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최병인,좌성훈,Choi, Byeong-In,Choa, Sung-Hoon 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2020 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.27 No.4
최근 초고속 이더넷(ethernet)의 데이터 및 동작주파수 속도가 증가하고 있으며, 이에 따라 EMI(electromagnetic interference)가 증가하고 있다. 이러한 EMI의 발생은 주변 전자기기들에 영향을 미쳐 오동작 원인이 될 가능성이 높다. 본 연구에서는 고속 이더넷 스위치 EMI 발생의 주요 원인인 DC-DC SMPS (switching mode power supply)에서 발생하는 EMI 저감을 위해 EMI 필터를 적용하였다. EMI 필터소자는 소형화, 양산화에 장점을 가지며, 내전압(dielectric voltage) 특성이 우수한 MLCC (multi-layer ceramic capacitor)를 사용하였다. MLCC 필터는 X-커패시터 및 X, Y-커패시터로 구성되어 있다. X-커패시터는 10 nF 및 100 nF 용량의 2개의 MLCC와 1개의 마일러 콘덴서(mylar capacitor)로 구성하였다. Y-커패시터는 용량 27 nF의 6개의 MLCC를 사용하여 구성하였다. X-커패시터만을 EMI 필터로 적용한 경우, 전도성(conductive) EMI는 150 kHz ~ 30 MHz의 주파수 대역에서 EMI 전계강도가 허용 한계치를 초과함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 방사성(radiative) EMI도 특정 주파수에서 EMI 전계 강도가 높고, 허용 마진폭도 매우 적음을 알 수 있었다. 반면 X, Y-커패시터를 적용하였을 경우, 전 주파수 대역에서 전도성 EMI가 크게 감소하였으며, 방사선 EMI도 충분한 마진이 확보됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한 X, Y-커패시터의 전기적인 신뢰성을 평가하기 위하여 절연 저항(insulation resistance) 및 내전압 성능을 측정하였으며, 절연 저항 및 내저항 성능이 모두 전기적 신뢰성 기준을 만족함을 알 수 있었다. 결론적으로 MLCC 필터를 X, Y-커패시터로 사용하여 전도성 및 방사성 EMI 노이즈가 효과적으로 감소되었고, 우수한 전기적인 신뢰성도 확보됨을 알 수 있었다. Recently, as the data speed and operating frequencies of Ethernet keeps increasing, electro magnetic interference (EMI) also becomes increasing. The generation of such EMI will cause malfunction of near electronic devices. In this study, EMI filters were applied to reduce the EMI generated by DC-DC SMPS (switching mode power supply), which is the main cause of EMI generation of Ethernet switch. As the EMI filter, MLCCs with excellent withstanding voltage characteristics were used, which had advantages in miniaturization and mass production. Two types of EMI MLCC filters were used, which are X-capacitor and X, Y-capacitor. X-capacitor was composed of 2 MLCCs with 10 nF and 100 nF capacity and 1 Mylar capacitor. Y-capacitor was consisted of 6 MLCCs with a capacity of 27 nF. When only X-capacitor was applied as EMI filter, the conductive EMI field strength exceeded the allowable limit in frequency range of 150 kHz ~ 30 MHz. The radiative EMI also showed high EMI strength and very small allowable margin at the specific frequencies. When the X and Y-capacitors were applied, the conductive EMI was greatly reduced, and the radiation EMI was also found to have sufficient margin. In addition, X, Y-capacitors showed very high insulation resistance and withstanding resistance performances. In conclusion, EMI X, Y-capacitors using MLCCs reduced the EMI noise effectively and showed excellent electrical reliability.
Remifentanil Prevents Withdrawal Movements Caused by Intravenous Injection of Rocuronium
최병인,최승호,신양식,이성진,윤경봉,신서경,이기영 연세대학교의과대학 2008 Yonsei medical journal Vol.49 No.2
Purpose: The incidence of pain induced withdrawal movement following intravenous injection of rocuronium is high. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to evaluate the effect of pretreatment of remifentanil on the withdrawal movements due to intravenous injection of rocuronium during anesthetic induction. Materials and Methods: Ninety adult female patients undergoing thyroidectomy were randomly allocated to three groups. Each patient intravenously received one of three solutions of equal volume (4mL): normal saline (Group I, n=30), 0.5μg/kg remifentanil (Group II, n=30) or 1μg/kg remifentanil (Group III, n=30). Thirty seconds after remifentanil administration, anesthesia was induced with 5mg/kg IV thiopental. Twenty seconds after thiopental injection, 0.6mg/kg IV rocuronium was administered (injection rate of 0.5mL/sec) and patients’ withdrawal movements were assessed. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate were assessed on arrival in the operation room, before the tracheal intubation and immediately, 1 and 2 min after the tracheal intubation. Results: The incidence of withdrawal movements was significantly lower in both of the remifentanil groups (3 and 0% in Group II and III, respectively) than in the saline group (70%). Remifentanil attenuated the increase of heart rate and MAP immediately and 1 min after the tracheal intubation. Conclusion: The pretreatment with 0.5 and 1.0μg/kg remifentanil of bolus doses prevented the withdrawal movements caused by rocuronium injection, and effectively blunted cardiovascular activation following tracheal intubation.
최병인,이귀향 대한의사협회 2014 대한의사협회지 Vol.57 No.7
Writing a medical certificate can be a complicated part of medical practice. A doctor is expected to sign a variety ofmedical certificates that range in purpose from confirming sickness to certifying death. Medical certificates are legaldocuments based on clear and relevant evidence and should be written promptly, honestly, accurately, and objectively. Medical certificates may have financial implications for the patient or recipient through benefits, employment, orcompensation payments, and a failure to complete a certificate appropriately may have a negative impact on thepatient, the patient’s family, or the receiving organization. For example, a doctor who certifies a patient to undertakework when he or she is unfit may place the patient or the patient’s colleagues or the organization at risk. Society placesa great deal of trust in doctors. This article attempts to propose ethical considerations based on the findings of twoguides: the “Guide for writing medical certificates” prepared by the Korean Medical Association and the “Statementon medical certification” prepared by the Medical Council of New Zealand. The authors discuss some suggestionsfor guidance in medical certification to protect each individual involved and to promote good medical practice. Thestructured step table and self-check list provided may be of assistance.