고등식물의 엽록체 형질전환: 원핵생물과 진맥생물의 조우

정화지,서영배,정원중,민성란,유장렬,Chung, Hwa-Jee,Suh, Young-Bae,Jeong, Won-Joong,Min, Sung-Ran,Liu, Jang-R. 한국식물생명공학회 2006 식물생명공학회지 Vol.33 No.3

엽록체는 숙주세포에 잡아먹힌 (식균작용) 남세균이 숙주세포와 공생관계를 형성하여 온 것으로 간주된다. 엽록체 게놈은 정적이라고 이해하고 있지만 형질전환을 통하여 상동염기가 도입되면 이와는 반대로 intramolecular homologous recombination에 의해 subgenomic circle을 만드는 등 매우 다이나믹하다는 것이 최근에 증명되고 있다. 고등식물의 엽록체 형질전환은 핵 형질전환에서 기대할 수 없는 여러 이점을 제공한다. 예컨대, transgene의 발현율을 높일 수 있고, transgene들을 polycistronic하게 발현할 수 있으며, 도입된 transgene이 모계유전을 하게 된다는 것 등이다. 담배는 엽록체 형질전환의 모델 식물로 사용되어 왔으나 최근에는 벼, 대두, 면화 등 다른 주요 작물의 형질전환도 가능하게 되었다. 엽록체 형질전환된 작물은 미생물을 이용하여 고부가가치 단백질을 생산하는 생물반응기를 향후 대체할 수 있게 될 것이다. Chloroplasts are believed to be descended from certain cyanobacteria, which were taken up by phagocytosis into a host cell and lived there in a symbiotic relationship. In contrast to the current static concept on the chloroplast genome, its dynamism has been recently demonstrated: the chloroplast genome is active in intramolecular homolgous recombination, producing subgenomic circles when it obtains homolgous sequences via genetic transformation. Chloroplast tranformation in higher plants provides many advantages over nuclear transformation that include higher expression levels of transgenes, polycistronic expression of transgenes, and maternal transmission of transgenes. Tobacco has been used as a model for chloroplast genetic transformation. However, it is recently possible to transform the chloroplasts of other major food and economic crops including rice, soybean, and cotton. Chloroplast-transformed crops will be able to replace bioreactors using microorganisms for production of value-added proteins in future.

해외자원 오일팜 산업 부산물을 활용한 바이오에탄올 전환 기술

정화지 한국생물공학회 2013 BT NEWS Vol.20 No.2

스토리 인 사학 : 순수 민족자본으로 설립된 111년 역사의 명문

정화학원,정화여자상업고등학교 대한사립학교장회(구 대한사립중고등학교장회) 2019 私學 Vol.155 No.-

양상추만 바삭바삭 외

정화진(鄭華鎭) 새얼문화재단 2017 황해문화 Vol.97 No.-

Pendant Phenyl 구조를 함유하는 가용성 복소오원환계 Polyazomethine의 합성과 성질

정화진 한국섬유공학회 1999 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.36 No.2

New aromatic polyazomethines were synthesized from two tetraphenylated heterocyclic diamines, 3,4-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,5-diphenylpyrrole (DATPP), and 3,4-bis(4-aminophenyl)-2,5-diphenylthiophene (DATPT) with two aromatic dialdehydes, isophthalaldehyde (IPA), and terephthalaldehyde (TPA) by solution polycondensation in o-chlorophenol at room temperature. In addition, DATPP-based copolyazomethines were prepared by reacting the diamine with a combination of IPA and TPA. These polymers had inherent viscosities in the range of 0.32~0.62 dL/g and showed amorphous patterns in X-ray diffraction studies. The polyazomethines derived from IPA and the copolyazomethines with TPA containing less than 50 mol% were fairly soluble in various organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, o-chlorophenol, and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), all the polymers did not lose weight below 41$0^{\circ}C$ in air and nitrogen, and their 5% weight loss temperature in air and nitrogen were in the range of 445~485$^{\circ}C$ and 490~52$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry curves also revealed decomposition behaviors similar to those observed in TGA analysis with no transition below the decomposition temperatures.

