히르시펠트(C.C.L.Hirschfeld) 정원예술론의 의미와 가치의 현대적 해석

조경진 ( Kyung Jin Zoh ) 한국전통조경학회(구 한국정원학회) 2014 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.32 No.3

크리스티안 케이 로렌츠 히르시펠트(Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld)(1742-1792)는 18세기 독일의 미학자이자 정원이론가로 당대에 ‘풍경식 정원예술의 아버지’라고 불리었다. 그는 ‘정원예술론’이란 5권의 저작에서 정원이론을 집대성하였고 이는 현재까지도 가장 포괄적인 정원이론서로 여겨진다. 정원역사에서 식물소재, 공간구성요소와 정원유형 등을 다루고 있는 이 이론서는 당대에 유럽에 널리 알려졌고, 이로 인해 영국 풍경식정원을 널리 보급시키는데 크게 이바지하게 된다. 그러나 히르시펠트의 정원론에 관한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 이 논문은 히르시펠트 정원론의 주요 내용을 살펴보고 현대적 관점에서의 주요 쟁점을 해석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 히르시펠트 정원이론은 18세기 독일 계몽주의와 낭만주의가 교차하는 지점에 태동되었고, 자연이 지닌 정신적 가치를 중시하는 독일문화의 산물이기도 했다. 당대 독서문화가 활성화되고 기행문학이 유행하게 된 사회 현상이 정원이론서가 소비될 수 있었던 배경이 되기도 했다. 오늘날 관점에서 히르시펠트 정원론이 기여한 바와 이를 재해석할 수 있는 쟁점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정원예술의 위상을 높이는데 크게 기여했다는 점이다. 둘째, 히르시펠트는 정원예술은 자연의 모방이라는 전제 아래 자연의 원형 경관과 고안된 정원과의 관계를 규명하였으며, 정원은 자연의 아름다움을 최대한 표현하고 끌어낼때 진정한 예술적 가치를 지닐 수 있다고 주창하였다. 셋째, 히르시펠트는 특정 정원의 인상과 관념이 연합하여 화학적 작용을 일으킨다는 점을 강조하였다. 특정 감정을 불러일으키는 공간을 그는 유쾌하고 쾌활한 축제와 같은 정원, 온화하고 멜랑코리한 정원, 낭만적인 정원, 장엄한 정원 등으로 구분하였다. 넷째, 그는 정원에서의 움직임이 감정을 불러일으키는 중요한 국면임을 강조하였다. 움직임이 중시되는 풍경식정원에서 풍경화식 재현방식이 적절한 방식으로 활용되었다. 다섯째로는 정원은 단지물리적 공간이 아닌 정신이 구현된 장소임을 환기시켰고, 나아가 삶의 은유로서 윤리적 정원을 실천해야 한다고 주창하였다. 히르시펠트의 정원론은 18세기에 저술된 이론적 저작으로 현재적 시점에서의 구체적인 실천적 함의가 부족하다는 비판적 시각이 있다. 하지만 그는 공공 정원에 대한 논의를 통하여 19세기 도시공원운동의 단초를 제공하였다. 정원예술의 위상제고, 지역성의 강조, 실천이념으로 중재 개념이 그의 이론에서 우리가 주목해야 할 지점이다. 무엇보다도 정원문화가 새롭게 부각되는 오늘날 인문학적 조경론의 가능성을 제시했다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다. Christian Cay Lorenz Hirschfeld is often regarded as ‘a father of landscape garden art.’ He was an aesthetics professor and garden theoretician in the 18th century. He put forth the most comprehensive garden theory book in five volumes between 1779 and 1785. His book, Theorie der Gartenkunst, was translated and widely circulated in his contemporary. The book, which dealt with diverse aspects of garden art such as history, design, material, and type, urged to promote the prevalence of landscape garden in European continents as well as in Germany. However, there have scarcely been discourses in the Hirschfeld’s garden theory. This essay aims to review Hirschfeld’s garden thoughts in his book critically and to reinterpret some issues in the contemporary landscape theory and practice. Hirschfeldian theory was the product of 18th century German Enlightenment and romanticism. At that time, Nature was regarded as divine realm. There was a German affinity with natural world. The spread of reading culture and the fashion of travel literature were another background of the success of his garden literature. Several issues in Hirschfeld garden theory will discussed here. First, privileging garden art was the most significant contribution in his theory. He emphasized that garden art was the most advanced art form among all art genres. Second, garden art was grounded on the mimesis of nature. The ambiguous relationship between nature and art still existed in garden making. However, garden art can be flourished when utilizing the potency of nature in itself. Third, there was the association between the image and the idea in experiencing the garden. Some garden scenes stimulated the related emotional responses such as cheerful and merry, softly melancholic, romantic, solemn etc. Fourth, the movement was the essential aspect of garden art. Motion and emotion are come together in garden experience. To represent the landscape garden style in suitable way, the sketch or image seems to be preferable than the plans and views. Finally, garden art was composing of not only the physical space but also the spirit of place. He maintained the garden art as hortus moralis should be a social metaphor. Hirschfeldian garden theory has often been criticized as the lack of practical power and the old fashioned idea. However, his theory influenced on formulating the idea of public park in 19th century. Moreover, there are still some visionary aspects of his theory such as the reevaluation of garden art, the emphasis of locality and the introduction of Mittelweg idea. Recently, gardening culture are prevalent in various realms of art and life. Hirschfeld’s garden theory as humanistic landscape theory can provide us some insights in the contemporary practices.

