국내법원의 국제인권법규 해석 -병역법 위반 사건을 중심으로-

정경수 ( Kyung Soo Jung ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2015 홍익법학 Vol.16 No.1

Treaty becomes a living law by interpretation. International Tribunals as well as Ministry of Foreign Affairs of each and every nation have carried out significant function in treaty interpretation. Furthermore, domestic courts as an institution for treaty interpretation shall not be overlooked. The Supreme Court`s decision in regard to the Military Service Law Infringement Case (henceforth “this case”) could be seen as a practice of treaty interpretation by the domestic court of the Republic of Korea. The issue of the case is whether punishing the conscientious objectors according to the violation of the Article 88(1) of the Military Service Law while not providing a possibility of conscription exemption or an option of alternative service would violate International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (henceforth “the Covenant”) or not. The rule provided as standard of judicial review is the Article 18 of the Covenant, which stipulates the freedom of thoughts, conscience, and religion. The issues the Supreme Court had to face were twofold: First, whether the Article 18 of the Covenant includes the right to conscientious objection to military service or not. Second, whether punishing the conscientious objectors according to the Military Service Law suffices the criteria for limiting the rights enshrined in the Article 18. The Supreme Court has been aware of and has utilized the rules stipulated in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties while reviewing various issues in this case. Nonetheless, the method and the attitude the Supreme Court took in application of the rules provide us room for doubt whether the Supreme Court has understood the rules of treaty interpretation properly. Moreover, the Supreme Court seems to have avoided a direct and in-depth review in regard to the question whether the Military Service Law is in accord with the criteria for limiting the rights enshrined in Article 18 of the Covenant. On one hand, however, considering the interpretation and application of the human rights treaties by the Supreme Court, it could be assessed that the Supreme Court has raised the standard of the interpretation and application of international human rights laws in domestic courts. On the other hand, in order to effectively interpret and apply international human rights laws, there still is a task remaining; Domestic courts should utilize effective and expansive interpretative techniques by considering the object and purpose of human rights treaties.

고문 생존자를 위한 효과적 구제의 규범적 진화

정경수(JUNG, Kyung Soo) 국제법평론회 2021 국제법평론 Vol.- No.58

The right to effective remedy begins in Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and is defined in major international human rights treaties that impose legal obligations on each state party to realize it. The treaties ensure an effective remedy against violations of various human rights available. Therefore, victims have the opportunities for restoring injury arising from human rights violations. Although the general principle of effective remedies was well established from the early formation of the international human rights law, the term “reparation” itself was not universally and generally established, and compensation was a dominant form in providing a remedy. There was no awareness of rehabilitation as a form of reparation. As a result, there was a limit in providing an effective relief appropriate to the characteristics of the injury suffered by torture survivors. The international courts and other human rights mechanisms have primarily approached torture victims remedy by calculating damages suffered by victims into pecuniary compensations.. Newly adopted treaties have specified rehabilitation as a form of reparation to be provided, and affected the interpretation and application of existing treaties on victims redress. Also, non-binding normative documents adopted by UN General Assembly and human rights treaty monitoring bodies have contributed to the elaboration of principles and guidelines on an effective remedy, in particular various forms and contents of reparation including rehabilitation. Such normative evolution has increased the possibility of adequate and effective remedies for full recovery from injuries. The normative evolution in victim relief has evolved to accommodate torture survivors. In particular, the normative foundation and contents on the provision of rehabilitation are prepared and presented to torture survivors. Therefore, the principles and guidelines of an effective relief for torture survivors can be incorporated and realized domestically. Rehabilitation as a way of reparation for torture survivors can be provided through indirect means of awarding damages to be compensated and should be realized by institutionalizing and implementing national systems and programs. The legal incorporation is in the judiciary and its realization depends on the legislature and the administration.