청주대학교 운초 국악학의 재조명

정화자 한국국악학회 2001 한국음악연구 Vol.30 No.-

It has been ten years since Prof. Sa-hoon Chang (Un-Cho) passed away. Therefore, it is time to think about how much we have succeeded in developing his academic works and spreading his love of Korean music. Prof. Chang worked in Chongju University for ten years (March 1982- September 1991) before his death. During that time, he founded the Department of Korean Music and taught students with all his heart. Lots of critics regard these ten years as the time of most Un-Cho's meaningful contribution to Korean Music. Therefore it is very important not only to analyse the academic tendency of Korean Music pre-and post- 1982, but also to review the academic courses in the Department of Korean Music. It is also important to examine the "Museum of Korean Music" at Chongju University to determine if it is a good representation of Un-Cho's Korean Music.

$LiNbO_3$단결정 성장 및 온도에 따른 압전 특성 평가

정화구,김병국,강길영,윤종규 한국결정성장학회 1996 韓國結晶成長學會誌 Vol.6 No.2

Growth of $LiNbO_3$ single crystal by Czochralski method was carried out to study the piezoelectric effects. Piezoelectric coefficients and elastic compliances of the $LiNbO_3$ single crystal were determined by the resonance method of length-extentional mode of bar resonator from the room temperature up to $100^{\circ}C$. Two dielectric constants of $LiNbO_3$ were also determined by measuring the capacitance of the plate specimen. Measured constants were piezoelectric coefficients $d_{15},d_{22},d_{31},d_{33}$ elastic compliances $s^E_{11},s^E_{33},2s^E_{13}+2s^E_{44},s^E_{14}$ and dielectric constants $K^T_{11},K^T_{33}$. As temperature increased, elastic compliances changed very slowly while piezoelectric coeffiecients and dielectric constant $K^T_{33}$ changed very rapidly. Electromechanical coupling constant of zyw ($45^{\circ}C$)-bar was as high as 0.51 in room temperature and nearly constant up to $1000^{\circ}C$. The increase of piezoelectric coefficients was mainly due to the increase of dielectric permittivity.

의료환경에서의 인간공학적 방법 및 기술 적용

정화식,정인주 대한인간공학회 2008 대한인간공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

In the conduct of activities of daily work, human beings will do other than what is absolutely correct. These sorts of incorrect actions or inactions can align with other circumstances to result in an adverse outcome called an “accident.” Good design can help to trap failures so that the end result isn’t a bad outcome. Ergonomics and Human factors engineering(HFE) is about designing systems for the very human people who will use them, with the aim that they will achieve the intended outcomes. Those outcomes obviously should not be adverse outcomes. Ultimately, the solutions that HFE offers must come from deeper changes in the way health care processes and technologies are designed from the outset. Failure mode and effects analysis(FMEA) and sociotechnical systems analysis(STSA) should be required for all new medical care processes or significant changes in existing processes. Everyone involved in the design, implementation, management, or direct use of systems and technologies should be educated about the importance of HFE. Manufacturers should incorporate sound HFE principles into their engineering design processes. Standards and regulations should explicitly require evidence of application of HFE processes.

