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동창의 임상 및 병리조직학적 소견과 Ki-67 발현 양상
서기석(Ki Seuk Suh),김상태(Sang Tae Kim),이기욱(Ki Wook Lee) 대한피부과학회 1999 대한피부과학회지 Vol.37 No.9
N/A Background : Pernio or chilblain is an abnormal reaction to damp cold air, resulting in pruritic erythematous swellings on acral skin. The histologic features are subepidermal edema, diffuse fluffy edema of endothelial cell, and superficial or superficial and deep perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. Many studies with a large sample size have been conducted in western countries, but there were no collective studies of pernio that have been reported in Korea. Objective : The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical and histopathologic features of pernio in Korea. Methods : We reviewed the clinical and histopathologic findings in ten patients with pernio who visited the Department of Dermatology, Kosin Medical College Gaspel Hospital during the 10 year period from 1988 to 1997. Results : The results were as follows. 1. The age distribution was in the range of 6∼50 year old. The prevalance was heighest in the third and fourth decade. Sex ratio was 1 : 4 (2 males : 8 females). The duration of symptoms ranged from 4 days to 30 years. All patients developed skin lesions on the acral area. Two male patients developed skin lesions on the hand associated with cold exposure and outdoor works. All patient had itching and burning papules and/or plaques, and one had a painful hard nodule. Laboratory studies were all negative and within normal ranges. 2. Histopathologic features revealed subepidermal edema, diffuse fluffy edema of endothelial cell, and superficial or superficial and deep perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates in all specimens. 3. Treatment includes prophylatic measures against cold and nifedipine(calcium channel inhibiting drug). In more severe cases, pentoxifylline might be helpful. Conclusion : Our study suggests that pernio commonly occurs in twenty to forty year old females during fall and winter. Upon exposure to cold temperatures, the acral skin develops pruritic erythematous papules and plaques. If these lesions persisit for a long time or recur, they may progress to vesicle and ulceration and possibly develop vasculitis which does not respond to therapy well. Thus, a thorough understanding of clinical and histopathologic features of pernio is vital in making a diagnosis, a treatment plan and determining the prognosis. (Korean J Dermatol 1999;37(9) : 1254∼1260)
이기욱,Lee, Ki-Wook 한국디지털정책학회 2009 디지털융복합연구 Vol.7 No.4
Electronic methods are already used in money transfer and credit cards transactions and electronic money and checks, which can substitute cash and coins, are being discussed. Recently, the Acts of Electronic Draft have been enacted, in order to make the money in the market flow efficiently. Also electronic bill of lading has been adopted for the practical use of international shipments. However, despite of the effort from the academia and practice, investments to stocks, especially in the stock exchange, is not quite perfectly electronic. Japan enacted a relevant act in 2004 which make its stock market totally dematerialized. This writing summarizes some issues in interpretation that arise in the course of operation of the Stock Electronic Registration System at the present time of 6 months after it came into effect and its purpose, by doing so, is to prevent in advance the kind of problems in introducing the similar system to Korea.
유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크 기반의 상황 정보 모니터링 시스템 구현
이기욱(Ki-Wook Lee),성창규(Chang-Gyu Sung) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2006 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.11 No.5
유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크 기술은 새로운 컴퓨팅 패러다임인 유비쿼터스 컴퓨팅의 핵심 분야로서, 무선 센서 네트워크를 이용한 상황정보 모니터링 시스템에 적합한 기술이다. 이 기술을 모니터링 시스템에 적용하면 열악한 환경에 간편하고 저렴한 비용으로 실시간으로 발생된 상황데이터를 수집 및 분석하여 즉각적인 상황대처와 사용자가 원하는 환경의 조건을 효율적으로 수행할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 유비쿼터스 센서 네트워크 기반에서 무선 노드의 센싱 기술을 이용하여 상황 정보 모니터링 시스템을 구축한다. 제안된 시스템은 수집될 데이터의 양이 적고 지속적인 모니터링이 불필요하고 일정한 간격으로 특정 지역에서 발생되는 상황을 감지하는 작업에 기존 유선 통신을 이용한 상황감시보다는 효율적이다. As a core area of the new computing paradigm, the Ubiquitous Sensor Network Technology utilizes a wireless sensor networking which can be applied to the Context Information Monitoring System. When the technology is used in a poor user-environment for monitoring purposes, it can cost-effectively gather the context data on real-time basis, analyze the information gathered, effectively response to the user situation, and execute orders to create environmental factors desired by the user. This study structures a system able to monitor information in regards to a user-environment based on wireless-node sensor technology coupled with the Ubiquitous Sensor Network Technology. The proposed system requires a minimal collection of data without continuous monitoring. Monitoring periodically, it can sense the user-environment more efficiently than the existing monitoring technologies based on the wire-communication technology.
