Poly[(ethylene glycol) diacrylate]-Poly(vinylidene fluoride) 전해질을 이용한 전기 이중층 캐패시터의 전기화학적 특성

양천모 ( Chun Mo Yang ),이중기 ( Joong Kee Lee ),조원일 ( Won Il Cho ),조병원 ( Byung Won Cho ),주재백 ( Jeh Beck Ju ),유관표 ( Kwan Pyo Yoo ),임병오 ( Byung O Rim ) 한국공업화학회 2002 공업화학 Vol.13 No.8

자외선 경화법으로 제조한 PEGDA-PVdF 젤상 고분자 전해질을 전기이중층캐패시터에 적용하였고, 액상 유기 전해질을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터와 전기화학적 특성을 비교 조사하였다. 자외선 경화법으로 제조된 젤상 고분자 전해질[GPE:poly[(ethylene glycol) diacrylate]-poly(vinylidene fluoride) blend]을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터의 경우, 비축전용량이 120 F/g으로 액상 유기 전해질 [LOE:1 M LiPF_6/EC:DMC:EMC (1:1:1 volume ratio)]을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터의 비축전용량인 110 F/g보다 우수하였고, 100회 충방전 후에도 초기 비축전용량대비 92% 이상 유지하는 우수한 싸이클 특성을 나타내었으며 3.7 Ω의 낮은 ESR(equivalent series resistance)을 보여주었다. Cyclic voltammetry 분석 결과에서 보면 액상 유기 전해질과 젤상 고분자 전해질을 이용한 모든 전기이중층캐패시터에서 2.5 V까지 전해질의 분해 없이 전기화학적으로 안정하였고, 산화와 환원과 관련된 전류값 또한 관찰되지 않았다. 젤상 고분자 전해질을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터의 경우에서 직사각형 모양의 이상적인 전기이중층캐패시터의 특성과 49 ㎂의 낮은 누설 전류값을 나타내었다. 자가방전 특성 결과, 젤상 고분자 전해질을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터의 경우 2.5 V의 정전압 충전 시 OCV(open circuit voltage) 상태에서 100 h 경과 후 1.76 V의 전압을 유지하고 있어 0.25 V의 액상 유기 전해질을 이용한 전기이중층캐패시터보다 매우 우수함을 확인하였다. Poly[(ethylene glycol) diacrylate] (PEGDA)-poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) gel polymer was employed as an electrolyte for electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) and compared its electrochemical characteristics with that of liquid organic electrolyte. The used organic electrolyte was 1 mole of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF_6) salt containing in the solvent mixture of ethylene carbonate(EC):dimethyl carbonate(DMC):ethylmethyl carbonate(EMC)(1:1:1 volume ratio). The specific capacitance of EDLC with gel polymer electrolyte showed 120 F/g, which was superior to that of 110 F/g with liquid organic electrolyte. Good cyclability was observed for gel polymer electrolyte of EDLC. The 92% of initial specific capacitance was retained after 100 cycles of charge-discharge runs. Equivalent series resistance of 3.7 Ω of the EDLC with gel polymer electrolyte was lower than that of EDLC with liquid organic electrolyte. The EDLC with gel polymer electrolyte exhibited rectangular cyclic voltammogram of ideal EDLC in operating voltage range of 0∼2.5 V and low leakage current of 49 ㎂. Voltage drop from self-discharge was low for gel polymer electrolyte. The 29.6% of initial voltage decreased for gel polymer electrolyte, but significantly decreased to 99% for liquid organic electrolyte. The good retentivity with gel polymer electrolyte possible comes from the difference in viscosity compared with that of liquid organic electrolyte.

Dual Coating Improves the Survival of Probiotic Bifidobacterium Strains during Exposure to Simulated Gastro-Intestinal Conditions

강주연,이도경,박재은,김민지,이중수,서재구,정명준,신혜순,하남주,Kang, Joo Yeon,Lee, Do Kyung,Park, Jae Eun,Kim, Min Ji,Lee, Joong-Su,Seo, Jae-Gu,Chung, Myung Jun,Shin, Hea Soon,Ha, Nam Joo The Microbiological Society of Korea 2013 미생물학회지 Vol.49 No.3

