Input Enhancement in the EFL Learning of Present Perfect and the Lexical Aspect

임자연 현대영어교육학회 2007 현대영어교육 Vol.8 No.3

This paper investigates the classroom learning of English present perfect among 62 adult Korean learners. In particular, the study examined the effect of visual input enhancement and its relations to the lexical aspect of verbal predicates. The results showed that visual input enhancement had a positive role in that learners showed learning effect over the treatment period. In addition, learners' development of the target structure was dependent on the lexical aspect of verbs/verb predicates. Specifically, input enhancement effect was more prominently observed in telics than in activities and states. The findings are insightful in that not all structures are amenable to a similar amount of input enhancement and even those within a single grammatical category, effects of input enhancement may vary.

Factors Affecting Korean Learners’ Perception of English Sibilants

임자연,서미선 한국영어어문교육학회 2008 영어어문교육 Vol.14 No.3

This study explores the perception of English sibilants by Korean learners. According to Schmidt (1996) and our pilot study, Koreans usually map all three English voiced sibilants (e.g., /z, Z, dZ/) to one Korean sound (e.g., /ㅈ/) while perceiving voiceless counterparts (e.g., /s, , t/) as several different native sounds (e.g., /ㅅ, ㅆ, ㅊ/). The study conducted an experiment of identifying English minimal pairs with sibilants to investigate the influence of such mapping relations between English and Korean sibilants and that of proficiency levels. In addition, positions of sibilants were included as another variable. The results showed that learners performed better in the identification task of English voiceless sibilants by showing higher accuracy and shorter reaction times than in distinguishing voiced ones. Learners’ perception of sibilants was also influenced by positions of sibilants within words. Thus, the general pattern was that word-final sibilants caused less difficulty in the identification task than intervocalic or word-initial sibilants due to longer duration of word-final sibilants over word-initial or intervocalic ones. Learners’ accuracy and reaction times did not improve according to their overall proficiency.

Development of production and perception abilities in non-contrastive fricatives by Korean EFL learners.

임자연,서미선 한국응용언어학회 2010 응용 언어학 Vol.26 No.3

This paper examines the production and perception of L2 sounds which are non-contrastive sounds in L1 by Korean L2 learners of English with different proficiency levels. Specifically, the study investigated the differences between two dissimilar types of L2 sounds: L2 sounds which are non-contrastive in L1 but occur as allophones of the same phoneme (i.e., [s]-[∫]) and L2 sounds which do not occur at all in L1 (i.e., [z]-[ ]). With regard to production, low and advanced levels showed different patterns according to pair types: better performance with [s]-[∫] by low levels and with [z]-[ ] by advanced levels. With regard to perception, no significant difference was observed between learners with different proficiency levels. Both levels exhibited higher performance with [s]-[∫] than with [z]-[ ]. The results suggest that perception and production are independently developed by L2 learners.

Intelligibility and Comprehensibility in the Production of English Sibilants by Korean Learners

임자연,서미선 한국응용언어학회 2011 응용 언어학 Vol.27 No.3

This paper investigates intelligibility and comprehensibility in the production of English sibilants by Korean L2 learners of English. Identification and goodness of fit experiments were performed by native English speakers in order to measure intelligibility and comprehensibility. Various factors, such as position of English sibilants in words, frequency of words, types of English sibilants and proficiency of L2 learners were found to be influential on intelligibility and comprehensibility in a complex way. The effects of frequency and sibilant were inconsistent across positions, as measured by intelligibility and comprehensibility alike. The effect of frequency was inconsistent across sibilant pairs as measured by intelligibility, whereas the effect was consistent across sibilants according to comprehensibility. In addition, the effect of position was inconsistent across proficiency levels measured by comprehensibility, but not by intelligibility. The results of the study indicate that intelligibility and comprehensibility of L2 speech may be partially independent.

perspectives on a Critical Period for Language Acquisition: Implications for language research and practice

임자연 국제언어인문학회 2005 인문언어 Vol.7 No.-

In recent years there has been much discussion about whether there is a critical, or sensitive period for language acquisition. Research on a critical period provides an excellent example around which we can organize a discussion of the behavioral and neural evidence. In this paper, the early history of critical periods and evidence for the existence of critical periods in various domains of human cognition and learning are reviewed. Followed by this overview, evidence for a critical period in both linguistic and nonlinguistic area are presented. The paper then provides some unresolved questions regarding a critical period in language acquisition and states what the outcome of this issues mean for an understanding of language acquisition. Finally the paper concludes with some educational implications of a critical period for practice.

