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포저 조익의 경학사상에 나타난 수양관 -논어천설을 중심으로-
조정은(Jo, Jungeun) 한림대학교 태동고전연구소 2018 泰東古典硏究 Vol.40 No.-
조익의 수양론에서 두드러지는 관점은 실천을 강조하는 것이다. 조익의 수양은 크게 경(敬) 과 경술(經術)로 나뉘는데, 둘 모두에서 이러한 관점이 드러난다. 우선 존양과 성찰로 구성되는 경은 표면적으로는 존양이 중시되지만 내 외면을 아우르는 성찰을 통해 존양을 이룬다는 점에서 실제적으로는 성찰이 중시된다. 이때 성찰은 사욕으로 인한 잘못을 경계하는 성격이 짙어서 실천적 맥락이 강하다. 경술이 앎과 행위를 아우르며 그 최종 목표가 행위에 놓인다는 점에서도 실천적 맥락을 지적할 수 있다. 행위에 관한 수양이 경술의 연장선상에서 다뤄지므로 행위 규범으로서 예의 역할을 부각시키는 대신 사욕 제거를 통해 다다르게 될 최종 상태인 만물의 마땅한 위치를 예로 제시하는 경향이 강하다. 실천을 강조하는 조익의 수양관은 논어에서 경을 내적 태도에 국한시켜 해석하는 주희와 달리 외적 태도로까지 확장시키는 차이로 이어진다. 인간으로서 할 바를 다 한 후 학문을 익힐 것을 말하는 논어 1.6을 해석하면서도 조익은 실천만으로는 안 되고 학문으로 이를 뒷받침해야 한다는 것에 무게를 두는 주희를 따르는 한편, 학문보다 실천이 앞서는 경우도 있다는 것을 지적하며 실천 지향성을 보여 준다.이 외 사욕 경계와 만물이 지닌 마땅한 법칙으로서 예를 보는 관점을 부각시킨다. 실천을 강조 하는 수양론인 만큼 양명학에 경도된 듯한 해석도 있지만 주자학을 벗어났다고 평가하기보다는 주자학의 틀 안에서 실천이라는 자신의 주안점을 살리는 수양론을 구축했다고 평가하는 것이 더 적절할 것이다. 조익은 주자학에 대한 이해가 무르익은 가운데 양명학이 영향력을 펼치기 시작한 16세기 말 17세기 초 조선의 사상적 토양을 바탕으로 주자학 체계 내에서 실천을 강조한 수양관을 경학사상에 투영해 나간 학자로 평가할 수 있다. Jo Ik’s prominent view on self-cultivation is to emphasize practice. Jo Ik’s theory of self-cultivation is divided into two main areas: the execution of jing 敬 and the study of the classics (jingshu 經術), both of which emphasize practice. In executing jing which consists of cunyang 存養 and xingca 省察, what gets first priority is cunyang; however, in fact it is xingca that assumes real significance in that cunyang is achieved through xingca which encompasses inner and outer cultivation. In Jo Ik’s theory, xingcha has strong practical connotations in that its meaning is closer to being alert to wrongful behaviors caused by selfish desire. This practical connotation can also be pointed out in the study of the classics: although this study pursues improvement both in knowledge and behavior, its ultimate goal is placed on behavior. Since the improvement of behavior is promoted in the study of the classics, the role of li 禮 as a norm of conduct is paid less attention. Instead, Jo Ik tends to present li as the proper positions of all things, which is the final state that will be achieved by eliminating selfish desire. Jo Ik’s emphasis on practice in self-cultivation renders a differentiated interpretation of jing in the Lunyu from Zhu Xi’s: Zhu Xi mostly interprets jing as an internal attitude whereas Jo Ik shows a stronger tendency to expand its meaning to an outer attitude. When interpreting Lunyu 1.6, which says study comes after fulfilling one’s everyday duties as a human being, Jo Ik, on the one hand, follows Zhi Xi’s interpretation that puts emphasis on study: everyday duties are not properly carried out if not supported by study. On the other hand, Jo Ik stresses practice by indicating that there is a case in which practice is more urgent than study. Besides, Jo Ik emphasizes being wary of selfish desire and sees li as the proper principles of all things. Since Jo Ik emphasizes practice, some of his interpretations are similar to Wang Yangming’s idea. However, we may reasonably place Jo Ik’s theory within Zhu Xi’s philosophical framework; Jo Ik explored Confucian classics reflecting his viewpoint on moral cultivation which puts special emphasis on practice, utilizing the academic soil of the Joseon dynasty during the late 16th and early 17th centuries when Wang Yangming’s doctrine began to exert influence under a mature understanding of Zhu Xi’s doctrine.
