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《福建方言字典(Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language)》을 통해본 19세기초 漳浦方言의 聲調
이해우 한국중국문화학회 2016 中國學論叢 Vol.0 No.52
The Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language(1832) is the first Chinese dialect dictionary which was compiled by the western scholar, Walter Henry Medhurst(1796∼1857). He described the pronunciation of Zhangpu(漳浦) dialect by using the Morrison’s phonetic notation which was generally used in the West. This study tries to research the numbers, notation, and values of the tones reflected in the Dictionary in the early 19th century. The are eight tones formally, however, actually seven tones, ‘Shangping(上平), Shangsheng(上聲), Shangqu(上去), Shangru(上入), Xiaping(下平), Xiaqu(下去) and Xiaru(下入), exist. Based upon the ‘kwun’ sound, their notations are ‘上平 kwun, 上上 kwún, 上去 kwùn, 上入 kwut, 下平 kwûn, 下上 kwún, 下去 kwūn and 下入 kwu̍t’. The short mark [ˇ] are added over the vowel to notate the guttural stop [-ʔ] like ‘ǎh[aʔ], aoǔh[auʔ], waěngh[uãiʔ] and ǒh[oʔ]’. The values of the seven tones, Shangping(上平) 44, Shangsheng(上聲) 53, Shangqu(上去) 21, Shangru(上入) 32, Xiaping(下平) 213, Xiaqu(下去) 22, Xiaru(下入) 214 can be reconstructed by referring the dictionary and other linguistic materials around the early 19th century. 《福建方言字典(Dictionary of The Hok-Keen Dialect of The Chinese Language)》(1832년, 이하 《福建》)은 서양인 최초로 중국방언을 수록한 字典이면서 閩南語 발음을 처음으로 로마자로 표기한 문헌이다. 본 자전의 저자 메더스트(Walter Henry Medhurst, 1796∼1857, 中國名 ‘麥都思’)는 《彙集雅俗通十五音》(1818)을 저본으로 삼아 당시 서양에서 각종 언어를 묘사하는데 사용했던 모리손(Robert Morrison)의 표기법을 이용하여 《福建》을 편찬하였다. 본 자전은 19세기초 漳浦方言의 음운을 연구하는데 매우 소중한 자료로 활용할 수 있어 중국 방언사 연구에 매우 중요한 문헌이다. 그간《福建》에 대한 대표적인 연구로 杜曉萍(2014), 馬重奇(2014), 이해우(2014) 등등이 있었지만 주로 聲母와 韻母에 대한 연구로 聲調에 대한 구체적이고 전문적인 연구는 全無하였다. 이에 본 연구는 19세기초 漳浦方言을 반영한《福建》의 성조 표기와 종류, 調値(성조값)에 대해 당시 기타 언어학 문헌, 그리고 현대 장포방언과 상호 비교하며 심층적이고 종합적으로 고찰하였다. 《福建》에는 형식상 8개 종류가 나타나지만 上聲은 上下(즉 陰陽)로 분화되지 않아 실제 ‘上平, 上聲, 上去, 上入, 下平, 下去, 下入’ 등 7개의 성조가 존재한다. 성조 표기로는 ‘kwun’音을 기준으로 한다면 ‘上平 kwun, 上上 kwún, 上去 kwùn, 上入 kwut, 下平 kwûn, 下上 kwún, 下去 kwūn, 下入 kwu̍t’ 등으로 각각 표시하고 있다. 특별히 후두파열음입성 [-ʔ]에 대해서는 ‘ǎh[aʔ], aoǔh[auʔ], waěngh[uãiʔ], ǒh[oʔ]’와 같이 모음 위에 ‘短音符號(short mark)’ [ˇ]를 사용하였다. 이런 모음 위 성조 표기 방식은 차후 한어병음방안에도 그대로 원용되고 있다. 전통적으로 고대 중국 韻書에는 調類(성조의 종류)만 언급되었지 그 調値(성조값)에 대해서는 분명한 설명이 없다.《福建》의 저본이 되는《彙集雅俗通十五音》에도 調値를 짐작케 하는 설명은 없다. 하지만《福建方言字典》은 서양인의 관점에서 19세기초 漳浦方言의 調値에 대해 비교적 자세히 묘사를 하고 있어 본고에서《漳州方言語彙(Vocabulary of the Hok-Këen Dialect as Spoken in the County of Tshëang-Tshew)》(1838년)에 보이는 聲調 관련 설명과 현대 장포어의 조치를 상호 비교하여 당시 調値(성조값)를 재구하였다. 즉, ‘上平[44], 上聲[53], 上去[21], 上入 [32], 下平 [213], 下去 [22], 下入 [214]’ 등으로 재구할 수 있었는데, 이는 馬重奇(2014: 110)이 제시한 ‘上平[44], 上上[41], 上去[21], 上入[32], 下平[13], 下上[41], 下去[22], 下入[23]’과 약간의 차이가 있다.
