언어적 입력의 품사가 영아의 초기 어휘발달에 미치는 영향

장유경,곽금주,임현정 한국심리학회 2004 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.23 No.2

본 연구에서는 어머니의 언어적 입력을 품사별로 분류하여 어머니 말의 품사가 영아의 초기 어휘발달에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 13개월부터 36개월 영아들과 그들의 어머니가 글 없는 그림책읽기를 하는 상황에서 어머니의 언어적 입력을 모두 녹음하여 품사별로 분류하였고 영아의 어휘는 체크리스트로 측정하였다. 그 결과 어머니의 언어적 입력은 총 어휘수(token)로 보면 명사가 가장 많았고, 어휘의 종류수(type)로 보았을 때에는 동사가 가장 많았다. 어휘수로 볼 때 영아의 표현어휘수에 대해 가장 큰 설명력을 지닌 품사는 대명사로 나타났고 특히 저 월령에서는 명사와 관형사가 영아의 표현어휘를 유의하게 설명하였다. 한편 어휘종류별 품사를 중심으로 보면 역시 대명사가 영아의 표현어휘를 유의하게 설명하였으며, 저 월령에서는 명사와 관형사가, 고 월령에서는 대명사가 영아의 표현어휘를 유의하게 설명하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 한국 영아의 어휘습득에서 명사 뿐 아니라 관형사, 대명사와 같은 품사가 중요한 변인이 됨을 보여주며 영아의 월령에 따라 언어발달에 영향을 주는 품사가 명사, 관형사에서 대명사로 변화하는 것은 어머니의 상호작용 유형의 변화와도 관계되는 것으로 해석된다. 또한 본 연구의 결과가 초기 어휘습득에서 명사의 영향을 강조하는 제약성 이론에 갖는 시사점을 논의하였다. We investigated which lexical categories of maternal inputs predict most to infants' lexical development. The constraints view predicts that nouns are the most influencing lexical category, whereas the linguistic specificity view predicts verbs are the ones. Twenty six 13- to 36-month-old infants and their mothers were audiotaped when the mothers read a wordless picture book to their infants. All the words(i.e., the word token) as well as different words(i.e., the word types) in mothers' inputs were categorized into 7 lexical categories of Korean grammar. To assess the infants' vocabulary size, MCDI-K vocabulary checklist was used. The results show that, both in type and token analyses, pronouns were the most influencing word category. Further analyses showed that nouns and determinants were the significant predictors only for the younger infant group in the both type and token analyses. And for the type analysis, pronoun category was a significant predictor only for the older infant group. These results were reinterpreted as favoring the constraints view rather than the linguistic specificity view. Also the results indicated that lexical categories other than nouns and verbs are positive predictors of Korean infants' lexical development.

노인의 영양 상태 및 급식 프로그램의 현황

장유경 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 2000 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.18

식물성 및 동물성 단백질의 배합 비율이 흰쥐와 병아리의 성장에 미치는 영향

장유경 漢陽大學校 師範大學 1981 論文集 Vol.- No.1

In order evaluate th optimum utilization efficiency of animal protein in growing weanling rats and chicks, an experiment of feeding them with mixed food of fish and soybean meals as animal and vegetable protein sources, respectively, with defferent combinations was performed, and were obtained the following results: (1) The most body weight gain of female rats was observed in case of diets comprising 25% soybean and 75% fish meal (VP 25 + AP 75) and also comprising pure fish meal (VP 0 + AP 100) whereas the diets (VP 50 + AP 50) and (VP 75 + AP25) gave the most body weight gain of male rats, the latter diet also resulting in teh same with chicks. (2) Food efficiency ratio is decreasing in the order of chicks> male rats > female rats, and their most efficient ratios are found in the diets of (VP 0 + AP 100), (VP 75 + AP 25) and (VP 25 + AP 75), respectively. (3) The protein efficiency ratios of chicks, male and female rats are in the same order as the above food efficiency ratio, and their highest values are found in the diets of (VP 25 + AP 75), (VP 75 + AP 25) and (VP 25 + AP 75), respectively. Thus consistent results are found among the body weight gain, food and protein efficiency ratios of rats whereas no consistency is found among those of chicks. (4) The best combination ratio of soybean and fish meals seems to be variable depending on teh sex and kind of animals, and the best diets for female and male rats and chicks are found to be (VP 25 + AP 75), (VP 75 + AP 25), respectively.

