방위사 上과 里의 사용에 작동하는 중국인의 인식 비교

정현애 한국중국학회 2022 중국학보 Vol.100 No.-

As one of the tools in Chinese language to satisfy the place feature required by a syntactic structure, a localizer is a key learning element which Korean learners should be mindful of. Of the localizers, 上(shang) and 里 (li) have been causing leaners' confusion for they have their own mutual sharing usages which would distinguish them from other localizers, and that is what has made them the object of interest even to researchers. As far as the existing research results are concerned, what usages the two localizers would share is the main topic of summaries. Despite 上(shang) is generally combined with flat-shaped reference while 里(li) usually works with 'bowl'-shaped references, they possibly get compatible when 里(li) is combined with two-dimensional zone-shaped references of distinct boundaries. Multiple studies have been pointing the idea out, but no empirical research has been carried out which would discuss if users actually treat the two localizers at an equal ratio or if users tend to go for a certain localizer of the two. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze examples of corpus references, and confirmed how 广场 the popular two-dimensional reference object and 手 the other reference object would be combined with the localizers. The findings reported that Chinese speakers mainly use the localizer 上(shang) when a space presents a present impression of an event occurrence and/or when a space works on an effect in contrast with other subjects. It was learned that 里 (li) is often taken when speakers purposedly try to separate the inside from the outside which have occurred by boundaries. Of the two, the usage of 上(shang) is demonstrated based on the unique basic property which is to stir up a reference object itself in the head, and on that note, this study is anticipated to be a significant beginning to explain a wider application of 上(shang). 중국어에서 방위사는 통사구조가 요구하는 처소성을 충족시키기 위한 장치 가운데 하나로서 한국인 학습자가 주의해야 하는 학습 포인트이다. 그 가운데에서도 上과 里는 다른 방위사들과 달리 서로 공유하는 용법이 있어 학습자의 혼란을 야기하고 연구자들에게도 주요 관심 대상이 되고 있다. 기존의 연구 결과는 두 방위사가 어떤 용법을 공유하는지에 대한 개괄이 주를 이룬다. 평면 형태의 참조물과 주로 결합하는 上, ‘그릇’ 형태의 참조물과 주로 결합하는 里이지만 분명한 경계선을 갖는 2D의 구역 형태의 참조물과 결합할 때 호환 가능해진다. 많은 연구들이 이 부분을 지적하지만 과연 사용자들은 두 방위사를 비슷한 비율로 동등하게 대하는지, 아니면 특정 방위사를 선택하는 경향이 있는지를 밝힌 실증적인 연구는 진행되지 않았다. 이에, 본고에서는 말뭉치 자료의 실례를 분석하기로 하고 대표적인 2D 형태의 참조물 广场, 기타 참조물 手와 방위사의 결합 양상을 확인해 보았다. 분석한 결과, 중국어 화자들은 공간이 사건(event) 발생의 현장성을 나타낼 때, 다른 대상과 대비되는 효과를 나타낼 때 방위사 上을 주로 사용했다. 里는 경계선을 통해 생긴 안팎을 구분하려는 의도일 때 주로 사용되었다. 이 중에서 上의 용법은 머릿속에서 참조물 자체를 환기시키는 방위사 上의 특수한 기본 속성을 바탕으로 발휘되는 것이어서 上의 확장의미를 설명하는 데 중요한 단초가 될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Nomogram to Predict Treatment Outcome of Fluoropyrimidine/ Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

정현애,Antoine Adenis,이지연,박세훈,맹치훈,박실비아,안희경,심영목,Nicolas Penel,임영혁 대한암학회 2013 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.45 No.4

Purpose The degree of benefit from palliative chemotherapy differs widely among patients with metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (MESCC). The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a prognostic nomogram to predict survival and aid physicians and patients in the decision-making process regarding treatment options. Materials and Methods Clinicopathologic variables and treatment outcomes of 239 patients who were diagnosed with MESCC and received either fluorouracil/cisplatin (FP) or capecitabine/cisplatin (XP) as first-line chemotherapy were reviewed. A nomogram was developed as a prognostic scoring system incorporating significant clinical and laboratory variables based on a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. An independent series of 61 MESCC patients treated with FP served as an independent data set for nomogram validation. Results No difference in response rate was observed between the FP group (44.8%) and the XP group (54.2%). Similarly, no significant differences in median progression-free survival and median overall survival were observed between regimen groups. Multivariate analysis showed that poor performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] status≥2), weight loss (10% of the weight loss for 3 months), low albumin level (≤3.5 g/dL), and absence of previous esophagectomy at the time of chemotherapy were significantly associated with low OS in both groups (p<0.05). Based on these findings, patients were classified into favorable (score, 0 to 90),intermediate (91-134), and poor (>135) prognostic groups. The median survival for those with a favorable ECOG was 13.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.8 to 18.6 months), for intermediate 11.2 months (95% CI, 8.7 to 11.9 months), and for poor, 7.0 months (95% CI, 3.6 to 10.0 months). External validation of the nomogram in a different patient cohort yielded significantly similar findings. Conclusion The nomogram described here predicts survival in MESCC patients and could serve as a guide for the use of FP/XP chemotherapy in MESCC patients.

