中国环境犯罪的现状和处罚改善

장결(Zhang Jie)(章潔) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2020 圓光法學 Vol.36 No.4

With the development of modern industry, environmental pollution and destruction in China have become the main problems faced by contemporary society. Behind this problem is the increase in the number of environmental crimes. From 2012 to 2019, China s environmental crime generally showed an upward trend, especially in 2014 and 2019, the crime of polluting the environment, the crime of illegally felling trees, the crime of indiscriminately felling trees, the crime of illegal fishing aquatic products, the crime of illegal hunting, and the crime of illegal occupation of agricultural land is relatively high. The emergence of this phenomenon is related to the legal punishment and sentencing of environmental crimes. Based on the current situation of environmental crime, this paper analyzes the shortcomings of freedom penalty, fine penalty, qualification penalty and non-penalty measures from the perspective of criminal punishment. Compared with other crimes, the legal penalty of environmental crime is lighter, the sentencing range of some environmental crimes is single, the penalty provisions violate the principle of responsibility, and the probation rate of environmental crimes is generally higher. In the aspect of fine penalty, there is no specific amount standard in the fine penalty of environmental crime, which is lack of guidance. In terms of qualification punishment, the limitation of the content of qualification punishment and the lack of qualification punishment are another obvious defect in the legislation of environmental crime in China. In the aspect of non-penalty measures, the scope of application of non-penalty measures in environmental crime is narrow and the direction is insufficient. Based on the above problems, this paper puts forward the corresponding improvement measures. In the aspect of freedom penalty, first of all, the freedom penalty of the crime of polluting the environment, the crime of illegally felling trees, the crime of indiscriminately felling trees, the crime of illegal fishing aquatic products, the crime of illegal hunting, and the crime of illegal occupation of agricultural land should be appropriately adjusted. The crime of environmental pollution is divided into intentional crime and negligent crime, and the legal punishment of intentional crime of environmental pollution should be higher than that of negligent crime of environmental pollution. The maximum legal penalty of the crime of illegally felling trees and the crime of indiscriminately felling trees should not be lower than that of larceny. The range of sentencing will be increased for the crimes of illegal fishing of aquatic products, illegal hunting and illegal occupation of agricultural land. It is necessary to control the probation in these cases. Secondly, in the aspect of fine penalty, multiple fine penalty and limited fine penalty are applied to the fine penalty of environmental crime. Thirdly, in terms of qualification punishment, adjust the content and scope of application of qualification punishment. In addition, it is related to the deprivation of professional qualification. In terms of units, it is necessary to increase and limit the scope of business and deprive units of the qualification to engage in specific industries. At the same time, the scope of application of qualification penalty will be extended to all environmental crimes. Finally, in terms of non-penalty measures, Article 37 of the criminal law adds similar provisions such as “if necessary, order the defendant to restore to the original state, eliminate the influence, and treat within a time limit.” The performance of this obligation is regarded as one of the manifestations of the perpetrator s repentance, which can also be considered as appropriate in the discretionary execution of the penalty. 随着近代产业的发展,中国的环境污染和破坏已成为当代社会面临的主要问题。这种问题的背后与环境犯罪数量的增加有关。从2012年到2019年,中国环境犯罪总体呈上升趋势,特别是在2014年和2019年,环境犯罪大幅度增加。其中,污染环境罪、非法捕捞水产品罪、非法狩猎罪、非法占用农业用地罪、滥伐林木罪、盗伐林木罪的犯罪比例总体上较高。这种现象的出现与环境犯罪的法定刑与量刑有关。本论文以环境犯罪的现状为基础,从刑事处罚层面分析自由刑、罚金刑、资格刑以及非刑事处罚措施等方面存在的不足之处。环境犯罪的自由刑方面,相比较其他犯罪,法定刑整体上较轻,部分环境犯罪的量刑幅度较为单一,处罚规定违反责任原则,环境犯罪的缓刑适用率普遍较高。罚金刑方面,环境犯罪中的罚金刑规定没有具体的数额标准,缺乏指导性。资格刑方面,资格刑内容的局限和资格刑的缺乏可以说也是中国环境犯罪立法上的另一个明显缺陷。非刑罚性处置措施方面,环境犯罪中非刑罚性处置措施适用范围较窄,指向性不足。本文以上述问题为基础,进而提出相应的改善措施。即在自由刑方面,首先,对犯罪发生率高的污染环境罪、盗伐林木罪、滥伐林木罪、非法捕捞水产品罪、非法狩猎罪、非法占用农用地罪的自由刑进行适当调整。将污染环境罪分为故意犯罪和过失犯罪,且故意污染环境罪法定刑应高于过失污染环境罪的法定刑。盗伐林木罪和滥伐林木罪的法定最高刑应不低于盗窃罪。对非法捕捞水产品罪、非法狩猎罪、非法占用农用地罪增加量刑幅度。有必要控制这些犯罪的缓刑适用情况。其次,在罚金刑方面,将倍比罚金刑和限额罚金刑应用到环境犯罪的罚金刑中。再次,在资格刑方面,调整资格刑的内容和适用范围。自然人方面,增设与禁止从事特定职业,剥夺、终止相关资格相关的资格刑。单位方面,增加与限制经营范围和剥夺单位从事特定行业资质的资格刑。同时,将资格刑的适用范围扩大到所有的环境犯罪中。最后,在非刑罚性处置措施方面,在《刑法》第37条中增加“必要时,命令被告人恢复原状,消除影响,限期治理“等类似规定,将这种义务的履行情况作为行为人悔罪的表现之一,在刑罚的裁量执行时也可以酌情考虑。