부족국가시대의 북춤 고찰

장유경 韓國舞踊敎育學會 1999 韓國舞踊敎育學會誌 Vol.10 No.2

We know that dance and music which were started with human history in the collection, hunting and agriculture life. Were organized and emerged from shamanism, incantation ceremony of human. In this processing, Buk which was earliest outstanding development with dance chat was body language, had many rolls in functional state, first the function of signal and communication, second encouraging function of feel and pleasure of labour, third incantative function of pray for rain, rich want communication to god, fourth function of play for dance, fifth function for play sixth, recreational function in the events and ?. New waved dance with development of Buk had musical effect and element of dance ? the same time as Buk-chum. The records of Buk-chum existed Seung-Eup patriotism age in Bu-Y대 and Sam-Han ?, called Mat-I Buk-Chum which had religionism that was based shamanism in this ? Young-Go at Bu-Yeo. These Buk-Chum and events possible sociability and combination with neighbor, and to act on specialize on nations, too. These looks that 'the nation which are play the Buk and singing and dancing ? China and perimeter nations. Our Buk-Chum has been succeeded in the our past, ? origin and development are close relationships with people. And the Buk-Chum of the ? was connetced with belief of shamanism, function of incantation. The sounds of Buk has been believed that call and gald to god, therefore used Buk-Chum for the Mudang-Gut or a sacrifice. Korean were used Buk-Chum most of the ? as a sacrifice. Now existing Buk-Chum has worth of succeed and preserve, and possible to attend thin a country and abroad, will fertilize for the new creativity.

밀레니엄 시대의 식생활문화

장유경 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 2001 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.19

식이중 단백질과 에너지 수준이 흰쥐의 성장과 혈액성분에 미치는 영향

장유경 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 1987 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.5

In order to investigate the effect of dietary protein and energy on growing female and male rats, Sprague-Dawley 90 female rats and 54 male rats of 3 weeks old weighing approximately 70-80 g and 65-75 g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 8 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 2 weeks. Three dietary energy levels (3200, 3600, 4000kcal ME/kg) were employed and each energy level contained three protein levels (15, 25, 35% of 3600kcal ME/kg) and three fat levels (10, 20, 40% of 3600 kcal ME/kg) by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate and the following results were obtained. (1) The body weight gain of female rats was highest for LPHE ration but that of male rats was highest for LPME ration. The weight gains both of female and male rats were not affected by the level of protein. Food effeciencies both of female and male rats were improved as the levels of energy increased, and the food efficiency of female rats was affected by the level of protein, whereas that of male rats was not. Protein efficiencies of female and male rats were highest at low protein level and tended to decrease as the level of protein increased, but that of female rats was highest at high energy level, while that of male rats was highest at medium energy level. (2) According to the analysis of blood serum after feeding trials for 8 weeks, the content of serum glucose of female rats has shown no definite trend by protein and energy levels. However, that of male rats increased as protein level increased but has not shown a trend as energy level increased. The serum protein contents both of female and male rats were not affected by protein level, but that of female rats incrased slightly as energy level increased, whereas that of male rats was not influenced by energy level. The serum urea nitrogen contents both of female and male rats increased as protein level increased but, as energy level increased, that of female rats decreased while that of male rats has not shown a definite trend. The contents of serum cholesterol both of female and male rats have shown the lowest value at high energy level. The content of serum triglyceride of female rats trended to decrease as protein level increased, but that of male rats has shown to be lowest at protein level. From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be concluded that the best formula of diet of growing female rats may be composed of low protein (13%) and high energy levels (4000 kcal/kg) whereas that for male rats may be composed of low protein (13%) and medium energy levels (3600 kcal/kg), since all the efficiencies of food, protein and energy have shown to be best at these levels. Blood composition of female rats at LPHE ration ; serum glucose : 147.20mg/100ml, serum protein; 9.92mg/100ml, serum urea nitrogen ; 8.41mg/100ml, serum cholesterol ; 52.95mg/100ml, serum triglyceride : 137.83mg/100ml. Blood composition of male rats at LPME ration ; serum glucose: 182.18mg/100ml, serum protein ; 11.81mg/100ml, serum urea nitrogen ; 11.94mg/100ml, serum cholesterol ; 83.08mg/100ml, serum triglyceride ; 167.58mg/100ml.

Alloxan으로 유발된 당뇨쥐에서 지방과 탄수화물 섭취비가 인슐린 민감도에 미치는 영향

장유경 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 1998 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.16

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary ratios of fat to carbohydrate on insulin sensitivity in alloxan induced diabetic rats Twelve alloxan-induced diabetic rats weighing 130-l40g were fed low fat-high carbohydrate and high fat-low carbohydrate diet for one week. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity between 2 groups. In addition, insulin had no effect on lipogenesis in epididymal adipose tissue isolated from diabetic rats. Epididymal adipose tissue isolated from diabetic rats fed low fat-high carbohydrate diet did not show any higher insulin sensitivity compared to those from high fat-low carbohydrate diet.