"X시(是)" 접속사 형태소 "시(是)"의 연원

정현애 한국중국언어학회(The Chinese Linguistic Society Of Korea) 2008 중국언어연구 Vol.26 No.-

‘是~的’ 구문의 실제와 재인식

정현애(??愛) 한국중국어교육학회 2008 중국어교육과연구 Vol.0 No.8

현대중국어 방위사 上과 한국어의 대응양상 대조

정현애 중국어문연구회 2018 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.90

Localizers mean the words which show directions or locations. Chinese specializes non-spatial words by using localizers when they indicate the meanings of space. The representative localizer used at this time is ‘shang (上)’. On the other hand, there are the cases that the words which indicate the meanings of locations are not the essential elements of the construction of the sentences in Korean. ‘wi (위)’ is one of them. Learners of the two languages have frequently made the mistake of using the localizer ‘shang (上)’ and ‘wi (위)’ in the processes of learning the foreign languages because of the characteristics of native languages. ‘Wi’ of the Korean word which is often omitted in the process to be translated into Chinese because it is not the essential syntactic element was required to be compared with ‘shang (上)’ of Chinese which is difficult to find the one-to-one relationship with it except the meaning of specific locations because it is combined with various reference objects and the rules were needed to be found. The basic meaning of the X shang form indicates specific locations. The meaning of this form was changed to indicate abstract properties. In the process to be changed, metonymy was found to act as the mechanism. On the one hand, all the cases that ‘X wi’ was created in the Korean form which responds to Chinese ‘X shang’ intended to indicate a high position on the basis of reference objects of ‘the top and bottom structure’. And in other cases, it could optionally be omitted or the possibility of being use itself is excluded. The cases which represent the figurative top and bottom structure without indicating actual locations can be interpreted into expanding the meaning by metaphor.

Changes in the Mean Corpuscular Volume after Capecitabine Treatment are Associated with Clinical Response and Survival in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer

정현애,김현준,맹치훈,박세훈,이지연,박준오,박영석,임호영,강원기 대한암학회 2015 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.47 No.1

Purpose Capecitabine is known to increase mean corpuscular volume (MCV). To define the incidenceof capecitabine-induced macrocytosis and its association with chemotherapy outcomes,we investigated data of 89 patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) who were enrolledin a randomized chemotherapy trial involving capecitabine. Materials and MethodsChemotherapy-naïve AGC patients were treated with capecitabine (1,000 mg/m2/day ondays 1-14) plus cisplatin (75 mg/m2 on day 1), with or without epirubicin (50 mg/m2 on day1). Complete blood counts including MCV were measured at baseline and on day 1 of each3-week chemotherapy course. Macrocytosis was defined as a MCV increase > 10 fL frombaseline. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used for analysis of the impactof clinical and MCV values on chemotherapy outcomes. ResultsAt baseline, the mean MCV was 88.2 fL (normal range, 80 to 100 fL). During chemotherapy,MCV increased in a dose-dependent manner with a mean increase of 11.3 fL. MCV elevationafter capecitabine treatment in 74 patients (90%) and 44 patients (42%) developed macrocytosis. Results of multivariate analysis showed that development of macrocytosis wasindependent of baseline hemoglobin level, liver metastasis, performance status, or liverfunction. The number of chemotherapy cycles showed strong association with developmentof macrocytosis and hematologic adverse events. In addition, a significant association wasobserved between macrocytosis and clinical response or survival. ConclusionMacrocytosis developed with more frequent and prolonged use of capecitabine. It is possiblethat association with treatment outcomes warrants further investigation.

