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중거리 탄도 미사일 조약(INF Treaty): 미소 냉전 종식의 상징에서 미중러 전략경쟁의 도화선으로
이근욱 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2021 국제지역연구 Vol.30 No.2
INF Treaty, which was signed in 1987, was a critical milestone in terminating the Cold War. It banned ballistic missiles and land-based cruise missiles whose range is 500-5,500km and enabled Washington and Moscow to overcome the rivalry. However, in the mid-2000, Russia began to test the missiles which was not allowed in the Treaty; China had been deploying the very category of missiles which were banned in the Treaty, though Beijing was not a party of the Treaty. This manuscript aims to address this issue - the INF Treaty. It explores the background of the Treaty, the consequences of the Treaty termination, and the potential ramification of the intermediate range ballistic missiles in East Asia as well as in the Korean Peninsula. 1987년 12월 체결된 중거리 탄도미사일 조약(INF 조약)은 미국과 소련의 냉전을 완화시키는 과정에서 결정적으로 작용하였다. 해당 조약으로 사정거리 500~5,500km의 탄도 미사일과 지상발사 순항미사일 전량이 폐기되었다. 하지만 2000년대 중반 러시아는 INF 조약에서 금지된 사정거리 500~5,500km의 탄도미사일과 지상발사 순항 미사일을 개발하기 시작하였고, 동시에 INF 조약의 당사자가 아닌 중국은 INF 조약의 당사국이었다면 보유할 수 없는 중거리 탄도 미사일을 중심으로 자신의 미사일 전력을 구축하였다. 이에 트럼프 행정부는 2019년 INF 조약에서 탈퇴하였다. 그렇다면, INF 조약은 어떻게 체결되었으며, 어떠한 과정을 통해 위반되고 폐기되었는가? 현재 시점에서 INF 조약의 폐기는 어떠한 결과를 초래할 것인가? 그리고 이 과정에서 한국은 어떠한 상황에 직면할 것인가? 이것이 본 논문이 검토하는 사항이다.
북한의 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계에 대한 예측: 이론 검토와 이에 따른 시론적 분석
이근욱 세종연구소 2005 국가전략 Vol.11 No.3
The issue of North Korea’s nuclear program requires a new discussion about the nuclear command-control structure. The structure is determined by (1) the size of nuclear arsenal, (2) external threat, and (3) civil-military relationship. North Korea will have a highly centralized command-control structure, given its small size, high level of perceived threat, and lack of civil-military trust. 북한이 핵 보유 국가라는 것은 이제 기정 사실화 하였고, 따라서 북한이 어떠한 형태의 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계를 구축할 것인가에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 이론적으로 볼 때, 군사력 지휘-통제 체계는 명령이 있는 경우에는 군사력이 항상 사용될 수 있어야 한다는 요건과 명령이 없는 경우에는 군사력이 사용되어서는 안 된다는 두 가지 서로 모순되는 요건을 동시에 충족해야 하며, 이 과정에서 최적의 해결책은 존재하지 않는다. 따라서, 핵전력 지휘-통제 체계의 형태는 각국의 핵전력의 크기 – 외부의 위협 – 민군 관계 등의 요인에 의해서 결정된다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때, 북한의 지휘-통제 체계는 상당한 권한이 위임되고 분권화된 지휘-통제 체계보다는 중앙에서 거의 모든 것을 결정하고 권한 위임이 매우 제한적인 형태를 띨 것이다.
