commission imposed a harsh penalty on Woori Bank and its former CEO for the bank’s investments in CDO and CDS in excess of its risk tolerance and risk appetite. Weak risk management and internal control systems were identified as key problems in this case. To address these weaknesses, comprehensive risk management systems should be adopted by financial institutions to tackle excessive risk-taking. Banks should establish a board risk management committee and a Chief Risk Officer(CRO). Apart from financial supervisory regulations, there is no current law requiring risk management committees in financial institutions. Given the increasingly important need for risk oversight in financial institutions, risk management committees and CROs ought to be mandated under Banking Act. Risk management committees and CROs would help prevent senior management from taking excessive risks to pursue firms’ short-term performance. To ensure effective risk management and internal control systems, risk management committees should comprise a majority of outside directors.