미국에서의 책임보험자의 방어의무에 관한 논의의 전개와 그 시사점
이기욱(Lee Ki Wook) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2021 圓光法學 Vol.37 No.2
미국의 책임보험에서는 보험사고가 발생한 경우 손해를 입은 자가 피보험자에게 손해배상책임을 물을 때에 보험자가 피보험자를 대신하여 방어할 것을 보험자의 의무로 한다는 취지의 정함이 약관 중에 규정되어 있는 것이 일반적이다. 이러한 보험자의 방어의무의 장점으로서는 피보험자의 사무부담 경감을 들 수 있다. 피보험자는 유능한 변호사를 찾는 등의 방어에 관한 여러 가지 잡무에서 벗어날 수 있게 된다. 그리고 법률에 관하여 전문적 지식을 갖지 못한 피보험자보다는 책임보험의 전문가인 보험자가 방어에 관하여 지식과 경험 모두 풍부할 것이므로 수준 높은 방어가 이루어지리라는 것 또한 예상할 수 있는 장점일 것이다. 게다가 수준 높은 방어가 이루어짐으로써 피보험자가 부담하는 손해배상액의 경감을 기대할 수 있기 때문에 보험자가 지급하는 보험금의 액을 감소시키는 효과도 장점의 하나로 들 수 있다. 지급되는 보험금의 액이 감소하면 당연히 보험료의 인하도 달성할 수 있을 것이므로 방어의 수준이 높다는 것은 보험제도 전체에서 보아도 바람직한 것이라 말할 수 있다. 이론적으로 손해배상책임은 피해자와 가해자인 피보험자 사이의 책임관계에서 확정되는 것이다. 이러한 책임관계에 있어서 보험자는 어디까지나 제3자에 지나지 않는다. 그렇지만 만약에 보험자가 책임관계에 전혀 관여할 수 없다고 한다면, 아마도 과도한 액수의 손해배상책임이 성립될 위험성도 부정할 수 없을 것이다. 왜냐하면 피보험자는 손해배상액이 보험금액 내라면 자신은 사실상 부담하지 않는 것이나 마찬가지이기 때문에 손해배상액을 적절하게 만들려고 노력할 인센티브가 희박한 한편, 피해자는 손해배상배상액을 가능한 한 높이려고 노력할 인센티브가 강하게 작동할 것이라 생각할 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 상태를 방치하는 것은 보험자의 이익을 크게 해치는 결과를 초래한다. 이는 보험금의 과대한 유출을 의미하고 보험제도의 붕괴로 이어질 수도 있다. 미국에서는 방어의무를 규정함으로써 피해자로부터의 청구에 대한 방어에 관하여 보험자는 배타적인 관리권을 가질 수 있는 것으로 이해되고 있으며, 이 점에서 방어의무는 상당히 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다. 한편 방어의무와 관련해서는 몇 가지 커다란 문제점도 존재하는데, 어떻게 방어의무의 유무를 판단할 것인지, 그리고 보험자와 피보험자 사이에 이해의 대립이 존재하는 경우에 방어가 어떻게 이루어져야 하는지가 대표적인 예이다. 이러한 문제에 대하여 미국에는 상당수 판례가 집적되어 있고 이와 관련해서 많은 논의가 축적되어 있다. 방어의무에 관한 문제는 보험계약법상 주요한 논점의 하나로 자리 잡고 있는 것이다. 이와는 달리 우리나라에서는 방어의무에 관한 법률 규정이 존재하지 않으며, 일부 약관에서 소극적으로 규정하고 있을 뿐이고, 주로 임원책임보험을 중심으로 피보험자의 방어비용에 관한 보험자와의 다툼에 관해서만 약간의 논의가 이루어지고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 상황에서 근래 미국의 법상황을 살펴봄으로써 우리나라에서의 관련 논의에 적절한 자료를 제공하고자 한다. In the U.S. liability insurance, it is common to stipulate during the terms and conditions that the insurer is obliged to defend on behalf of the insured when the damaged person asks the insured for damages in the event of an insurance accident. An advantage of such an insurer s defence obligation may be the reduction of the insured s burden. The insured will be able to get away with various miscellaneous matters concerning defense, such as finding a competent lawyer. It would also be an advantage to expect that high-quality defenses will be achieved because insurers who are experts in liability insurance will have both knowledge and experience in defence rather than those who do not have expertise in legislation. In addition, the effect of reducing the amount of insurance paid by the insurer is one of the advantages because high-quality defenses can be expected to reduce the amount of damages covered by the insured. It can be said that a high level of defense is desirable in the insurance system as a whole because a reduction in the amount of insurance paid can naturally be achieved. In theory, liability for damages is the determination of the liability relationship between the victim and the perpetrator insured. In this relationship of responsibility, the insurer is only a third party. However, if the insurer were not able to engage at all in the liability relationship, there would probably be no denying the risk of excessive liability for damages. This is because the insured may think that if the damages are within the insurance amount, the incentive to try to make the damages appropriate is scarce, while the victim may think that the incentive to try to raise the damages as much as possible will work strongly. Neglecting these conditions results in significant harm to the interests of the insurer. This means a massive outflow of insurance money and could lead to the collapse of the insurance system. In the United States, it is understood that by defining a defense obligation, an insurer can have exclusive control