이근욱,한세원,김태원,안중배,백지연,조상희,이형기,김진원,김지원,김태유,홍용상,범승훈,차용준,최윤정,김선희,방영주 대한암학회 2024 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.56 No.2
PurposeGC1118 is a novel antibody targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with enhanced blocking activity against both low- and high-affinity EGFR ligands. A phase 1b/2a study was conducted to determine a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of GC1118 in combination with 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) (phase 1b) and to assess the safety and efficacy of GC1118 plus FOLFIRI as a second-line therapy for recurrent/metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) (phase 2a).Materials and MethodsPhase 1b was designed as a standard 3+3 dose-escalation study with a starting dose of GC1118 (3 mg/kg/week) in combination with biweekly FOLFIRI (irinotecan 180 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; leucovorin 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup>; 5-fluorouracil 400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> bolus and 2,400 mg/m<sup>2</sup> infusion over 46 hours) in patients with solid tumors refractory to standard treatments. The subsequent phase 2a part was conducted with objective response rate (ORR) as a primary endpoint. Patients with KRAS/NRAS/BRAF wild-type, EGFR-positive, recurrent/metastatic CRC resistant to the first-line treatment were enrolled in the phase 2a study.ResultsRP2D of GC1118 was determined to be 3 mg/kg/wk in the phase 1b study (n=7). Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) observed in the phase 2a study (n=24) were acneiform rash (95.8%), dry skin (66.7%), paronychia (58.3%), and stomatitis (50.0%). The most common ADR of ≥ grade 3 was neutropenia (33.3%). ORR was 42.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.5 to 62.0), and median progression-free survival was 6.7 months (95% CI, 4.0-8.0).ConclusionGC1118 administered weekly at 3 mg/kg in combination with FOLFIRI appears as an effective and safe treatment option in recurrent/metastatic CRC.
미국의 대중 전략과 한국의 안보: 새로운 결정 요인에 대한 시론
이근욱 한국국방연구원 2022 국방정책연구 Vol.38 No.3
For the last two decades and more, China has been a constantly rising power, but the U.S. policy toward China has shown fluctuations. What we need is a theoretical framework to understand the variation against a constant rise of another great power. Two variables are added: (1) America’s strategic priority and (2) attitude toward globalization. The Bush and the Obama administrations were positive over globalization, but they differed in the strategic priority. The Trump administration prioritized the Chinese threat on the top of agenda, while it was hostile toward globalization. The Biden administration is not positive with globalization, but it might be distracted out of China in strategic priority due to Russia’s war in Ukraine. Washington would present a series of issues for Korea in trade and investment for anti-globalization as well as its policy toward North Korea for strategic distraction.
Fentanyl 이 흰쥐 대동맥 평활근의 이완에 미치는 영향
이근욱,길혜금,김원옥,곽영란 대한마취과학회 1995 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.28 No.6
The mechanism of vasodilation induced by fentanyl was investigated using isolated rat thoracic aortic rings. Rings were contracted with norepinephrine(10^(-7) M, NE) and potassium chloride(40 mM, KCl) with and without endothelium Fentanyl (10^(-9)-10^(-5) M) produced dose-dependent relaxation and had no significant effect from endothelium(intact and denuded rings, test with 3×10^(-4) M LNAME, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester). Pretreatment of indomethacin(2.5×10^(-3) M, inhibitor of cyclooxygenase) failed to influence of cumulative dose-response curves. RD_(50)(50% relaxation dose) and KC1/NE ratio as potency difference of fentanyl, verapamil(10^(-8)-10^(-5) M, Ca^(2+) channel blocker), nitroglycerin(10^(-10)-10^(-5) M, activator of guanylate cyclase) were not similar. Fentanyl and control(distilled water) were not demonstrated any different contraction produced by incremental addition of Ca2+ to aortic rings exposed to Ca^(2+) free, K^+ -depolarized(100 mM KCl) solution(extracellular Ca^(2+) influx). But fentanyl had effectn intracellular Ca2+ release elicited by caffeine(20 mM) and NE(10^(-7) M) indicated by dose-dependent inhibition of contraction in Ca^(2+) free solution. We conclude that, in rat aorta, fentanyl-induced relaxation is endothelium-independent but mediated by inhibition of alpha-adrenoceptors operated intracellular Ca^(2+) release (inhibition of contraction by NE) and caffeine-induced Ca^(2+) release from store.