위계에 의한 아동·청소년 간음죄에서의 ‘위계’의 의미

이덕인(Lee Deok In) 한국형사법학회 2016 刑事法硏究 Vol.28 No.4

형법과 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률에 규정된 위계에 의한 미성년자간음죄와 위계에 의한 아동·청소년간음죄는 동일한 불법을 예정하고 있다. 특히 위계에 의한 간음죄에 있어서는 상대방인 아동·청소년을 포함한 미성년에게 착오를 일으키거나 부지를 이용하여 성교행위에 이르게 되는 것이라는 점에서 이와 관련된 기망 또는 유혹행위도 포함하도록 넓게 해석할 필요가 있다. 아울러 성범죄의 특수성, 나아가 아동·청소년대상 성범죄의 특수성을 고려할 때, 이 사안과 같은 유형범죄의 위계개념에 그동안 법원이 공무집행방해죄, 업무방해죄 등 여타의 범죄유형에서 확립한 위계개념을 차용하는 것은 물론이고 사리판단이라고 하는 위계의 소극적 요건을 내세우는 것은 바람직한 태도가 아니다. 대법원은 기존의 판례를 통하여 형법 제302조의 위계에 의한 미성년자간음죄에 있어서 위계를 제한적으로 해석하여 간음행위 자체에 대한 오인, 착각, 부지만을 위계에 해당한다고 판시한 바 있다. 이에 따라 동일한 범죄구성요건으로 평가되는 청소년성보호법 제7조 제5항에서의 위계에 의한 아동·청소년 간음죄에 대해서도 동일한 맥락에서 위계개념을 파악하려 하고 있다. 따라서 위계의 의미 내지 범위를 대법원의 이와 같이 제한적으로 해석할 경우, 대상판결은 형사처벌에서 제외될 수밖에 없을 것이다. 그러나 위계에 의한 아동·청소년간음행위에 대한 처벌의 필요성과 정당성에 입각하여 기존의 위계개념은 성행위가 이루어진다는 사실 자체를 인식하지 못하도록하는 기망은 물론이고 성행위를 한다고 하는 인식은 있지만 성행위를 하겠다는 의사결정에 본질적인 영향을 미치는 행위자의 기망도 포함되는 방향으로 확대 해석되어야 한다. 13세 이상의 청소년은 성인과 동일한 정도의 성적 자기결정의 주체가 되지 못할 뿐 아니라 부분적으로 성적 자기결정권을 인정하더라도 그에 근거한 간음에의 승낙에는 일정한 제한이 따른다. 이들에 대한 성보호는 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률이 지향하고 있는 포기되어서는 안 될 국가의 후견적 책무 가운데 하나라고 할 것이다. Adultery on minors, stipulated in criminal code and the Act on the Protection of Children and Juveniles from Sexual Abuse, by a deceptive scheme and child and juvenile adultery by a deceptive scheme are both specified as illegal. Especially, given that adultery crime by a deceptive scheme of adults is committed by making minorities including child and juvenile put his or her foot in his or her mouth or by using ignorance of minorities to have an intercourse with them, juvenile and child adultery need to be understood with a wider perspective so that the range of juvenile and child adultery crime include any kind of fraud or enticement in the purpose of committing juvenile adultery. Moreover, when considering specialty of sex offense or adultery on child and minors, it is not desirable that court borrows the exact concept of deceptive scheme established from other types of crime such as obstruction of justice and obstruction of business to apply to the concept of deceptive scheme of crimes similar with child and minor adultery and formulates a negative requirement, called interpreting facts, of deceptive scheme. Supreme court interpreted sexual intercourse against minors by deceptive scheme addressed in Articles 302 of Criminal Law on a limited basis through recent court decisions and ruled that only misconception, mistake, and ignorance about adultery itself are applicable to deceptive schema. Accordingly, the concept of deceptive scheme tends to be understood in the same vein with child and juvenile adultery by deceptive scheme, addressed in the fourth clause of Article 7 of Child and Juvenile Sex Protection Act, regarded as a same criminal composition requirement. However, if the concept or application of deceptive schema is interpreted in a limited basis just like the supreme court did, case review will have no option but to be excluded from prosecution. Based on necessity and appropriateness of punishment for child and juvenile adultery, the concept of deceptive scheme needs to be broaden by including not only fraud done not to make victims recognize he or she is having a sexual intercourse but also fraud by an abuser fundamentally influencing decision making for having an intercourse even the victim is perceiving he or she is having an intercourse. Over 13 years old children or juveniles cannot be a subject for self-determination and furthermore, even they partially admit self-determination for sexual relation, there is still a changeless limitation on consent for adultery. This is one of government’s responsibilities which the government are not supposed to give up and the law for protecting sexual rights of juveniles has to focus on.