「악기」에서 악과 감정의 밀접성이 이끌어 낸 예악의 대비와 악 제정자의 중요성
조정은(Jo, Jung-Eun) 서울대학교 철학사상연구소 2015 철학사상 Vol.58 No.-
이 글은 「악기」 도입부 및 「악론」에서 예악이 나오는 부분과 「악기」의 상응 부분을 분석하여, 「악기」가 악과 감정의 밀접성을 주목하며 예악의 대비와 악 제정자의 역할을 드러내고 있음을 주장한다. 악의 영향력을 주로 행동차원에서 말하는 「악론」과 달리 「악기」는 악의 영향력을 감정에 한정시켜 서술하는 경향이 짙다. 악이 내면과 연결되는 성격이 강해지며 외적 행동을 향하는 예와 대비가 이뤄지면서, 악은 예에 부속된 개념에서 벗어나 대등한 짝 개념으로 자리 잡는다. 예악의 대비는 예악이 땅과 하늘, 수렴성과 발산성 등에 대응하는 데까지 확장되는데, 악대와 무용을 포함하는 악의 전체 구성은 자연계에 유비되며 이러한 우주적 차원의 예악론을 전개하는 데 유리하게 작용한다. 악과 감정의 밀접성은 「악기」에서 악 제정자의 역할을 드러내기도 한다. 즉, 악제정자의 내면 성향이 음을 매개로 악 수용자에게 전달되면서 악 제정자는 악이 지닌 영향력의 근원이 된다. This paper argues that the “Yueji” chapter of the Liji pays attention to the close relationship between music and emotion, thereby establishing a contrast between ritual and music and revealing the importance of the establisher of music. In formulating this argument, I analyze the beginning part of the “Yueji”, and compare passages of the “Yuelun” where the concept of ‘ritual and music’ appears and their corresponding parts of the “Yueji”. Unlike the “Yuelun” that describes musical effect mainly focusing on behavioral changes, the “Yueji” discusses musical effect mostly in relation to emotion. As music is more closely related to the inner heart/mind in the “Yueji”, music is contrasted with ritual which guides exterior behavior. As a result, music becomes closer to the counterpart of ritual rather than a subordinate concept of ritual. This contrast goes even further to relate ‘ritual and music’ to ‘earth and sky’ and ‘convergence and divergence’. The whole musical performance, which includes not only singing but also various musical instruments and dance, can support this cosmic dimension of ‘ritual and music’ as the performance is believed to symbolize the cosmic world. Another aspect that the close relation between music and emotion led to is the importance of the establisher of music. That is, the establisher of music is deemed to be the root of musical effect in that music affects people’s heart/mind by conveying the establisher’s inner disposition.
曺貞恩 ( Jo¸ Jeong-eun ) 명청사학회 2021 명청사연구 Vol.- No.56
This paper comparatively analyzes Chinese people's and foreign medical missionaries' perceptions on vaccination and their effects on the transmission of Jenner's vaccine, from the records of Chinese smallpox and vaccination in the late Qing dynasty, which medical missionaries left. Furthermore, it also examines how the traditional knowledge system interacted with the modern one, by exploring medical missionaries, Chinese people, vaccination and variolation. The Jenner's vaccine is a vaccination method for preventing smallpox by using the smallpox virus extracted from cows. Chinese people already knew the concept of vaccination through variolation, so Jenner's vaccine was the best method for introducing the modern medicine. Medical missionaries who first introduced the modern medicine into China also intended to demonstrate the superiority of the modern medicine and show Christian mercy to Chinese people, by using Jenner's vaccine. Medical missionaries left a variety of records regarding the prevalence of smallpox and vaccination. In China, smallpox was an infectious disease that was always prevalent in all areas. Chinese people believed that they could not but experience smallpox once at least in their life. In addition, it can be found that vaccination and re-vaccination for missionaries were emphasized, since smallpox was a disease which also seriously threatened foreigners. Medical missionaries made various efforts to extend Jenner's vaccine, by publicizing it through a variety of media and freely vaccinating people in vaccine stations or mission hospitals constructed in cooperation with local merchants, elites and officials. In addition, medical missionaries and mission hospitals secured vaccine lymph, by using their domestic and foreign networks and contributed to extending Jenner's vaccine by instructing Chinese physicians about how to use Jenners' vaccine. On the other hand, an aspect of East-West cultural exchange can be observed, in that vaccine stations were built in the traditional Chinese temples and Chinese people and foreign medical missionaries performed vaccination together. Jenner's vaccine was, however, not easily practiced. At the initial stage, medical missionaries also experienced many difficulties. The vaccination was often failed, due to corruption of vaccine lymph and lack of knowledge and experience about native vaccinators and use of unhygienic tools. Medical missionaries made efforts to increase the success rate of Jenner's vaccine, by continuously investigating why the vaccination was failed and exchanging information with each other. Chinese people's high reliability of variolation was an obstacle to the extension of Jenner's vaccine. Medical missionaries introduced various cases of variolation, indicating that variolation was generally conducted at that time. In such record, they emphasized the advantage of vaccination, listing the cases of victims who were dead or lost their eyesight due to variolation. Different from them who recognized that the variolation and the traditional notions about it should be abandoned, however, Chinese people who learned Jenner's vaccine from them attempted to accept it within the traditional notions which they had long trusted and preserved. In particular, YindouLue(引痘略) applied the taidu (胎毒) theory, the Yin-Yang theory, periods of vaccination and the restriction on foods after vaccination to Jenners' vaccine. Medical missionaries, however, could not understand such a restriction and explained Chinese people that Jenner's vaccine, different from variolation, could be applied to them regardless of any seasons and it was not necessary to choose foods after vaccination. On the other hand, xieqi(邪氣), a traditional medical concept was also used to explain the causes of smallpox, where the germ theory did not still appear. In order to extend the use of Jenner's vaccine, medical missionaries thus criticized variolation, while using the traditional concept. In spite of such an effort, however, it was not easy to help Chinese people understand the Western way of thinking, since there was a cultural gap which could not be narrowed, between medical missionaries and Chinese people, as in the case of perceptions on re-vaccination and pockmarks. The issue of how to narrow the cultural gap between them is directly related with the localization of the Western modern medicine with the main focus on Jenner's vaccine.