현대중국어 방위사 上의 의미기능 고찰

정현애 담화·인지언어학회 2022 담화와 인지 Vol.29 No.4

The study examined the semantic funtion of a localizer Shang in modern Chinese. Because the existing research results are not convincing enough as it is unable to explain the connection between the several expanded meanings and the basic meaning of the localizer Shang, it tried an observation from a new viewpoint. The new viewpoint was to try back tracking, not following an expanded path in the basic meaning like the existing method. It found a connecting link to X-Shang in that the dynamics is displayed like 电视上, 电脑上 to find a correlation with X-Shang which shows time-spatiality like 在饭桌上, 在婚礼上 and the metonymy phenomena which functioned in the process. In the result which traced a clue to enable metonymy, the localizer Shang functioned as making the reference object X itself clear in the area where events take place being free of the forms of the reference object of 'the flat surface' and the thesis organized this as the semantic function of the localizer Shang. It was noted that by additionally applying the newly defined meaning to the structure of X-shang, that Shang consistently functions in the structure of X-Shang which is combined with various forms of reference objects.

전자정부 구현을 위한 전자문서관리시스템(EDMS)에 관한 연구 : 대전·충남지역 지방자치단체의 전자문서 유통과 관리 실태분석을 중심으로 An Empirical Analysis on the Electronic Document Exchange and Management Practices in the Local Authorities of Daejeon·Chungnam Area

정현애 大田大學校 社會科學硏究所 2004 社會科學論文集 Vol.22 No.2

우리나라의 행정기관은 전자정보화로 인해 행정업무를 뒷받침할 전자적 업무처리 및 관리시스템을 운영하고 있으나 전자적 업무시스템자체의 한계와 함께 이를 직접 활용하고 있는 행정실무 공무원들의 정보활용기반과 활용능력의 취약, 전자문서의 유통 및 관리 불편 등으로 하여 전자정보화 시스템의 투자가 행정생산성 및 국민편리성 제공으로 원활하게 연계되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 상황에서 전자적 업무처리의 전자문서유통 및 관리시스템을 분석하고, 전자적 업무처리에 대한 고찰을 통하여 운영 및 관리의 문제점을 진단하여 보다 나은 전자적 업무처리의 활성화방안을 모색하는 것은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 그리하여 본 연구는 행정업무영역의 실사용자인 공무원을 대상으로 현재의 대한민국 전자정부구현 및 전자문서관리시스템(EDMS)부분의 미진한 기능 및 사용자 편의성을 찾아보고 이 부분을 집중적으로 연구·분석하여 대전·충남 지방자치단체의 전자적 업무처리 활성화 방안을 모색하였다. e-Government is a kernel subject that response to the paradigm change of new country operation on 21th century knowledge information society and secures country competitive power. This is the most important practical means that e-Government can provide service of good quality to people and enterprise that is customer. And at the same time, it plays essential roles in governmental productivity and efficiency rising through small but efficient government. In spites of our country is evaluated to the country that take the shape of e-Government than the other country, the efficiency of administration is getting a lot of criticisms that is not improved greatly. The major cause of these criticisms is that the propulsion of our e-Government construction process is not associated with administrative reform. In present, our administration put in practices the electronic business processing and executive system that support the administration duty of electron information. But, owing to the limitations of electronic business system itself, unskilled of practical use ability of government employees, and inconvenience of circulation and management of electronic documents, the investment of electron information system is not associated smoothly to administration productivity and convenience offer to peoples. In these circumstance, it is very important to grope activation plan of better electronic business processing following to analyze circulation and control system of electronic documents, diagnose problems of operation and management through investigation about electronic business processing. This study investigated the previously discussions which connected with electronic business processing of administration inside, examined laying stress on electronic business processing system, the practical use conditions of electronic document management system(EDMS) in Daejeon metropolitans and municipalizations, and analysis to the problems about electronic business processing and improvement plan.