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EH36 TMCP강의 50mm 1 패스 일렉트로가스 용접부의 조직 및 충격특성
이해우,고대은 대한용접접합학회 1999 대한용접·접합학회지 Vol.17 No.3
Microstructures and mechanical properties of weldments were studied for EH36 TMCP higher-strength hull steel with electrogas welding jprocess. In case of a newly designed EH36 TMCP steel for large heat input welding process, the Microstructures of HAZ shows more narrow width of grain coarsed region than that of conventional EH36 TMCP weldments, the amount of acicular ferrite, which is beneficial to impact toughness, increased while the amount of grain-boundary ferrite decreased. Charpy V-notched impact tests show that a newly designed EH36 TMCP steel weldment satisfies all the requirement of specifications, especially at the fusion line +2mm where the conventional EH36 TMCP steel fails to exceed the requirement.
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Dental Survey for Primary School Student at Anseong-si
이해우,김남중,좌수경,문학룡,정재현 대한예방치과학회 2014 International Journal of Clinical Preventive Denti Vol.10 No.1
Objective: The study examined the effect of the water fluoridation concentration project on the children living in Anseong-siin preventing dental caries and the occurrence of staining. Methods: The author has surveyed 249 primary school students on oral examination, in order to appraise the caries preventioneffect for water fluoridation at Anseong-si. Decay-missing-filled rate (DMF rate), decay-missing-filled tooth index(DMFT index), decay-missing-filled surface index (DMFS index), decay tooth rate (DT rate), missing tooth rate (MT rate), filledtooth rate (FT rate), and dental fluorosis were calculated and analyzed on age 10. Results: DMFT index of fluoridated area was examined as 0.72±1.40, and DMFT index of non-fluoridated area was examinedas 1.14±1.65. There was significant difference between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p<0.05). DMFS indexof fluoridated area was examined as 0.94±2.05, and DMFS index of non-fluoridated area was examined as 1.49±2.27. There was significant difference between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p<0.05). There was no statistical differencefor mottled enamel index between fluoridated area and non-fluoridated area (p>0.05)Conclusion: During the water fluoridation, the preventive effect went up as the time passes and the incidence of mottledtooth did not showed big difference. There water fluoridation for dental caries prevention in Anseong-si should be maintainfor the health of Anseong-si residents.
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이해우 한국중국언어학회 2005 중국언어연구 Vol.0 No.21
『Huiyinmiaowu(彙音妙悟)』『Huiyinmiaowu(彙音妙悟)』, which is regarded as the oldest rhyme dictionary in Minan area, represents the 18th century's phonology in Quanzhou. 『Huiyinmiaowu』was compiled not for the educated class, but for the uneducated classes such as farmers, merchants, and technicians, therefore, it contains the rich colloquial readings of Quanzhou area. The initial inventories of『Huiyinmiaowu』 are as follows: 邊[p], 普[ph], 文[b(m)], 地[t], 他[th], 柳[l(n)], 爭[ts], 出[tsh], 時[s], 入[z], 求[k], 氣[kh], 語[g()], 喜[h], 英[Ø]. The colloquial readings are mostly founded at the 13 rhymes such as 歡[-u], 關[-u], [-ia], 刀[-o], 科[-], 梅[], 京[-i], 鷄[-e], 毛[], 靑[-], 燒[-io], 風[-ua], 箱[-i], 三[-]. It is a very interesting phenomenon that the colloquial readings of 『Huiyinmiaowu』reflect the traces of Old Chinese. For example, the readings of 長 [t], 程 [thi] and 重 [ta] still preserve the [t-] series in Old Chinese. The main vowel of 騎 [khia], 寄 [kia] and 蟻 [hia] has kept the low vowel of Ge(歌) final group in Old Chinese. The nasalized finals are very abundant in Quanzhou dialect compared to other dialects. These are already formed at 『Huiyinmiaowu』after Middle Chinese. 8 tones are arranged at all rhymes. Yinqu(陰去) tone and Yangqu(陽去) tone are merged into one tone i. e. Qu(去) tone, therefore, it can be said that there are actually only 7 tones in 『Huiyinmiaowu』. Sometimes the characters with Zheng(正) notation represent the pronunciation of the 18th century's Early Mandarin. For example, the final [-ia] of the character shang(商), shang(賞) and xiang(香) reflects Early Mandarin while the final [-io] of the characters does the pronunciation of Early Quanzhou dialects in the 18th century.
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