간도협약과 취득시효

정경수(Jung Kyung Soo) 국민대학교 법학연구소 2010 법학논총 Vol.22 No.2

간도협약 체결 100년의 경과가 이 협약의 적법성과는 별개로 이 협약에 근거한 점유가 취득시효라는 권원에 의거하여 간도에 대한 중국의 영유권을 공고화시키거나 확정시킬 수 있는가라는 문제가 제기되고 있다. 이에 이 글은 100년이라는 시간의 경과가 취득시효를 완성시키는지와 그 요건의 충족을 막기 위하여 한국이 별도의 조치, 즉 항의조치를 취해야 하는지를 검토하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 취득시효는 타국 영토의 일부를 시간의 경과에 근거하여 취득하게 되는 것을 말한다. 이러한 취득시효에 의거한 영토적 권원을 획득하기 위해서는 종전 타국 영역에 대한 점유가 영토취득의사를 가져야 할 것, 평화적이고 방해받음이 없이 점유ㆍ지배해야 할 것, 공개적인 점유여야 할 것, 상당 기간 동안 점유해야 할 것이라는 제반 요건을 충족해야 한다. 이러한 전통적인 취득시효의 요건에 비추어, 간도협약 체결 이후 중국에 의한 지배ㆍ점유가 100년을 경과한 것은 간도협약의 적법성과는 별개로 중국이 취득시효에 의거한 영토적 권원을 갖는 것으로 볼 수 있는 형식적 외관을 갖추고 있다. 그러나 영토취득에 관한 제반 판결과 법리 및 간도를 둘러싼 제반 상황은 그러한 주장이 매우 취약함을 알려주고 있다. 취득시효의 시간적 기준의 하나로 제시되는 100년은 '장구한 점유’에 적용될 것이고 당해 사안과 같은 '권원 없는 점유’에 적용될 것은 아니다. 그리고 간도협약 체결 이전의 간도가 중국이 아닌 국가, 특히 당시 조선의 영토였는지에 대한 증거가 없다. 오히려 간도협약 체결 시점과 그 이전 19세기의 간도는 청국과 조선의 경합적 국가활동이 행해지는 영토분쟁지역이었다. 더욱이 취득시효의 원용을 통해 법적 이익을 얻을 수 있는 중국이 자신에게 유리한 다른 권원, 특히 고유영토론 대신 자국의 점유가 법적 권원이 없이 점유한 데서 출발하였다고 주장할 가능성이 희박하다. 위와 같은 이유로 간도협약 체결 후 100년이라는 시간의 경과에 의거하여 중국이 취득시효에 의한 영토적 권원을 확립한다거나 또는 한국이 취득시효의 완성을 막기 위해 항의조치를 취해야 한다는 것은 충분한 타당성을 갖고 있다고 보기 어려울 것이다. The lapse of 100 years after the conclusion of the Kando Agreement has raised the question that the possession based on this Agreement, irrespective of the legality of the Agreement, can consolidate or confirm the Chinese title to Kando by reason of acquisitive prescription. In this respect, this paper aims to examine whether the lapse of 100 years meets the conditions of acquisitive prescription and whether Korea needs to protest in order to hinder it. Acquisitive prescription means the acquisition of some part of other country's territory by reason of the lapse of time. To acquire territorial title in this way, there are conditions to meet as follows: there must be an intention of acquisition towards the former territory of other State; possession must be peaceful and uninterrupted; possession must be open to others; and possession must exist for a considerable period. Considering these traditional conditions of acquisitive prescription, the lapse of 100 years of the Chinese possession of Kando after the adoption of the Kando Agreement may seem to meet the requirements to have territorial title based on acquisitive prescription, irrespective of the legality of the Kando Agreement itself. However, this view is not so valid given the case law and jurisprudence of acquisition of territory and the surrounding circumstances of Kando. 100 years as one of criteria of acquisitive prescription may apply to the case of 'immemorial possession’, not to the case of 'adverse possession' like this case of Kando. And there is no evidence that Kando had been a Korean territory before the Kando Agreement was concluded. Rather, around the time of the conclusion and in the 19th century, Kando had been a disputed area between China and Korea. Furthermore, when invoking acquisitive prescription, China may argue its title to Kando based on more favourable original territoy argument, rather than 'adverse possession’. For the reasons discussed above, it can be concluded that the passage of 100 years after the conclusion of the Kando Agreement cannot make China acquire or consolidate territorial title to Kando by way of acquisitive prescription, and accordingly Korea does not need to protest relating to it.

인권의 보편성과 문화적 다양성의 공존

정경수(JUNG Kyung Soo) 국제법평론회 2009 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.29