황해해양환경보호를 위한 연안국간 국제협력

장결 ( Jie Zhang ),이석용 ( Seok Yong Lee ) 한남대학교 과학기술법연구원 2014 과학기술법연구 Vol.20 No.1

This paper aims at comparing similarities and differences between Korea and China, clarifying the evolution threads, summing up the experience and lessons of the legislation and enforcement of marine environmental protection carried out by two countries and analyzing the concept of advanced marine environmental protection and effective methods that can be referred with each other. On these bases, suggestions on improvement of marine environmental protection in Yellow Sea are put forward, which can be referred for expanded cooperation in marine environmental protection of both countries. Yellow sea belongs to the national maritime jurisdiction of South and North Korea and China. Its self-cleaning capacity is considered to be quite poor given that it is a semi-enclosed sea with shallow waters. Hence, each country has to be responsible for its own marine area on one hand, and has to be responsive to establish more effective joint pollution control mechanism as soon as possible. Since the three Northeast Asian countries are under different economical, social, and cultural conditions, big differences exist among them in environmental protection investment, law legislation as well as in law enforcement. To gain better effect in controlling Yellow Sea pollution in the near future, the countries should improve more effective cooperative system and management level of environmental protection. The Law of the Sea Convention introduced wide range of regulations regarding marine environmental protection in Part 12 Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment. Especially, article 197 of the Convention stipulates that states shall cooperate on a global basis and, as appropriate, on a regional basis, directly or through competent international organizations, in formulating and elaborating international rules for the protection and preservation of the marine environment, taking into account characteristic regional features. Given the features surrounding Yellow Sea, integrated management regarding marine environment through regional cooperation is needed. Among the cases of regional cooperation projects for Yellow Sea environmental preservation, Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Project (YSLME) and Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) as well as Korea-China Joint Research on Marine Environment of Yellow Sea were examined. However, there are problems to be solved for more effective agreements and more fruitful results. The problems are drawbacks within cooperative system, difference in economic level, and difference in enforcement means. For more effective cooperation in marine environment protection, Korea and China should strive to improve ocean governance and government system, modify legislative and enforcement system, intensify multilateral and bilateral cooperation among coastal states, and build more efficient system for conflict management and dispute settlement.

李孝石和沈從文的鄉土小說比較研究

張潔(Zhang Jie) 동아인문학회 2022 동아인문학 Vol.58 No.-

In the works of Korean and Chinese vernacular literature of the 1930s and 1940s, Lee Hyo-suk and Shen Congwen are the main subjects of study, and the similarities and differences between their works are analyzed from three aspects: vernacular literature, the plight of the wanderer, and the distance from the hustle and bustle of the city. In his later works, Li Xiaoshi focuses more on human nature and society, and the true and cruel face of the world is fully displayed, looking for shelter and spiritual support for the protagonists who want to escape from the world. Shen Congwen took his hometown “Xiangxi” as the prototype, shaping a series of beautiful and straightforward people and things, bringing the beauty and perseverance of his hometown to the world, and revering life and loving the customs of his hometown. The main works selected are Shen Congwen"s middle-grade novels “Border Town”, “Xiao Xiao” and “Husband”; Li Xiaoshi"s short stories “When Buckwheat Blossoms”, “Dolphin” and “Mountain”.

1930년대 향토소설에 나타난 여성의 인물형상 비교 연구 -김유정과 沈從文의 소설을 중심으로-

張 潔 동아인문학회 2023 동아인문학 Vol.62 No.-

김유정(1908~1937)과 沈從文(1902~1988)은 한・중 양국의 근현대 향토 문학사에서 대표하는 중요 작가들이며 서로 다른 국가와 문화 환경에 놓인 이 두 작가는 그들만의 필력을 활용하여, 한・중 양국의 근현대 문학에서 각기 다른 특색을 지닌 여성 인물 형상을 묘사하였다. 인물의 특성에 있어서, 두 작가가 집필한 문장 속의 여성 인물 대부분은, 거의 생활에 짓눌려 억압을 당하고, 사회의 밑바닥 층에 머물렀으며, 당시 시대 및 사회의 가장 큰 피해자이며 희생자였기에, 김유정과 沈從文은 작품 속에서, 이들의 비참한 처지에 대한 깊은 관심을 나타내었다. 또, 두 작가가 집필한 문장 속의 여성 인물들은 고된 핍박을 당하지만, 이들은 대부분 선량하고 순박한 천성, 굳세고 강인하다는 것이다. 본문에서는 주로 김유정의 <소낙비>와 沈從文의 <丈夫>을 연구 대상으로 하였으며, 김유정과 沈從文 두 작가는 가정 환경과 성장 과정, 문학 창작의 성향과 관계없이, 어느 정도의 유사성을 지니고 있다는 것이다. 같은 시대 배경 하에, 두 작가는 남성적 시각에서 묘사한 소설 속의 여성 인물 간의 차이점 및 이미지의 특징, 유가(儒家)논리(유교적 논리)의 시각에서 작품 속의 “아내”라는 상품화, 문화적 나쁜 근성을 지닌 “부권”의 남성의 등장한다. 또는 남성의 권리라는 족쇄에서 필사적으로 벗어나기 위한 여성의 강인함과 불굴, 그리고 거듭남 등 네 가지의 주요 내용들을 분석하여, 농촌에서의 여성 주체 의식의 결핍 및 부재라는 해당 문제에 대하여 연구하였다.