Deeper Integrative Neural Network Analysis for Multi-level Omics Data

임자연,조준상,김재영,김지연,김성환 계명대학교 자연과학연구소 2019 Quantitative Bio-Science Vol.38 No.2

Recently, various machine learning methods have emerged for analyzing and interpreting the ever-expanding genetic data. In addition, new analytical tools for machine learning using statistical models, are being developed. Lim et al. [1] proposed the integrative deep learning to find the differentially expressed (DE) biomarkers using deep neural network with a single hidden layer. This method consists of the input layer, a hidden layer, the consolidation layer, and the output layer. They found that integrative deep learning method is stable and robust for analysis of the variation in the simulation datasets. In this study, we expanded the integrative deep learning method by including an additional hidden layer. The present expanded method consists of the input layer, two hidden layers, the consolidation layer and the output layer. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the additional hidden layers on the performance of the previous method (integrative deep learning). We conducted a simulation study and compared the results with those from deep neural network with one hidden layer.

Manner and Place Discrimination in Production of English /z/-/ʤ/ by Korean Speakers

임자연,서미선 한국현대언어학회 2013 언어연구 Vol.29 No.3

The present study analyzed Korean learners’ production of English /z/-/ʤ/ at two different proficiency levels (beginners and advanced) according to the manner and place of articulation. The manner of articulation was examined by the waveform and spectrogram analyses. The place of articulation was explored by referring to the peak amplitude frequency of the frication noise. The use of both the manner and place of articulation linearly increased according to the proficiency level of Korean speakers. The correct use of manner of articulation did not always lead to the correct use of place of articulation and vice versa. Among the error patterns, the pattern of the correct use of place of articulation and the incorrect use of manner articulation was more prevalently attested than the reverse pattern. In the production of English /z/-/ʤ/, Korean learners more frequently used the place of articulation than the manner of articulation in their error patterns.

Effects of Minimal Pair Instruction in Perceptual Discrimination of Nonce Words by Korean Learners of English

임자연 한국응용언어학회 2012 응용 언어학 Vol.28 No.2

This paper investigates perceptual discrimination of English sibilants by adult Korean learners of English. The experimental group of learners received instruction with a focus on minimal pairs of English sibilants embedded in their communicatively oriented English speaking class. The focus was put on providing input through minimal pairs followed by teacher feedback. The control group of learners were also placed in an English speaking class, but with no specific focus on English pronunciation. The pre- and posttests were measured using nonce words containing English sibilants in perceptual discrimination, in order to reduce any word familiarity effect. The results indicated a positive influence of the focused instruction on minimal pairs. Findings further indicated that other variables such as L1, position of target segment, and vowel context were at play along with instructional effects.

Ultimate Attainment in L2 Acquisition: The Testing of the Aspect Hypothesis

임자연(Jayeon Lim) 한국외국어교육학회 2003 Foreign languages education Vol.10 No.3

The present study investigates the developmental process of adult Korean learners of English. In particular, the study examined the acquisition of the English simple past and present perfect in order to provide an understanding of the process of L2 acquisition of temporal systems as well as L2 acquisition in general. The objectives of this study are: (1) to systematically investigate the acquisition of the simple past and present perfect, (2) to test how lexical aspect influences the acquisition of the simple past and present perfect, and (3) to report acquisitional changes of the simple past and present perfect across learners with different proficiency levels. The participants were 60 Korean L2 learners of English in four different proficiency levels, measured by an independent proficiency test, and 11 native speakers of English. A cross-sectional study of the controlled-elicitation task was designed to explore the acquisition process. The results revealed that learners exhibited progress proportionate to their proficiency levels of L2. Learners also showed the influence of lexical aspect in the acquisition of the simple past, except for the advanced level learners. That is, learners showed higher accuracy on the simple past with accomplishments and achievements than with states and activities. The advanced level learners, as well as the native speakers, were not influenced by the lexical aspect. They demonstrated equal accuracy in a11 four lexical aspectual categories.