보편적 인권과 문화적 다양성의 양립은 상이한 문화 및 도덕적 지향과 선호에 기반하고 있는 국제공동체에서 해결되어야 할 중요 과제이다. 이와 관련하여 Donnelly는 인권의 해석과 이행형태를 통한 문화적 다양성의 수용 가능성을 제시하였다. 즉, 인권의 개념 단계에서는 인권의 보편성이 관철되고, 그 개념의 구체화 단계에서 문화적 상대성이 수용될 수 있다고 밝혔다. 국제인권의 이행과 해석을 통한 문화적 다양성의 수용하는 예는 「유럽인권협약」과 유럽인권재판소에서 찾을 수 있다. 유럽인권재판소가 직면하는 어려운 난제는 유럽의 핵심적 공동가치와 기준 내에서 체약당사국의 차이를 수용하는 것이다. 이에 재판소는 체약당사국의 국내 당국이 협약을 이행하는 특정 방식에 관하여 일정한 정도의 재량을 부여받았다는 판단여지를 통해 이 문제의 해결을 도모해 왔다. 특히 도덕적 다양성을 인정하는 판단여지는 유럽인권재판소에 회부된 사건들 중 체약당사국의 문화적 차이를 반영하는 사건들, 예컨대 학생교육, 성전환, 소도미의 범죄화, 표현의 자유와 관련하여 체약당사국의 문화적 다양성을 수용하는 기제로 작용하고 있고, 재판소는 강한 유럽적 컨센서스가 존재하지 않는 공공도덕과 기타 문제나 상대적으로 권리의 중요성이 강하게 요구되지 않는 경우에는 국내당국의 판단여지를 인정해 왔다. 유럽인권협약의 판단여지는 공동의 유럽적 규범 내에서 체약당사국간 문화적 다양성, 자치 및 자율을 존중하는 유용한 개념적 도구로 평가된다. 또한 재판소의 판례법은 인권의 보편성과 문화적 상대성이 적절하게 공존할 수 있는 실증적 예를 보여주고 있다. 그러한 판단여지의 활용은 상대적으로 동질적인 공동체 내에서 인권에 대한 높은 수준의 공통적 이해를 달성하고 초국가적 사법심사제도에 따라 공동의 기준을 적용하는 유럽인권체계 내에서 이루어진 것이다. 따라서 이 조건이 충족되지 않을 경우 판단여지가 국제적 감시와 인권의 보편성을 중대하게 훼손할 수 있음을 간과해서는 아니 될 것이다. It is a important problem to be solved that universal human rights should be reconcile with cultural diversity in the international community, which be based of different cultural and moral orientations or preferences. Jack Donnelly suggested the possibility of their justifiable accommodation by interpretation and implementation of human rights. According to his statement, it is unvariedly adhered to what we call concept of human rights. And then, the substantial variations are likely to be legitimate in relatively specific and detailed matters of interpretation and implementation of the concept. It’s illustrative practices are found in case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, which function is to ensure the observance of the engagements undertaken by the High Contracting Parties in the European Convention of Human Rights. The difficult dilemmas that the Court has been forced to confront are those accommodating variations among the Contracting Parties within the core European common value and standards. So as to resolve the dilemmas has the Court been reliant on a concept which is termed as the margin of appreciation. In essence, it grants the domestic courts and institutions a measure of discretion to deal with a particular issue in the specific manner they implement European Convention rights. Among cases brought before the Court has been those relating cultural differences such as the education of school children, transexualism, criminalization of sodomy and free speech. The Court has allowed national margin of appreciation where a strong European consensus on the issue does not exist, or the importance of the right does not demand it. Rrecourse to margin of appreciation arising out of the Convention has been seemed a usefully conceptive tool in respecting cultural diversity, self-governance and autonomy of the Parties within the common European norms, while the case-law of the Court has presented illustrative practices of appropriate coexistence between university of human rights and cultural diversity. Meanwhile, it must be emphasized that reliance to margin of appreciation has been used in the European human rights system which attains higher common understanding in relatively homogeneous community and applies the common standard under transnational and judical review. Therefore, it must be beard in mind that, if it is not satisfied with the conditions, margin of appreciation can undermine seriously the international surveillance and the university of human rights.