중국의 습지보호에 대한 형법적 대책

윤상민,章潔 전북대학교 동북아법연구소 2020 동북아법연구 Vol.13 No.3

With the development of modern industry, the wetland, known as "the kidney of the earth", is also facing a great threat of pollution and destruction. In this case, the wetland problems caused from local provinces, cities and even nationwide attention, At the administrative law level, The National Bureau Of Forestry And Grassland has issued a “National Wetland Park Management Method" and other protective regulations, local provinces, cities enacted one after another has the effect of the local wetland protection regulations, improve the protection of wetlands. In terms of administrative management, law enforcement on wetland destruction has been strengthened. At the level of criminal law, under the sixth chapter of the criminal code of China, Crime of obstructing public administration, there is a section Crime of damaging environmental resources protection to regulate environmental crimes. However, there are still many practical problems in both administrative and criminal management, especially in criminal management, which need to be further supplemented and improved. In this paper, based on the basic principle of wetland, the current status of China's legislation on wetland protection is analyzed, and aiming at the existing gap and the insufficiency of criminal regulation are analyzed, and then puts forward to set up the center of the ecology of human normal view, cut administrative ties, use a criminal ban and clear causal relation estimation principle, in order to help to protect the wetland environment, promote the development of green. 근대 산업의 발전에 따라 ‘지구의 콩팥’이라는 불리는 습지가 오염과 파괴라는 큰 위협에 직면하게 되었다. 이런 상황에서 습지 문제는 한 국가뿐만 아니라 전세계적인 문제로 중시되고 있다. 중국의 경우 행정·법률제도 차원에서는 국가임업초원국이「국가습지공원 관리방법」등 보호적 규정을 마련하였다. 그리고 지방의 각 성·시도에서는 그 지방에 효력이 있는 습지 보호 조례를 잇달아 공포하였다. 따라서 중국에서도 습지에 대한 보호 강도가 그 어느 때보다 높다고 할 수 있다. 행정관리 차원에서는 습지 파괴 행위에 대한 법집행의 강도를 강화하고 있기도 한다. 형법 차원에서는 중국「형법」의 제6장 ‘사회관리질서방해죄’아래에 ‘환경자원보호파괴죄’를 규정하여 환경범죄에 대해 규제하고 있다. 그러나 습지의 보호와 관련해서는 행정법적 측면의 관리든 형사법적 측면의 관리든, 여전히 많은 현실적인 문제들이 있고, 특히 형사법적 측면의 관리에 있어서는 추가적인 보완대책이 필요한 것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 습지보호에 관한 기본원리를 기반으로 하여 중국의 현행 습지의 법적인 보호현상에 대하여 분석하고 형사법적 측면에서 존재하는 공백과 부족한 점에 대해 분석하고자 하며, 이러한 분석을 통하여 생태학적 인간중심의 법익관(法益觀)의 수립, 행정관계의 차단, 형사금지령에 대한 활용, 인과관계추정원칙 규정에 대한 명확화 등을 제안하였다.

자전연소 고온반응법에 의한 WC 분말의 합성

이종현,원창환,정중채,장결 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2000 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.38 No.5

Tungsten carbide was synthesized by SHS process using highly exothermic mixture [Mg+ {-C₂F_(4-)}] as an activate additive and tungsten, carbon elements as starting raw materials. The tungsten carbide was obtained at 2500K combustion temperature. In the final product, MgF₂ and small amount of W₂C , which were byproducts, were completely removed by acidic leaching. The purity of tungsten carbide was 99%, after leaching.

자전연소 고온반응법에 의한 Al2O3-WC 복합분말 합성시의 열역학적 고찰

이종현,원창환,조영웅,장결 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2000 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.38 No.1

Al₂O₃-WC composite powders were synthesized by Self propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) using Al powders as reducing agent. WC, W₂C, and Al₂O₃ were concurrently formed in WO₃-Al-C system. Thermodynamical data for the system was applied to study on the phase selection. It was found that the complete reaction was achieved with excessive addition of carbon and appropriate processing parameters such as degree of dilution, particle size of aluminum, pellet compaction pressure and amount of carbon source. The final product which was leached by 10% 1 : 4 HNO₃+ HF diluted solution consisted of Al₂O₃-55 wt%WC having 2∼3 ㎛ of mean particle size.