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앵무새 경제학의 진화: 19세기 경제학 교과서가 가르치는 ‘공급과 수요’
인경환,김진방 한국경제교육학회 2023 경제교육연구 Vol.30 No.2
‘Supply and demand’ is an economic term that may seem straightforward but can cause confusion. This was especially true over two hundred years ago, and it continued to be the case for a long time thereafter. This study investigates the meaning and usage of the term in the economic textbooks published in the United States from the 1820s to the 1920s. After its meaning was stabilized, ‘demand’ settled into a concept connecting consumers’ utility maximization and market prices with the help of the marginal utility theory. Although this process took time, it was relatively smooth. In contrast, ‘supply’ underwent two shifts in meaning and experienced considerable confusion before finally settling into a concept that connects producers’ profit maximization and market prices. This confusion persisted even in textbooks in the 1920s. ‘공급과 수요’는 평이한 듯하면서도 혼란을 일으킬 수 있는 경제 용어다. 이백여 년 전에는 더욱 그랬고, 그 후로도 오랫동안 그랬다. 본 연구는 1820년대부터 1920년대까지 미국에서 출간된 경제학 교과서가 ‘공급과 수요’를 어떤 의미로 어떻게 사용했는지 살펴본다. ‘수요’는 그 의미가 안정화된 뒤 한계효용이론의 도움으로 소비자의 효용극대화와 시장가격을 연결하는 개념으로 정착하는데, 그 과정이 시간은 걸렸으나 순조로웠다. 이에 비해 ‘공급’은 두 차례의 의미 변환을 거친 뒤에도 생산자의 이윤극대화와 시장가격을 연결하는 개념으로 정착하기까지는 많은 혼란을 거쳤고, 그 혼란은 1920년대 교과서에서도 계속된다.
재분배 세금 실험의 성별 격차 : 경제적 유인과 내재적 선호
인경환,정세은 한국응용경제학회 2021 응용경제 Vol.23 No.2
선행연구에 따르면, 여성은 남성에 비해 재분배를 더욱 선호한다. 본 연구에서는 온라인 실험을 구성하여, 여성과 실증적인 상관관계가 있고 재분배 선호와 연관 가능성이 있는 내재 성향과 사회적 선호들을 통제한 이후에도 재분배 선호에 있어 남녀 차이가 존재하는지를 알아보고자 한다. 실험 참가자들은 업무 성과가 높을수록, 그리고 위험 회피도가 높을수록 선호하는 세율이 낮았고, 불평등 회피 성향은 통계적으로 유의하지는 않으나 선호하는 세율을 높이는 일관적인 효과를 보였다. 이러한 성향들은 여성과 상관관계를 보였으며, 이들을 통제한 경우에도 여성은 유의미하게 남성에 비해 높은 세율을 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 여성이 남성보다 더 재분배를 선호하는 경향에는 내재 성향 혹은 사회적 선호로도 설명할 수 없는 부분이 여전히 존재한다. This paper investigates gender differences in the redistributive tax preference through an online experiment where intrinsic preferences are collected with economic incentives. Literature suggests that gender differences exist in political orientations, economic preferences, and social preferences, all of which could partly explain the preference for redistribution. Our results show that productivities and risk preferences reduce the preferred tax rate, while inequality aversions increase it. Women tend to set higher tax rate than men do, and even if we control for other intrinsic preferences which are correlated with being women in many cases, this gender difference still remains significantly.
유한요소법을 이용한 레일의 헤드에 존재하는 균열의 응력확대계수에 관한 연구
인경환,성기득,김종욱,조명래,양원호 成均館大學校 科學技術硏究所 1999 論文集 Vol.50 No.1
In recent years, the rolling stock is being increasingly developed. However, higher axle loads have increased the incidence of fatigue defects in railroad rails. Many of these fatigue-initiated defects develop in the head of the rail. The head defects are very important because they are generally not visible until they reach quite large size and they can lead to catastrophic rail fractures. In this paper, stress intensity factors(SIF) of a embedded crack in the head of the rail were analysed along the wheel positions relative to the crack plane and along the running condition using the finite element method.
이형진,인경환,이원홍,김건중,Lee, Hyeong-Jin,In, Gyeong-Hwan,Lee, Won-Hong,Kim, Geon-Jung 대한디지털의료영상학회 1997 대한디지털의료영상학회논문지 Vol.3 No.1
Purpose : To apply to Program of Auto processor quality control after comparison of Film density variations with amendments to Auto density by using Check density program and Adjust density program of calibration mode into the Laser imager. Methods : Observe Check and Adjust density variations on the Control chart with standard step and value during seven months from December, 1995 to June, 1956 extending twice a week. (1) Measure density value on the steps after printing out 17-step sensitometric pattern of the Check density program. (2) In the same way, measure density values after amending density by using Adjust density program If they are exceeding allowable error limit. Results : In case of Check density program, the exceeding limit rates of Density difference(DD) and Middle density(MD) are: FL-IM3543 DD=75%. MD=72.5%, FL-IMD DD=0%. MD=30.8%(14.5%) After amending density by using Adjust density program, the exceeding limit rates of all both Laser imager were zero percent. The standard deviations are show lower FL-IM D than FL-IM3543 on the Check density control chart, but higher on the Adjust density control chart. Conclusion : (1) Check density variations by printingout sensitometric pattern extending once a week at least for quality control of the Laser imager. (2) In case of a dusty place, check the Laser beam transmission after cleaning Laser optical unit extending once a month. (3) Be sure to measure and check density values by using adjust density program if they are exceeding allowable error limit. (4) Maintain much better film density by performing the adjust density program even if check density values are existed within normal limit.
이원홍,서상신,인경환,이형진,김건중,윤종현,오용호,Lee, W.H.,Suh, S.S.,In, K.H.,Lee, H.J.,Kim, K.C.,Yoon, C.H.,Auh, Y.H. 대한방사선기술학회 1999 방사선기술과학 Vol.22 No.1
To inquire its usefulness of the clinical application of intelligent replenishment system of automatic X-ray film processor based on film density, we processed the serial 300 sheets of radiographic film of chest [$14{\times}14"$, HR-C type] and bone [elbow & ankle($8{\times}10"$), skull($10{\times}12"$), hand & foot($11{\times}14"$), pelvis($14{\times}17"$), HR-G type, 68, 70, 77, 85 sheets respectively]. We analyzed the characteristic corves, relative speeds, average gradients and base plus fog densities every twenty five sheets. We also evaluated the developer and fixer replenishment volumes every that time. In the chest and bone radiograph two all, the characteristic curves were little change, and the relative speeds, average gradients and base plus fog densities were within the maximum control limits. The average developer replenishment volumes were about 43m1/sheet and 39m1/sheet respectively. It brings decreased results about 29% in comparison with the conventional replenishment system. In our experiences, we conclude that the intelligent replenishment system of automatic X-ray film processor based on film density maintains image quality consistently, decreases also the replenishment volumes. Therefore, this system will be resulted in economic and environmental effects, and solve problems of over and low replenishment volume.