유엔인권체계 개혁의 과제와 전망

정경수(Kyung Soo Jung) 국제법평론회 2006 국제법평론 Vol.0 No.24

유엔은 1945년 설립 직후부터 국제적 인권보호의 중심축이 되어 왔다. 유엔은 유엔인권체계라고 불리는 거대한 규범, 기구, 절차들을 확립하였다. 인권의 국제적 증진과 보호는 그 체계 속에서 비약적인 발전을 거듭하여 왔다. 그러나 그 체계에 내재된 불완전성과 누적된 모순은 유엔인권체계의 새로운 변신을 모색하도록 만들었다. 유엔은 인권주류화를 목표로 삼고 중요한 개혁을 도모하고 있다. 개혁의 핵심은 민권이사회의 신설이다. 유엔은 조직의 방만함과 활동의 비효율성, 인권쟁점에 대한 감수성 부족과 정치적 편견에 대한 비판을 받아온 인권위원회를 대신하여 총회 산하에 인권이사회를 신설하였다. 이 외에도 인권고등판무관실의 강화와 조약체계의 정비 및 개선이 모색되고 있다. 이러한 유엔인권체계의 개혁을 위한 다양한 노력이 수행되고 있음에도 불구하고, 그 개혁의 내용은 국제질서의 기본 흐름을 변경시킬 수 있는 수준에까지 이르지는 않고 있다. 오히려 기존 체계의 개선에 가깝다. 그런 의미에서 볼 때, 현재 진행되고 있는 유엔인권체계의 개혁은 여전히 진행중인 과제라고 보아야 할 것이다. The United Nations has become a essential pillar for international human rights protection since its inauguration in 1945. The United Nations established so-called the UN Human Rights System, a huge system of norms, bodies and procedures, which has been contributing to the promotion and protection of human rights. However, some incompleteness and contradiction inherent in the system raise the need for a new reform. The United Nations is driving some important reforms with the aim of making human rights the mainstream of the United Nations. There have been some essential reforms such as enhancing efficiency in human rights bodies, increasing sensitiveness to human rights, dealing successfully with political prejudice against the issue of human rights, and establishing the Human Rights Council under the UN General Assembly instead of the Commission on Human Rights. In addition, there are preparations for encouraging the role of the office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and consolidating the treaty bodies into one bodies. Despite various efforts to reform the UN Human Rights System, contents of the reform are still far from changing the fundamental structure of the System. In a way, it is more likely to “improve” the system rather than to “reform or change.” In this context, the reform of the UN Human Rights System can be understood as a still-on-going issue of the United Nations.

일반 : 한국의 고문방지협약상 개인통보절차 수락과 국내적 영향

정경수 ( Kyung Soo Jung ) 민주주의법학연구회 2005 민주법학 Vol.0 No.28

江原道 春城郡 新東地域 井戶水의 鹽素要求量 및 鹽素消毒에 關한 調査硏究

鄭景洙(Kyung Soo Jung),鄭文植(Moonshik Zong) 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 1974 보건학논집 Vol.11 No.1

일반 : 반국가보안법운동 국제화의 성과와 과제

정경수 ( Kyung Soo Jung ) 민주주의법학연구회 2007 민주법학 Vol.0 No.33

다국적기업의 인권의무 확립을 위한 국제법적 모색 - 국제인권법의 수평적 효과를 중심으로 -

정경수(Kyung Soo Jung) 민주주의법학연구회 2002 민주법학 Vol.22 No.-

N/A

국제기구 2차 규범의 국내이행과 적용

정경수 ( Kyung Soo Jung ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2013 홍익법학 Vol.14 No.1

Secondary law of international organizations can be defined as legal regulations that are often adopted in the form of a resolution or a decision by the international organization based on conventions that establish the legal personality of the organization. Secondary laws adopted in international organizations may either affect the decision-making and legislation process of member states, or it may impose certain tasks to secure or execute regulations within the domestic legal systems of member states. The declaration of a Supreme Court judgment in the Republic of Korea (2007 do 11177) on December 27 of 2007 is a case that concerns the domestic implementation and application of secondary law of international organizations in the Republic of Korea. This specific case dealt with the issue of legitimacy of exercising administrative actions that follow from the conservation measures that were decided by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), established by the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). This judgment may have been groundbreaking for it dealt with the issue of applying secondary laws rather than primary rules of international law, but certain limits were shown in the Court`s understanding of international law for the Court declared the judgment without realizing the difference between primary laws (treaty) and secondary laws of international organizations. This case shows that laws can be applied, interpreted and executed without a clear understanding of the law by the Court due to the judiciaries` lack of understanding of international law. Furthermore, the Court has not been able to put forward a clear position in the case concerning the restriction of reproducing dissostichus mawsoni (이빨고기) with regard to issues on domestic effect of secondary laws of international organizations, direct application of international legal rules, and on whether relevant implementing legislations need to be adopted. As a result, this case ultimately shows that the judiciary is not able to adequately control the administrative and legislative body, confirming that there is a hindrance to the system of checks and balances. As illustrated in the case of the restriction of reproducing dissostichus mawsoni (이빨고기), most secondary laws of international organizations, including those adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) are not even promulgated within the Republic of Korea. Therefore, the legal system needs to be readjusted to accommodate domestic implementation and application of secondary laws of international organizations that can affect the rights and obligations of individuals as it was the case with the conservation measures (including ban on reproduction and unloading of marine living) that were adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). Hence, various measures, including legislating procedural laws to accommodate and implement the promulgation, can be considered.