연명의료결정에 있어서 사전의료지시에 관한 연구

정화성 중앙대학교 법학연구원 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트법연구소 2022 문화.미디어.엔터테인먼트 법 Vol.16 No.2

Humans exercise their right to make their own decisions and act accordingly on matters related to their lives in various areas such as life, freedom, and property, which the state guarantees as a law. In this sense, the Life-sustaining Treatment Decision Act institutionalizes the life-sustaining treatment decision of patients on their deathbed so that all citizens can respect the patient's self-determination, guarantee the patient's dignity and value, and finish their lives comfortably. In particular, the patient's right to self-determination is the right to make self-determination without interference from others, and the patient's right to self-determination is the patient's right widely recognized in most medical practices. These patients' right to self-determination is recognized as an important criterion for life-sustaining treatment decisions, and advance directives are the best system to protect patients' right to self-determination. On the other hand, the principle of respecting autonomy should be respected in advance directives, and since it is an important way to confirm the patient's intention, the legal basis for "informed consent" should be prepared and guaranteed. However, advance directives exist in various types, and there is a limit to the method of confirming the patient's intention, so advance directives that meet the procedures and requirements for life-sustaining treatment decisions should be supplemented with a system suitable for reality. 인간은 생명, 자유, 재산 등 다양한 영역에서 자신의 인생과 관련된 문제들에 관하여 스스로 결정하고 그에 따라 행동할 권리를 행사하고, 이는 국가가 법으로써 보장하고 있다. 이러한 의미에서 「연명의료결정법」은 환자의 자기결정을 존중하고 환자의 존엄과 가치를 보장함과 동시에 국민 모두가 인간적인 품위를 지키며 편안하게 삶을 마무리할 수 있도록 임종과정에 있는 환자의 연명의료결정을 제도화한 것이다. 특히, 환자가 다른 사람으로부터 간섭을 받지 아니하며, 스스로 결정할 수 있는 권리가 자기결정권이며, 환자의 자기결정권은 대부분의 의료행위에서 폭넓게 인정되는 환자의 권리이다. 이러한 환자의 자기결정권이 연명의료결정의 중요한 판단기준으로 인정되고 있으며, 이에 사전의료지시는 환자의 자기결정권을 보호할 수 있는 가장 좋은 제도이다. 한편, 사전의료지시는 자율성 존중의 원리가 존중되어야 하며, 환자의 의사를 확인할 수 있는 중요한 방법이기 때문에 ‘충분한 설명을 듣고 난 후의 동의’의 법적 근거를 마련하여 이를 보장하여야 한다. 하지만, 사전의료지시는 다양한 유형으로 존재하면서, 환자의 의사를 확인하는 방식에 한계가 있어 ‘환자의 최선의 이익’을 위해 연명의료결정에 관한 절차와 요건에 맞는 사전의료지시를 현실에 적합한 제도로 보완하여야 한다.

2P-201 Development of Conductive Polycaprolactone (PCL)-resin coated with polypyrrole (Ppy) and Graphene for 3D-printing application

정화용,김연웅,김용렬,정현택 한국공업화학회 2017 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2017 No.1

그래핀과 전도성고분자와 같은 나노 재료들은 높은 전기전도성과 전하 이동도의 특성 등으로 향후 여러 가지 분야에 응용 가능성이 높은 전자 소재로 알려져 있다. 그래핀과 전도성고분자를 균일하게 분산·유지시킨 고농도 용액 및 페이스트 등의 제조를 통해 웨어러블 기기 및 차세대 유연(flexible) 전기전자·에너지 소자 적용을 위한 3D 프린팅 및 인쇄전자공정에 접목이 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 따라서, 본 연구는 생분해성 고분자인 Polycaprolactone(PCL)을 기반으로 하여 3-D printing이 가능한 전도성 소재를 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 먼저 PCL을 전도성 3-D printing 소재로 이용하기 위하여 전도성 고분자 polypyrrole (Ppy)을 PCL과의 복합화를 통하여 전기 전도성을 부여 하였으며, PCL/Ppy 복합재료에 graphene 도입함으로써 전기 전도성이 더욱 향상된 3-D printing 소재를 개발하였다. PCL/Ppy/graphene 전도성 복합재료는 여러 가지 분석을 통하여 그 특성을 관찰 하였으며, 특히 4-point-probe 를 이용하여 제조된 복합재료의 전기 전도도를 측정하였으며, 전자주사현미경을 통하여 복합재료의 형상을 관찰하여 보았다.