지속가능한 도시개발을 위한 지중공간 활용방향에 관한 연구

임자연(Ja Yeon Lim),김연정(Yeon Jung Kim) 한국디자인문화학회 2015 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.21 No.1

세계적으로 도시의 인구가 계속 증가하고 도시화는 멈출 수 없는 흐름으로 계속되고 있지만, 동시에 도시화에 따른 부작용도 나타나고 있다. 특히 우리나라는 좁은 국토 안에서 이루어진 급격한 근대화의 과정에서 발생한 환경파괴, 역사적 건축물의 유실 등 많은 문제점 속에서도 계속해서 파괴적인 개발이 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 그러므로 앞으로의 도시개발에 있어서는 근시안적인 물리적 개발이 아닌 미래세대를 고려한 질적이고 지속가능한 개발에 관한 고민이 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구는 지속가능한 도시개발의 해결책이 지중공간 활용에 있다고 보고, 지중공간에 관한 사례연구를 통하여 지속가능한 미래 도시개발을 위한 지중공간의 활용방향을 제시하고자 한다. 연구의 방법은, 도시개발 패러다임의 변화와 지속가능한 개발에 관한 이론적 고찰을 바탕으로 지속가능한 도시개발의 3요소를 ‘환경’, ‘사회·문화’, ‘경제’로정리하여 각각의 요소가 도시개발의 측면에서 추구하는 바를 도출하였다. 그리고 지중공간의 개념과 유형에 대한 연구를 통하여 지중공간이 지속가능한 개발에 이바지할 수 있음을 살펴본 후, 사례분석을 통해 이를 증명하였다. 사례분석은, 국내 및 해외의 지중공간 사례를 지속가능한 도시개발의 3요소를 바탕으로 분석하고, 이를 종합하여, 지속가능한 도시개발에 지중공간이 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지를 도출하였다. 연구결과, 지중공간의 활용방향을 다섯 가지로 정리해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 기존의 지형을 살린 개발을 통해 도심의 환경을 보존하고 옥외공간을 녹지나 오픈스페이스(Open space)로 활용할 수 있다. 둘째, 낙후된 도시 및 건축물을 재생시킬 수 있다. 셋째, 환경의 유지및 관리가 중요한 시설물 구축에 활용하면 관리에 소비되는 에너지를 절감할 수 있다. 넷째, 도시가 필요로하는 다양한 어메니티(Amenity) 구축에 활용할 수 있다. 다섯째, 지상과 지하 또는 조경과 건축물의 경계를 허물고 내·외부가 소통하는 공간을 구성할 수 있다. 이러한 지중공간 활용은, 한번 잃으면 되살릴 수 없는 도시의 환경적 자원, 도시가 간직한 기억, 역사, 장소성을 보존한 개발을 가능하게 하고, 나아가 도시 커뮤니티와 경제의 활성화를 통해 도시민의 삶의 질 향상에까지 기여할 수 있기 때문에, 도시화시대의 바람직한 도시개발 방향이 될 수 있다. 이는 나아가, 현세대에게는 더 나은 삶의 질을 제공하고, 미래 세대에게는 더 발전된 도시환경을 남겨줄 수 있는 지속가능한 도시개발을 가능하게 할 것이다. The urban population growth and the urbanization is inevitably continuing and the urbanization development has caused side effects worldwide. Such fact is shown particularly in Korea that, even though the environmental destruction and the loss of historical architecture caused by the rapid modernization in such a small nation is becoming a serious problem, the destructive development is still continuing. In terms of urban development, rather than shortsighted physical development, the consideration of the qualitative and sustainable development for the future generation is indispensable. Therefore, this study suggests the utilization of underground space can be a solution for sustainable development and proposes solution plans through various case studies. In order to achieve the goal, such study methods have been proceeded. Based on the theoretical considerations of urban development paradigm shift and sustainable development, I could draw out 3 elements of sustainable urban development to ‘environment,’ ‘culture & society,’ and ‘economy’ and highlighted the pursuit of each elements. Then, throughout the studies of the underground space concept and types, I have proposed that the underground space can be contributed to sustainable development and such has been proved through the case studies. Both domestic and foreign underground spaces were selected for the case studies and they were analyzed based on the 3 elements of sustainable urban development. By synthesizing the case studies, I have outlined how to utilize the underground space for the sustainable development. As a result, the utilization of the underground space could be summarized to five different plans. Firstly, through the development by preserving the existing topography, the urban environment can be preserved and the outdoor space can be utilized as the green or open space. Secondly, the underdeveloped city and architecture can be resurrected. Thirdly, the energy which is consumed in maintenance can be saved if it is used for the facility structures that deals with environmental maintenance and management. Fourthly, it can be utilized as the amenities needed in the city. Lastly, it can constitute the space where the interior and outdoor can communicate by tearing down the boundaries of the underground and ground, or the landscape and architecture. Such utilization of the underground space creates many possibilities for urban development that can preserve historical value, the placeness, and the environment which cannot be restored once destroyed. This can be a desirable direction for the urban development because it contributes to the quality of the citizen’s everyday life through the vitalization of communities and the economy. Also, it will enable the sustainable development that can create an advanced urban environment for future generations.