환경개선부담금제도의 성과제고를 위한 정책과제 연구

이덕만(Dug Man Lee) 한국정책과학학회 2008 한국정책과학학회보 Vol.12 No.4

본 연구는 시설물과 경유자동차에 부과되는 환경개선부담금이 경제적 유인수단으로서의 본래 기능에 충실하게 부합하는가를 분석하고, 이를 토대로 환경개선부담금제도의 성과제고를 위한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 효율성, 형평성, 효과성, 실시가능성, 윤리성, 신축성 등의 환경정책 평가기준에 입각하여 환경개선부담금제도가 내포하고 있는 주요 정책현안 과제를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 이 분석 결과를 토대로 환경개선부담금제도의 성과제고를 위한 개선방안을 단기와 장기로 구분하여 제시하고 있다. In this paper, we have tried to analyze whether or not the environmental improvement charge is well functioning as an economic incentive-based strategy for the improvement of environmental quality. We performed this by adopting several criteria for evaluating environmental policies such as efficiency, fairness, morality, enforceability, effectiveness, and flexibility. As a result, we identified several problems that have to be remedied immediately. These include the inadequate settlement for charge base, inappropriate setting of charge rate, low collection of charge revenue, unfairness of charge implementation, insufficient provision of economic incentives, etc. On the basis of these critical review, we propose significant policy suggestions for each issue raised to improve the performance of environmental improvement charge.

북한의 사형제도에 대한 비판적 고찰

이덕인(Lee Deok-In) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2010 東亞法學 Vol.- No.48

If we look at the state of affairs of the Korean Peninsular and North Korean trend, North Korea is losing ground more and more in the international society, and internally this is aggravating the economic conditions and also a setback in succession of power seems inevitable. Therefore, in order to break this deadlock, North Korea is expected to strengthen the solidarity in order to support the system by tightening the more thorough crackdown and controls internally. Also, in this context, by tightening criminal laws and mobilizing politically severe punishments, it will try to maintain the dictatorship packaged by socialism. It was examined that, in functions managed by the criminal law in North Korea, disciplinary and mobilizational character was highlighted than a preventive aspect, and that the mobilization of punishments to a war against crime and violence wasn't for the prevention of crime and violence themselves but was nothing more than a means to protect the party line and policies. I In the recent 2007 revision of the criminal law, it is estimated to clearly reveal this situation and it is difficult to expect democratic criminal proceedings, and it can be identified to expand death penalty articles in order to support the system. Also, North Korea attempts to threaten the North Korean people for general prevention by mobilizing a way for criminal law enforcements, called a public execution, however, as the side effects shown in the process of development of human history in the past are embodied as the same pictures also in the present society of North Korea in the 21st century, the effects of the public execution don't appear to the direction intented by the regime of North Korea. Recently, our society has raised objections to armed provocations of North Korea and has been stepping up its efforts to impose appropriate sanctions. But it can be said to suppress the formal attitude about the human right abuse and the public execution that North Korea has been applying to its citizens internally. On the base of this fact, the approach according to the simple economic logic has limitations for true harmonization and unification and thus Republic of Korea will need to take charge of a leading position constantly raising objections to a question of human rights of North Korea and navigating changes in the international society.