over claims from victims, and in this respect, a defense obligation has significant significance. On the other hand, there are several major problems with defence obligations, such as how to determine whether a defence obligation exists or not, and how defense should be done when there is a conflict of interest between the insurer and the insured. There are a number of cases in the United States on these issues, and a lot of discussion has been accumulated in this regard. The issue of defence obligations is one of the main issues under the Insurance Contracts Act. On the other hand, there are no legal regulations on defense obligations in Korea, and some terms and conditions only passively stipulate them, and only a little discussion is being made about the insured s defense costs, mainly around executive liability insurance. In this situation, it is necessary to introduce the recent legal situation in the United States in a broad and detailed manner, identify problems in Korea based on their implications, and present legislative solutions.
이기욱 ( Ki Wook Lee ),장준규 ( Jun Gyu Jang ),채영수 ( Young Soo Chae ),서기석 ( Kee Suck Suh ),김상태 ( Sang Tae Kim ) 대한피부과학회 1998 대한피부과학회지 Vol.36 No.3
Spindle cell lipoma was first described in 1975 by Enzinger and Harvey as a variant of lipomas. Histopathological findings show the lipomatous tissue to be replaced by a mixture of uniform spindle cells and mature fat cells closely associated with a mucoid matrix and a varying number of collagen fibers. Immunohistochemical staining is reported to give assistance in the differential diagnosis af spindle cell lipoma from other fibrous or neural tumors. Also, it can be used to investigate the origin of the spindle cells. We report a case of spindle cell lipoma in a 41-year-old female. She had a solitary, normal skin colored, bean sized, subcutaneous mass on the forearm. Most of the spindle cells were strongly positive for vimentin, CD34 and NSE, but negative for actin, factor VIII, S-100 protein and neuro- filaments. The tumor was excised. No recurrence was recognized in a 10 month follow up period. (Korean J Dermatol 1998;36(3) 528-531)
이기욱 ( Ki Wook Lee ) 경상대학교 법학연구소 2010 法學硏究 Vol.18 No.3
Corporate governance, with its emphasis on board structure and process, has emerged as the predominant focus of directors, their counselors, and courts. Delaware judges have had a substantial role in shaping best practices in corporate governance. Standards of conduct for directors are defined by Delaware statutory law and judge-made articulations of fiduciary duties. The expectations for director conduct evolve over time as business mores evolve, with courts applying the evolving expectations in a common law process in deciding the proper standard of review to apply in specific circumstances. The evolution of expectations means the directors themselves, as well as the courts, must focus on genuine processes, not mere rote, “check the box” drills. Courts should not second-guess the business decisions of directors, and the Delaware courts have not done so. There has been no change in Delaware law of the timehonored business judgment rule, which remains alive and well. The fact that judicial review by Delaware courts of director conduct has resulted in some findings of wrongdoing and liability is primarily a function of intensified judicial focus on process and improved pleading by plaintiffs` lawyers. In order to understand the various levels of review, one must focus continuously on the fact that the business judgment rule does not allow a judicial determination of whether a business decision was objectively reasonable the rule is a rebuttable presumption that the decision was reached by a careful, good faith process and that the result was rational.