한국 영아의 초기 어휘발달: 8개월-17개월

장유경 한국심리학회 2004 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.23 No.1

The first stage of lexical development was examined with 563 Korean infants between 8 and 17 months of age. The results show that infants understood 3 times more words than they produced and production reached a 50-word milestone at around 17 months. Also girls produced more words than boys but there was no difference in comprehension. Finally, verbs occupy only 4% of total production vocabulary, whereas nominals(broadly defined) or nouns (narrowly defined) accounted for 71% or 27% of total production vocabulary. The results were compared with English- and Italian-speaking infants‘ data in the literature and revealed more similarities than differences in the composition of early productive vocabularies among different languages. 한국 영아들의 초기 어휘발달을 연구하기 위해 MCDI를 이용하여 8개월부터 17개월 영아 563명의 월령별 표현어휘와 이해어휘를 조사하였다. 그 결과, 첫째 이 시기 영아들의 이해어휘는 표현어휘보다 평균 3배 정도 더 많았으며, 표현어휘가 50개가 되는 시점은 17개월이었다. 둘째, 여아가 남아보다 표현어휘가 유의하게 많았으며, 이해어휘 수에 있어서는 성차가 유의하지 않았다. 셋째, 초기 표현어휘는 사람을 지칭하는 어휘를 포함하여 명사류가 반 이상을 차지하며 보통명사는 27%에 해당하였다. 명사류와 일상생활에 관련된 어휘들을 포함하면 전체 표현어휘의 90%가량을 차지하였다. 이 외에 동사는 전체 표현 어휘의 4.2%를 차지하였다. 이러한 결과는 언어적 구조가 상이한 영어, 이태리어의 초기 어휘발달과 차이점보다는 유사성을 보여주는 것으로 초기 어휘습득과정에서 작용하는 제약성의 존재를 지지하는 증거로 해석된다.

영양소와 암에 관한 문헌적 고찰

장유경,이성우 漢陽大學校 韓國生活科學硏究所 1986 韓國 生活 科學 硏究 Vol.- No.4

Most Cancers in man are caused by environmental factors. It is rather surprising that wide spread interest in the role of human diet in cancer etiology has developed recently, since the ingestion is such an obivous route for carciongens or their precursors to enter the body. In this review, attention will focus on the relationships between nutrients in diet and cancer, especially the influence of nutrients on cancers. 1) The inhibitory effects of caloric restriction could be due to a lack of energy for either tumorigenesis or mitosis of latent cancer cells. However, severe caloric restriction is not a practical method for the prevention of human cancer. 2) High protein diet increases the incidence of the [spontaneous tumors. But it has protective effect from incidence of cancer with dietary manipulation or chemically induced cancer when caloric intakes are controlled to maintain the same body weights in animals. A critical decrease in protein reduces the incidence of cancer. 3) High fat diet may provide a suitable environment for developing latent tumor cell and spontaneous tumors. An increased level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in serum might inhibit the action of the immunological system to cancer and savor tumorigenesis. 4) Retinoids are most effective in inhibiting mammary carcinogenesis when administered shortly after carcinogen treatment. α-Tocopherol (vitamin E) has been known to be an effective naturally occuring antioxidant capable of providing protection to tissues from the damaging effects of feeding polyunsaturated fat. Ascorbic acid has been shown to effectively block this spontaneous conversion to nitrosamines from nitrites or nitrates in foods. Selenium has the chemopreventive ejection due to change of chemical carcinogen induced tumorigenesis metabolism. It is related to maintain high levels of glutathion peroxidase. 5) Dietary fiber can reduce contact between the bowel mucosa and a potential carcinogen, by diluting the intestinal contents and by decreasing transit time. It can adsorb potential carcinogens, making them less available It can also affect bacterial action on carcinogen precursors by these metabolisms.

초기 어휘습득에서의 성차와 어휘종류의 영향

장유경,이순묵,최유리 한국심리학회 2007 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.26 No.2

본 연구에서는 언어처리 과정에서 나타나는 성별의 영향을 발달초기 어휘습득의 과정에서 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 300여명의 18개월 영아와 그 어머니가 연구에 참여하였으며 18, 24, 30개월에 어휘체크리스트를 사용하여 각 영아가 가진 어휘의 수를 종단적으로 측정하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 모든 월령에서 여아가 남아에 비해 더 많은 어휘를 가지고 있었다. 둘째, 여아의 우세는 모든 종류의 어휘에서 나타났으며 어휘의 종류와 월령의 상호작용이 있어서 서술어, 문법어, 시간어에서는 특히 18개월에 비해 24개월에 남녀의 차이가 늘어나고 30개월까지 그 차이가 유지되었다. 셋째, 회귀분석의 결과로 볼 때, 남녀 모두 명사가 다음 시기의 모든 어휘종류들에 유의한 영향력을 가지고 있으나 남아의 경우는 명사와 함께 일상생활어들의 영향이 24개월까지 지속되었다. This study examined the longitudinal effect of infants' gender on early vocabulary acquisition. More than 290 mothers of toddlers completed a vocabulary checklist(Pae, 2002) at 18, 24 , and 30 months. The results showed that always girls had more vocabularies from 18 to 30 months. Secondly, the gender differences became bigger especially from 24 months in predicates, closed class items, and words for times. Finally, for both boys and girls, nouns were the most influencing word category for all the word categories in the next stage. However, vocabularies for routines had a lasting influence until 24 months only for boys. The results suggest that infants' gender might be a very important variable to consider in language research.