국민 참여 형사재판제도의 정착을 위한 제언

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국비교형사법학회 2012 비교형사법연구 Vol.14 No.1

Even to look at the case of United States which can be called the country of Jury trial system, it has undergone a long historical course until the civil participation in the judicial process came to take root in the society. Thus, even if its success is not satisfactory, it`s not only not desirable to hastily jump to conclusions about the existence or removal of the system only by five years of experience and results over a short time of 5 years, but also it turns the intent and purpose to overcome the distrust and establish the true meaning of the judicial sovereignty of the people into inaction. Japan`s failed trial by jury gives us the lesson. We can find the real cause of their failure not in the formal aspect on the surface that the effect of verdict was advisory, but rather in the substantial aspect that in fact the system itself was used for political purposes and, moreover, the failure was largely due to the phenomenon of three legal parties` avoiding, whether actively or passively, and in the fact that the system had been neglected out side of the interests of the people who are the real participating subject in it. In order not to trace on such Japan`s step, sufficient social discussions and consensus on the form of civil participating trial should be made until the point of finishing the first step of plan. In addition, the attitude to understand the legal nature of institutions and norms as the temporary or transitional one with limited time also plays the role of making the survival of the system too opaque. But it should be kept in mind that there doesn`t exist the stated provision of the legal basis of the system as the temporary law, and the way of reasoning on that basis is only the opinion suggested by ``juridical reformation commission``, and that the existence of the system depends the public consciousness and awareness of public opinion, the three legal parties` consensus, and the responsibility of criminal legislator entrusted to arrange them normatively.

논문 : 마약류사용사범에 대한 치료재활시스템의 현황과 개선방안

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 한국형사정책학회 2005 刑事政策 Vol.17 No.1

딥러닝 언어모형을 활용한 영어 비결속 재귀사 검증

송상헌,이규민,김경민 한국언어과학회 2021 언어과학 Vol.28 No.3

This article concerns the so-called unbound reflexive pronouns in English, which refer to self-forms without any sentence-internal antecedents, running counter to the classic Binding Principle A (Chomsky, 1981). To empirically investigate the distributional properties of the English unbound reflexives, the present study makes ample use of the BYU corpora including COCA, COHA, and GloWbE to collect relevant data, and implements the collected data into BERT, a machine learning technique for natural language processing, to explore how surprisingly the unbound reflexive forms appear in various types of contexts in comparison to the pronominal counter-parts. It is remarkable that the results replicate the findings and claims of the existing theoretical and corpus studies regarding the distribution of the unbound reflexives in English. This suggests that the deep learning skills can be sufficiently used to explore the syntactic phenomena in human languages.

매체 간 뉴스 동질화 현상에 대한 탐색적 연구 : Doc2Vec을 통한 문서 유사도 측정의 활용

이종혁(Jong Hyuk Lee) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 2021 언론정보연구 Vol.58 No.4

본 연구에서는 매체 간 기사 내용이 유사해지는 뉴스 동질화 현상을 선거 보도를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 처널리즘, 표절, 복제보도 등의 관점에서 뉴스 동질화를 고찰하고, 매체 간 동질화의 수준과 매체 간 영향 관계를 분석해 보았다. 이를 위해 2021년 서울시장 선거와 관련해 41개 매체 14,272건의 기사를 웹스크래핑 방식으로 수집했다. 이어서 Doc2Vec을 통한 기사 벡터화, 코사인 유사도를 통한 내용 유사성 분석, 연결망 분석을 통한 매체 간 영향 관계 분석 등이 실시됐다. 분석 결과, 전체 기사의 19.86%가 다른 기사와 코사인 유사도 .90 이상을 보여, 유사 뉴스가 넓게 퍼져있는 것으로 관찰됐다. 뉴스 동질화에는 뉴스통신, 경제지, 방송사가 주된 역할을 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 경제지는 선거 보도에서도 뉴스통신의 기사를 참고해 유사한 내용의 뉴스를 확산시키고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 뉴스 동질화로 인한 저널리즘 기능의 약화와 뉴스 이용의 다양성 훼손이 논의됐다. This study explored the phenomenon of news homogenization in which the contents of news articles between media become similar. Specifically, this research examined the news homogenization from the perspective of churnalism, plagiarism, and reproductive reports, and analyzed the level of homogenization between media and the relationship between media. For this purpose, 14,272 articles from 41 media regarding the 2021 Seoul mayoral election were collected through web-scraping. Afterwards, article-vectorization through Doc2Vec, content similarity analysis through cosine similarity, and media relationship analysis through a network analysis were conducted. As results, 19.86% of all articles had a cosine similarity of .90 or more with at least one other article, indicating that similar news were widely spread. News agencies, economic media, and broadcasts play major roles in the homogenization of news. In particular, it was found that economic media were spreading news of similar content by referring to news agencies" articles. The weakening of traditional journalistic functions and damage to news users and their society were discussed.