조정은(Jo, Jeongeun) 역사비평사 2019 역사비평 Vol.- No.126
This paper is intended to analyze water supply, which is an essential facility to construct a urban sanitation system, focusing on Shanghai Waterworks Company of modern Shanghai International Settlement. In particular, this study is focused on urban sanitation characteristics of modern Shanghai, paying attention to a collision and a compromise between public interest and private interest that were caused, since the management of water supply for the public was entrusted to Shanghai Waterworks Company by Shanghai Municipal Council. The free water supply, conducted as part of cholera prevention in the 1930s, is a representative case of a collision between improvement of sanitation and increase of profit that were the two typical purposes of Shanghai Waterworks Company and Shanghai Municipal Council. The Chinese government asked for the free water supply for the poor, but Shanghai Waterworks Company dawdled and hesitated, worrying if it might negatively affect their business. But once an infectious disease spreads in a slum, safety of the whole international settlement cannot be guaranteed. In the end, Shanghai Waterworks Company decided to supply free clean water to the slum. Of course, it was only provided to a specific slum temporarily while the cholera prevailed.
에폭시(DGEBA)/아민(TETA)계의 경화거동 및 팽윤거동 연구
조정대 ( Jo Jeong Dae ),주형태 ( Ju Hyeong Tae ),홍진후 ( Hong Jin Hu ) 한국공업화학회 2003 공업화학 Vol.14 No.8
Triethylenetetramine (TETA) 경화제와 diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) 에폭시 수지로 구성된 DGEBA/TETA계의 조성비에 따른 경화거동을 real-time infrared spectroscopy (RTIR)과 dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA)를 이용하여 관찰하였고, 가교된 시편망상의 팽윤시간에 따른 부피팽윤비(Q)를 구하여 팽윤거동에 대해 조사하였다. RTIR을 이용하여 에폭시에 의해 나타나는 914 cm^(-1)와 1121 cm^(-1)의 흡수 피크를 관찰해봄으로써 DGEBA의 단일중합에 의한 경화반응보다 TETA의 아민 그룹에 존재하는 활성 수소와 에폭시 관능기 부분이 반응하여 생성된 가교 구조가 더 우세함을 알 수 있었다. DMTA 실험에서는 TETA 함량의 증가에 따른 저장탄성률의 증가를 통해 경화제인 TETA의 함량이 증가할수록 더욱 치밀한 가교 망상구조가 형성됨을 알 수 있었다. 팽윤도 측정결과, TETA의 함량이 증가할수록 초기 팽윤속도가 상승되어 상대적으로 짧은 시간 내에 평형상태에 도달하였다. We observed the curing behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)/triethylenetetramine (TETA) system using real-time infrared spectroscopy (RTR) and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and investigated the swelling behavior of the crosslinked specimens for the system by determining volume swelling ratio (Q) according to the swelling time. RTIR analysis showed that the curing reaction of XEBA epoxy and TETA amine was a more predominant reaction compared to the homopolymerization of epoxy itself by observing 914 and 1121 cm^(-1) bands of XEBA epoxy peak. DMTA experiments revealed that the crosslink density of DGEBA/TETA system increased as the content of TETA was increased. The swelling experiments exhibited that initial swelling rate increased and then rapidly reached to equilibrium state with increasing the content of TETA.
관광목적지 PR 효과 촉진을 위한 커뮤니케이션 전략: 해석수준 이론을 중심으로
조정인 ( Jo Jeong-in ),김영남 ( Kim Young-nam ) (사)한국마이스관광학회(구 한국컨벤션학회) 2020 MICE관광연구 Vol.20 No.1
The purpose of this study is to find out the problem of ineffective PR communication of the government that informs the destination of the tourism, and to draw the PR communication strategy that stimulates the visit demand substantially and to lay the foundation on the reasonable academic basis to support it. The construal level theory(CRT) focusing on the human cognitive process and behavior was examined and applied to the tourism phenomenon. As a research method, experimental design and experiments were carried out in order to rigorously control experimental variables such as participant recruitment and randomization of group distribution, experimental manipulation of independent variables and experimental situation. The results of this study provided evidence that the application of CRT to tourism phenomenon is valid through the research hypothesis test, and considering the effect of psychological distance on construal level, a basic clue was found.