헤르만 F. 폰 퓌클러-무스카우(Hermann Furst von Puckler-Muskau)의 풍경식 정원론의 형성과정과 의미에 관한 연구

조경진 ( Kyung Jin Zoh ) 한국전통조경학회(구 한국정원학회) 2014 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.32 No.3

헤르만 F. 퓌클러-무스카우는 1834년 ‘풍경식 정원의 예시’라는 정원이론서를 출간하고, 무스카우와 브라니츠 정원을 조성한 독일 정원사의 중요한 인물이다. 그는 무스카우 공국의 통치자였으며 작가이자 정원사로서 다면적 활동을 하였다. 그가 영향력을 끼친 독일의 풍경식 정원은 이성으로부터의 해방, 인간 본연의 자유를 추구하는 낭만주의에 기반하고 있다. 당시 지식인들이 풍경식 정원에 관심을 가지게 것은 이상화된 자연을 표상하는 정원의 문화적 의미에서였다. 본 연구에서는 퓌클러-무스카우의 풍경식 정원관의 형성과정을 생애와의 관계 속에서 고찰하고, 이를 통하여 도출된 퓌클러의 풍경식 정원론의 내용과 고유한 설계방식을 살펴본다. 이와 함께 함축하고 있는 혁신성과 현대적 관점에서의 실천적 함의를 고찰한다. 퓌클러가 풍경식 정원에 관심을 갖고 자신만의 정원론을 구축하게 된 것은 여러 나라의 경관과 정원 기행에서 비롯하였다. 계몽적 낭만주의로 대표되는 퓌클러가 살았던 시기의 시대적 배경과 그의 개인적 경험 간의 상호관계는 그의 정원론을 이해하는 기반이 된다. 첫째, 그의 풍경식 정원론은 실제와 이상이 혼재되어 있는데 이는 낭만주의와 문학적 정원의 영향이라고 볼 수 있다. 둘째, 정원 구현 방식에 있어서는 18세기 후반의 표현을 중시하는 영국 풍경식 정원의 영향을 받고 있다. 셋째, 퓌클러의 정원 설계에서는 그의 내면적 성향과 개인 경험이 드러난다. 넷째, 퓌클러가 지역 주민을 위한 정원을 조성하고자한 것은 진보적 사상을 지닌 귀족으로서 모순적 성격의 자기표현이라고 할 수 있다. 퓌클러 풍경식 정원론의 가치는 인문학적 정원의 전통과 사회 조건의 개선을 추구하는 실용적 태도와 깊이 관련된다. 이러한 결과로 나타난 그의 풍경식 정원론은 이상적 공동체와 윤리적인 건강성을 지향하는 경관론이면서, 지역의 생태적, 경제적, 사회적 지속가능성을 고려한 전략을 담고 있다. 또한 개인적 영역에서 공공의 영역에 이르기까지 정원의 개념과 의미를 확장하고, 실용과 미를 동시에 추구하는 종합예술을 지향한다. 이러한 통합적 관점은 오늘날 현대 조경이론과 실천에서 회복되어야 할 가치이며 지향점이기도 하다. Herman Furst Puckler-Muskau is one of important figures in German landscape architecture who designed both Muskau Park and Branitz Park and published garden book Andeutungen uber Landschaftgartenerei (Hints on Landscape Gardening) in 1834. He was a German nobleman who governed Muskau estates while working as both a writer and a landscape gardener. German landscape gardening was grounded on Romanticism, which was represented in diverse ways such as the reconciliation between man and nature, the liberation of reason, and the pursuit of liberty. The intellectuals came to have an interest on landscape gardening since the garden carried the cultural connotation such as the idealized epitome of nature. This study is to investigate how his idea of landscape gardening had been developed through his personal life and social background and to find out his landscape gardening theory and its unique gardening techniques. Finally, the inventive aspect of his garden theory and contemporary significances in practices were discussed. Pucklers’ personal experience and social background provide us to understand the idea of garden. First, there was a mixture between reality and fantasy in his garden theory. It was due to the influence of Romanticism and literary garden. Second, his gardening mentality and technique were influenced by the late 18th century English garden practices, which emphasized the expressive aspects. Third, Pucklers’ inner disposition and personal experience were represented in his garden design. Fourth, the intention of creating landscape garden for the local people might be a self realization of his contradictory characters between falling nobleman and liberal social leader. The significant value of Puckler’s garden idea might be closely related in the dual nature of humanistic garden tradition and garden practice for social agenda. Therefore, his garden idea pursued of the comprehensive landscape strategies toward ideal communities and ethical spirits while concerning ecological, social, economic sustainable development of the region. Furthermore, his landscape gardening aims at the total landscape encompassing garden to region as well as the Gesamtkunst combing the beautiful with the useful. Puckler‘s holistic attitude gives us fresh insights and new directions to contemporary landscape theory and practice.