동태적 시간경로 도출을 통한 목재 수입관세의 결정 요인 분석

이덕만(Dug-Man Lee) 한국관세학회 2013 관세학회지 Vol.14 No.1

This paper tried to identify both the determining factors and dynamic size of tariff on timber imported levied by importing country so that it might verify whether or not the decreasing rate of tariff on timber imported over time would improve the economic welfare of timber trading countries. For the sake of this purpose, we extended the Stackelberg differential game model developed by Lee(2006) for timber tariff analysis in order to derive the dynamic time path of tariff on timber imported. To incorporate the economic characteristic of forest as a natural resource, we took into account that the timber harvesting cost is dependent on the stock of forest. As a result, we can observe that tariffs on timber imported over time are determined by a discount rate, timber growth rate at each time, the stock of forest, and the instantaneous change of average cost for timber production etc. It, hence, shows that the policy proposition that previous literature has suggested is not an adequate one in a theoretical sense.

한국전쟁과 사형제도

이덕인 ( Deok In Lee ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2014 서울대학교 法學 Vol.55 No.1

한국전쟁은 남한과 북한의 통일을 표방한 것이었으나 그로 인한 결과는 오히려 민족의 분열과 대립을 조장하고 분단체제를 강화하는 결정적인 계기가 되었던 전란으로써 그 상흔은 반세기가 지난 오늘날에도 아물지 아니한 채 남아있다. 특히 전쟁과정에서 야기된 민간인의 피해는 전쟁외적인 경우가 더욱 심각한 것이었는데, 즉결처분의 형태로 빚어진 대량학살 이외에 국가가 형식적인 사법절차를 동원하여 부역혐의자를 가려낸 후 처형한 사례들은 정당한 형벌의 집행이라고 간주할 수 없는 것이었다. 이들에게 적용된 형벌규범은 그 자체가 위헌적이면서 위법한 것이었고, 형사재판의 절차 또한 법치국가에서는 허용될 수 없는 특례를 두어 정치적인 목적에 따라 합법적으로 국가권력에 의한 사법살인을 가능하게 하였다. 이와 같은 행위는 비국민으로 지목된 집단 전체를 대상으로 하면서도 경우에 따라서는 특정인을 정적 내지 정권유지의 방해물로 간주하거나 정권 스스로가 져야 할 책임을 전가하는 수단이었다. 따라서 사형의 정당성을 응보 내지 예방적 관점에 입각하여 지지하는 것이 대체적인 존치 논거로 작용하고 있으며, 그것이 사회 내부의 국민정서를 완고하게 이끌고 있으나 전쟁기간 부역혐의자와 정치적 반대자들을 제거하려는 의도와 목적에 따라 자의적으로 오용 또는 남용된 사실 또한 부인할 수 없었던 점에 비추어 볼 때 다시는 과거와 같은 불행한 역사가 되풀이되지 않도록 마땅히 이를 폐지하는 것이 바람직한 일이다. Although lots of civilians got killed during the Korean War in South Korean regions, even more lives were lost by external factors, which could have been preventedor avoided. Even after more than half a century has passed, the act of classifying and killing ``unpatriotic citizens`` still remains as a task to be solved. Regarding the matter, this study will explore the executions done in the process of judicial action against traitors under the limited criminal procedure. Most of the people accused of treason during the war were coerced into agreeing with North Korea, only except for very few people who did it intentionally. The judicial action began in October 1950, following the Seoul restoration. The main laws applied were Special Decree on Publishment under Emergency, National Security Act, and National Defense Act. However, such statistics on death sentences and executions are questionable, and the judicial action procedure should be re-examined. Thus, this study has explored the status of death sentences and executions during the crisis of national existence and cases where they were used to eliminate political opponents and political scapegoats. The results clearly indicate that the death penalty during the Korean War was politically misused.

원하지 않은 아이의 손해배상범위(損害賠償範圍)

이덕한 ( Duck Hwan Lee ) 한양대학교 법학연구소 1999 법학논총 Vol.16 No.-