이기욱(Lee, Ki-Wook) 한양법학회 2022 漢陽法學 Vol.33 No.2
In the U.S. corporate law, the legal nature of shares is limited, and the legal nature of shares is often the concept of property in precedent and theory. In addition, the U.S. corporate law still maintains a legal system affiliated with the common law, and many of the legal concepts for stocks are inherited by the British corporate law. But what they mean is not all that clear. Therefore, this article attempts to approach the central concept of stocks discussed in the United States through the analysis of precedents. Specifically, the concept of property, which is the premise of discussing the legal nature of stocks, is outlined, and then the discussion on the concept of intangible movable property, which is a representative concept of the legal nature of stocks, is summarized. As a clue to the review of specific legal problems arising from the legal nature of stocks, it is pointed out that the possibility of transfer may exist at the basis of the legal nature of modern stocks along with inherent rights, and that actual corporate behavior presents a modern task to urge a review of the existing stock essence. Stocks were initially recognized as representing ownership of material fluids, which are objects of investment made by shareholders through the company or investment made by the company itself. According to the legal concept, the understanding of the nature of stocks was converted from ‘property’ to intangible or human property and into intangible real estate. The substance was the abstraction and generalization of the concept of ownership. At the same time, it was the acquisition of the possibility of transfer due to a phased departure from the restrictions on the possibility of transfer in real estate. More essentially, it was a conscious and unconscious re-confirmation of the inherent rights of shareholders, which the concept of ‘property’ originally possessed. What made it possible is that the concept of ‘property’ itself achieved abstraction and generalization. Although capitalist economic relations were completed by this change of concept, ‘property’ below it means ‘control over gains by expectations that can be traded in the future’, and the freedom acquired by stocks is tantamount to freedom of transaction in the market. The abstraction of the stock concept supported this. In other words, it can be seen that the possibility of transfer exists at the root of the legal nature of modern stocks along with inherent rights. In response to the demand for transferability, the abstraction and bondization of stocks proceeded. It is thought that the discussion on the acceptance of class stocks or the attendance of shareholders at the general shareholders" meeting can be grasped as a elasticity of stock package in the process of responding to new demands in corporate behavior.
이기욱(Ki-Wook Lee) 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2009 韓國컴퓨터情報學會論文誌 Vol.14 No.12
최근의 항만은 유비쿼터스 환경 구축에 따른 일반적인 항만 관리에 있어 U-Port 서비스를 도입하여 컨테이너 위치 추적 시스템, 항만 터미널 관리 시스템, 선진정보교환시스템 등을 구현하고 있다. 특히, 화물 차량과 컨테이너의 위치 추적 서비스는 실시간으로 화물차량과 컨테이너의 위치와 상태 정보를 제공하여 효율적인 차량 운행 관리와 문제 발생시 즉각적인 대처가 가능하게 한다. 하지만 대규모 항만 내에서 화물 차량의 무질서한 운행이나 주 정차, 도난 파손 사고 출입 관제 등의 문제를 효율적으로 관리하기에는 미흡하다. 본 논문에서는 항만 내에서의 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 자동 게이트 통관 시점부터 항만 내에 화물 차량이 체재하는 동안 차량 또는 출입자의 위치를 전자 지도상에 표시하고, 확인이 필요하거나 사고 발생 지역을 원격에서 영상으로 확인할 수 있는 항만내 차량 또는 출입자의 위치 인식 및 고해상도 영상 압축, AVE/H.264 저장 및 영상 전송을 통한 영상 확인 시스템을 구현하였다. As the ubiquitous environment is created, the latest ports introduce U-Port services in managing ports generally and embody container's location identification system, port terminal management system, and advanced information exchange system etc. In particular, the location identification system for freight cars and containers provide in real time the information on the location and condition for them, and enables them to cope with an efficient vehicle operation management and its related problems immediately. However, such a system is insufficient in effectively handling with the troubles in a large-scale port including freight car's disorderly driving, parking, stop, theft, damage, accident, trespassing and controlling. In order to solve these problems, this study structures the vehicle positioning system and the image verification system unsing high resolution image compression and AVE/H.264 store and transmission technology, able to mark and identify the vehicle location on the digital map while a freight car has stayed in a port since the entry of an automatic gate, or able to identify the place of accident through image remotely.