프로바이오틱 박테리아는 면역력 활성 조절, 콜레스테롤 수치 억제, 유당내성 강화, 항종양 활성 등의 다양한 생리활성 기능으로 건강 증진 효과가 있는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 프로바이오틱 박테리아는 일단 섭취하게 되면 위장관을 통과하는 동안 산도가 낮거나 단백질분해 효소가 많은 열악한 환경에서 생존해야 하며 프로바이오틱 효과를 발휘하기 위해 증식해야 한다. 이중 코팅 기술은 펩타이드와 다당류의 이중코팅으로 섭취된 프로바이오틱 박테리아를 열악한 조건으로부터 보호하기 위해 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 이중코팅 된 4종의 비피도박테리움 혼합물의 생존 안정성을 평가하기 위해 코팅이 되지 않은 비피도박테리움 혼합물과 담즙, 산 저항성 및 열 안정성을 비교 평가하였다. 이중 코팅 된 균주와 코팅이 되지 않은 균주를 산과 담즙 조건 및 $40^{\circ}C$에 노출 시킨 후 한천배지에 배양하여 생존생육 세포수를 측정하였으며, BacLigtht 키트를 이용하여 염색 한 후 유세포 분석기를 이용하여 생균과 사균의 세포수를 평가하였다. 이중코팅 된 균주 혼합물의 경우 코팅이 되지 않은 균주 혼합물 보다 산, 담즙 내성이 더 높았으며, 열 안전성 또한 코팅 되지 않은 균주 혼합물보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 같은 결과들로 이중코팅 기술은 프로바이오틱 박테리아의 안정성 및 섭취 후 위장관 트랙을 통과하는 동안 균주의 생존률을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. Probiotics have been reported to benefit human health by modulating immunity, lowering cholesterol, improving lactose tolerance, and preventing some cancer. Once ingested, probiotic microorganisms have to survive harsh conditions such as low pH, protease-rich condition, and bile salts during their passage through the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract colonize and proliferate to exert their probiotic effects. The dual coating technology, by which the bacteria are doubly coated with peptides and polysaccharides in consecutive order, was developed to protect the ingested bacteria from the harsh conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the viable stability of a doubly coated blend of four species of Bifidobacterium by comparing its bile/acid resistance and heat viability in vitro with that of the non-coated blend. After challenges with acid, bile salts, heat, and viable cell counts (VVCs) of the dual coated and non-coated blend were determined by cultivation on agar plates or flow cytometric measurement after being stain with the BacLigtht kit$^{TM}$. The results showed that the dual coated blend was much higher resistant to the acidic or bile salt condition than the non-coated blend and heat viability was also higher, indicating that the dual coating can improve the survival of probiotic bacteria during their transit through the GI tract after consumption.

없음으로 하여

李仲鎬(이중호) 관훈클럽 2002 관훈저널 Vol.43 No.3

복부외상 환자의 진단법 : 진단적 복강 세척술 , 초음파 , 전산화 단층촬영 그리고 진단적 복강경술

이중의 대한외상학회 1996 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.9 No.2

To determine the roles of diagnostic peritoneal lavage (DPL), ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT) and diagnostic laparoscopy (DL) in the evaluation of abdominal trauma, the author reviewed and compared the data of recently published 26 reports about the diagnostic values of the diagnostic tools. Comparative analysis of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, accuracy, indications & contraindications, advantages & disadvantages, non-therapeutic laparotomy rate of the diagnostic tools was performed. DPL has been the golden standard of abdominal trauma diagnosis, but DPL is too sensitive with very high non-therapeutic laparotomy rate. In detecting hollow viscus injury, DPL is superior to all others. Many users of US belive that US can serve bestly as a first-line of diagnostic adjunct in detecting free peritoneal and thoracic fluid in truncal blunt trauma. But US has some false negative rate in the diagnosis of solid organ injury itself, and frequently misses bowel and mesenteric injury. CT gains more popularity than DPL in blunt abdominal trauma recently. It is very sensitive and specific, but due to the requirement of coorperation from the patient, long performance time, and transportation to the CT room, it is not suitable as a first-line of diagnosis in blunt abdominal trauma. CT also has a limited diagnostic value in detecting bowel and mesenteric injury. DL, can be used on 3 purposes in abdominal trauma firstly, as a first-line of diagnostic tool, secondly, as a second-line of diagnostic tool, and finally, as a therapeutic tool. The first-line diagnosis should not miss a severe injury that requires prompt surgical treatment. And the second line of diagnosis should be able to differentiate a patient who belongs to the non-operative therapy from others accurately. Conclusively, in blunt abdominal trauma, US and DL are suitable as a first- and a second-line tool, respectively, In penetrating abdominal trauma, DPL and DL are suitable as a first- and a second-line diagnostic tool. Further prospective studies about this issue are expected.