우량 조경수 생산과 조경산업을 발전시킨 모범조경

한국조경수협회,Korea Landscape Architecture Tree Association 한국조경수협회 2007 造景樹 Vol.97 No.-

"지방화시대의 도시 정체성 회복과 조경의 과제"

한국조경학회 한국조경학회 1996 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.24 No.1

단신

한국조경수협회,Korea Landscape Architecture Tree Association 한국조경수협회 2005 造景樹 Vol.89 No.-

조경설계에 있어서 전통정원의 현대적 재현의 특성 -파리 서울공원 현상공모 출품작을 중심으로-

조경진,김정호 한국조경학회 2001 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.28 No.6

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the 6 entry plans of Seoul Park in Paris were representing the tradition by comparing and reviewing them. Entry plans proposed for Seoul Park revealed different approaches of representing traditional gardens. Through scrutinizing these plans, some similar and different aspects among them could be found out. In order to find out those aspects, the entry plans were analysed and compared into several categories such as design concepts, programs and spatial components. The main concern for analysing the entry plans focused on the issue of are presentation. Representing a Korean garden into Seoul Park depends on the manner of a representation, their objets and media. Objects are related to the contents. The contents can have various themes, events, places beyond the garedn. Meids is related to represent Korean tradition with what implement. The manner of a representation can be divided into three types; a direct representation, an abstract(metaphoric) representation and a destructive representation. We found the characteristics through analysing the entry plans that 1) Korean terrain, Korean thoughts, narrative promenade, past/present/Korea/Seoul, story telling through the Korea traditional fence were used as design concepts. 2) Traditional elements such as a traditional pavilion, fence, madang, hwagye, gate were generally chosen as essential elements for representing the Korean tradition. 3) Direct representations were ore broadly used than abstract and destructive representation as the manner of a representation. and 4) The entry plans show us a variety of possibilities of representing traditional gardens. Abstract and destructive representations of tradition can be found out in th several plans compared with other existing ocean gardens made in foreign countries. In establishing urban parks and ordinary landscapes, those strategies can be alternatives to represent the identity of Korea by reconciling tradition with invention.

모범농장탐방 및 워크숍 - 2013년 조경수생산 모범농장 견학 및 워크샵 개최

한국조경수협회 한국조경수협회 2013 造景樹 Vol.135 No.-

조경수목 산책-소나무

한국조경수협회,Im, Gyeong-Bin 한국조경수협회 2002 造景樹 Vol.71 No.11

보르비콩트 정원의 시각적 경관 특성에 관한 연구

이동화,이규목,조경진 한국전통조경학회 2005 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.영문 No.3

Social Construction of Place Representation and Place Identity Process in Hyochang Park

한소영,김용국,조경진 한국전통조경학회 2011 한국전통조경학회지 Vol.9 No.-

In the process of experiencing modernization, Japanese occupation and national liberation during the short period, political inclinations of the power elite was represented in (re)creating urban parks. Depending on time strongly intervened, it directly or indirectly influenced the physical structures and non-physical contents of the parks. Such a situation did not stay in the process in itself, but it took an important role in the formation of collective memories for the general public about places being made through place representation. In addition, the place identity with such collective memories of the general public are socially constructed. This study focused on Hyochang Park which has been endlessly changing according to evolution of the power elite with symbolism among the nation's urban parks in order to look into the process of social construction of place identity. The history of Hyochang Park can be divided into three stages. One is the period of Japanese occupation of the nation. The second is the period from liberation from Japan to the 1980s, in which the sanctifying process of the park began literally. The last period is from the 1980s to the present. We will look into how the place identity was formed in each era and what kinds of place identity coexisted together, and what reasons for that were examined. Historically, the processes of Hyochang Park's transformation was related with the social landscape rather than ecological ones. It have closely been associated with urgent social issues. Regarding physical changes, the roles of the power elite were especially critical in making of the park. Before the nation was occupied by Japan, Hyochang Park was Hyochang Tomb. During the Japanese occupation, Japanese Empire built the park to dissolve the place symbol of the site and attempted to integrate the modern image with the existing site. After the nation was liberated from Japanese colonialism, patriotic martyrs were buried in this place to erase the traces of the Japanese occupation. Since then, many statues and monuments were added to disintegrate the traces of the power while converting the park with images of Hyochang Park as a resting place. Hyochang Park was strongly affected by the power elite's political ideology. However, in recent times, it has been influenced by citizens' demands and social and cultural trends as larger factors of changing environment. The government attempted to present traditional images through the sanctifying process, but most of them couldn't be fully realized. It means that people's awareness and potential power in the civil society was increased to resist against the deep-rooted top-down park policy. This means that the original nature of the urban park has been sustained since Japanese occupation. However, people came to be active participants by intervening the meaning of the place rather than staying as passive spectators.