현대중국어 동사중첩형식의 문법의미 고찰

정현애 단국대학교 동양학연구원 2016 東洋學 Vol.64 No.-

Reduplication is a universal phenomenon commonly found in lots of languages of the world. In Chinese, also, reduplication is a phenomenon that occurs widely in various part of speech, particularly, reduplication of verb is a linguistic phenomenon where many researchers have paid attention. There are hundreds of theses on grammatical meaning of verb reduplication, however relatively influential opinion could be summarized as follows. 1. Short time, 2. Attempt, 3. Convenience. However, while explaining by combining various grammatical meanings which have no semantic association in a grammatical form, verb reduplication form, there’s a lacking in explanation. Here, this research extracted example sentences from the existing research data and analyzed them on the whole, and found out a new fact that has not been suggested yet. Reduplication of modern Chinese verb acts to generate movement quantity concept that did not exist in the basic form. This movement quantity indicates proper quantity that the subject could subjectively control, not indicating whether the quantity increased or decreased compared to the basic form. Since the subject could control the action, discretion of the subject is more enhanced in the sentence where verb reduplication was used, on the contrary, verb reduplication could be adopted in the context of exerting discretion of the subject. When defining grammatical meaning of verb reduplication form as ‘to indicate intentional action that is performed as much as the quantity that the doer determines proper in the situation that the subject of action is under control’, it is possible to explain the syntactic limitation that verb reduplication form could not adopt quantity phrase objective, conversion unavailability of 把 phrase and 被 phrase where verb reduplication form was used in the predicate, and the phenomenon that modifier that indicates unintentionality and verb reduplication form could not be written in common, etc. 중첩은 세계의 수많은 언어에서 공통적으로 발견되는 보편적인 현상이다. 중국어에서도 중첩은 여러 품사에 걸쳐 두루 일어나는 현상으로서 특히 동사의 중첩은 많은 연구자들이 주목해왔다. 동사중첩의 문법의미에 대해서는 지금까지 이루어진 수많은 연구를 통해 ‘짧은 시간’, ‘시도’, ‘편안함’ 등으로 설명되고 있다. 하지만, 동사 중첩이라는 한 가지 문법 형식이, 서로 의미적 연관성이 없는 여러 가지 문법의미로 설명된다는 것에 대해 전면적인 수용과 지지를 보내기에는 부족한 부분이 있다. 이에 본고에서는 기존연구 자료에 사용된 동사중첩 형식 예문을 추출하여 면밀히 분석하였고 지금까지와는 조금 다른 새로운 사실을 발견하였다. 현대중국어 동사의 중첩형은 기본형일 때에는 없었던 동작량 개념을 생성하는 작용을 한다. 이 동작량은 기존의 연구에서 말하는 것처럼 기본형일 때에 비해 양이 늘었는지 줄었는지를 표시하는 것이 아니라 주체가 주관적으로 통제할 수 있는 적정량을 나타낸다. 주체가 상황을 통제할 수 있기 때문에 동사 중첩형이 사용된 문장에서 주체의 재량권은 한층 강화되고 역으로 주체의 재량권이 발휘되는 맥락에서 동사 중첩형식을 사용할수 있다. 동사 중첩형식의 의미를 ‘행위자가 상황을 통제하는 가운데’ 행하는 ‘동작의 적정한 양’을 표시하는 것이라고정리할 수 있고, 이는 동사 중첩형식이 수량구 목적어를 취할 수 없는 통사적 제한, 술어에 동사 중첩형이 쓰인 把자문과 被자문의 변환 불가 현상, 비의도성을 나타내는 수식어와 동사중첩형식이 공기할 수 없는 현상 등을 통해 증명된다.

방위사 ‘上’의 의미확장 과정과 기제

정현애 중국어문학연구회 2018 중국어문학논집 Vol.0 No.108

Modern Chinese localizer forms a noun phrase of locality by being attached to a noun, indicating the direction, position, or scope with the word as a reference point. Differently from other localizer which indicate concrete position and direction, ‘Shang(上)’ extends its meaning to a specific situation, space-time, abstract field or scope. An example to explain a specific situation is a combination with a traffic means. Localizer, mainly combined with 3D form object, is ‘Li(里)’, however the proportion of combination between traffic means and localizer ‘Shang(上)’ appeared in overwhelming majority. As the result of investigation, traffic means was mainly combined with ‘Shang(上)’ ‘while transporting’, while mainly with ‘Li(里)’ when it was utilized as ‘bowl’ expressly. Accordingly, ‘Shang(上)’ reminded of a ‘specific situation’ instead of location relation. Semantic leap of ‘indication of a specific situation’ is enabled by the metonymy, rather than the metaphor insisted by the existing researchers. Metonymy is to activate the ‘situation’ of operation of the relevant traffic means in respect of the traffic means combined with ‘Shang(上)’, considering ‘a cognitive phenomenon that B activates A’. Such metonymy can be confirmed with the connection in the use of combination between ‘Shang(上)’ and the devices as TV, computer, etc. The form of ‘在电视上看到’, ‘在电脑上看’ has the premise of the state of ‘power ON’ in common. Meaning extension of ‘Shang(上)’ covers the activation of time-space. ‘在会议上’,‘在课上’,‘在宴会上’ activate time-space that the nouns such as ‘conference’, ‘class’, ‘party’ connote.