화상의 일차처치

이중의 대한의사협회 2010 대한의사협회지 Vol.53 No.4

Recently burn care system in Korea has been changing from‘general care’to‘specialized care’. Consequently, most physicians and surgeons who do not work in burn centers could rarely have an opportunity to gain experience in burn care. Before being transferred to a burn center, every burn patient is usually treated primarily by the non-experts. Therefore, all primary physicians need to know the primary care for burns. The main components of the primary care are pre-hospital care, emergency room (ER) care, and decision-making process for the transfer of the patients to a burn center. Pre-hospital care and ER care are on the same spectrum, and composed of the advanced trauma life support (ATLS) primary survey, wound cooling, pain control, fluid therapy, high concentration oxygen therapy, cyanide antidote therapy, and burn wound care including escharotomy. Rapid and proper management for smoke inhalation is essential for acute stage survival of burn patients. Once the patient is stabilized, a decision regarding his/her disposition to a burn center is critical. Inappropriate transfer of minor burn patients to burn centers imposes unnecessary cost and discomfort to the patients. The primary care for burns is very important and medical personnel who are in charge of burn patients should be familiar with it.

내가 발딛고 있는 양계업계

이중길 대한양계협회 1974 월간 양계 Vol.6 No.8

$\blacksquare$세일즈맨은 고달프다. 많은 사람을 방문하다 보면 고달픈 일이 하나 둘이 아니고 역겨운 일도 너무나 많다. 그러나 세일즈맨은 업계의 일선에서 가장 어려운 일을 참아가며 맡은바 임무를 성실히 해나가고 있다. 세일즈맨의 고충-그것을 알아주는 사람은 과연 얼마나 될까? 성실하고 묵묵하게 일해나가는 세일즈맨-더군다나 어느 업계보다는 어려운 환경에 처해있는 양계업계의 세일즈맨은 더욱 고달프다. 이 세일즈맨의 수기는 대한사료 축산사업장 판매과에 근무하는 이중길씨가 일선 세일즈맨으로서의 생생한 경험을 토대로 그 고충을 참아가며 세일즈맨으로서의 신념을 가지고 일하면서 산 경험을 집필한 것이다. 이중길씨는 많은 사람을 방문하다 보니 고달픈 점이 한 두가지가 아니라고 그 고충을 털어 놓으면서 세일즈맨은 기초가 튼튼히 되어 있어야 하고 세일즈맨의 기본조건은 인간으로서의 완성과 밀접한 관계가 있는 요소를 총 망라하는 것이라고 하면서 이론적인 지식은 물론 기술, 정신무장이 습관화되어야 그 기능을 발휘할 수 있을 것이라고 그 소신을 피력하고 있다.$\blacksquare$

강산 및 강알칼리 음독에서 냉각 용액을 사용한 희석 요법과 중화 요법의 가능성

이중의,송형곤,김동훈,권운용,곽영호,서길준,윤여규 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Background: There is no effective treatment modality for caustic agent ingestion. Dilution and neutralization are prohibited because of the risk of secondary thermal injury. This experiment is designed to evaluate the amount of dilution and neutralization heat and to gauge the applicability of dilution and neutralization therapy using cold solutions to suppress the peak temperature. Methods: This is an in-vitro chemical experiment. HCl, CH3COOH, NaOH, and NH4OH are selected as representatives of strong and weak acids and strong and weak alkali, respectively. 20℃, 11.6M, 5.8M, and 2.9M solutions of each acid and alkali are made and mixed using a magnetic stirrer at a room air temperature of 28℃. The peak temperature, the duration above 40℃, and the heat amount are measured or calculated. Results: When a 11.6M HCl or NaOH solution is diluted with same amount of water, 32 or 18cal. per mL of HCl or NaOH is produced, respectively. HCl produces a significant peak temperature, but NaOH does not. The lower the concentration, the lower the amount of heat production. 11.6M CH3COOH and NH4OH solutions don't produce dilution heat.11.6M and 5.8M solutions of all acids and alkali produce destructive neutralization heat. However, 2.9M solutions produce neutralization heat which might be controllable. When a 11.6M HCl or NaOH solution is neutralized with a -10℃ 2.9 M NaOH or HCl solution, respectively, the peak temperature produced is below 40℃ and seems to add little thermal damage to viable tissue. Conclusion: Dilution and neutralization with a cold solution in cases of strong acid or alkali ingestion is a promising method to avoid thermal injury.

함정민 교수 추모논문집에 부쳐

이중기(李重基) 한림대학교 법학연구소 1998 한림법학 FORUM Vol.7 No.-

발표 25 : 연주공정에서 상부노즐 ~ 침지노즐간 유동장 및 막힘해석

이중의,정형태 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2000 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.2000 No.0

원형 빌렛의 연속주조에서 유동 - 열 - 응력의 연결해석

이중의,오규환,윤종규,한흥남 대한금속재료학회 1996 대한금속재료학회 학술대회 개요집 Vol.1996 No.1