남북한간 실질적 군비통제 방안

이규열 한국전략문제연구소 1999 전략연구 Vol.6 No.2

Although almost ren years have passed away since the talks of arms control between two Koreas began, there are very few things we have achieved. And, inter-Korean arms control has gone nowhere. To make a breakthrough in a deadlock in inter-Korean arms control it is necessary to understand the characreristics of arms control on the Korean Peninsula. First, the existing difference between the two Koreas in threat perception limits the scope of common interests and common threats. Consequently, this difference constrains the possibility of arms control which can be looked upon as a way to reduce tension by controlling each one's armed forces. Second, since the main target of arms control is both sides' conventional forces, it is difficult to calculate, compare, and contrast armed forces of the two Koreas. Third, the presence of U.S. forces in Korea makes the inter- Korean arms control difficult and complex since the involvement of the United States in the negotiation is required Fourth, taking the geostrategic importance of the Korean Peninsula into account, the positions of neighboring countries concerned must be reflected. Finally, the lack of arms control experience between the two Korea makes the inter-Korean arms control more difficult. That is, political reconciliation--one of preconditions for arms control--does not exist on the Korean Peninsula and arms control itself has been abused for political/diplomatic propaganda. To devise realist arms control approach, it is necessary to review North Korea's policy on arms control North Korea has been persistently proposing the followings. a) withdrawal of U.S. forces in Korea: b) conclusion of peace treaty between the United States and North Korea: c) reduction of both Korea's troops to 100,000: d) conclusion of non-aggression treaty between the two Koreas: e) stopping of military exercises and training with foreign troops: and f) prohibition of weapons import. Since the late 1980s, North Korean proposals have become more sophisticated by including some confidence-building measures (CBMs). North Korea calls it "comprehensive peace proposal" which is a part of their strategy of unifying Korea--Koryo Confederacy. For North Korea, arms control is a political means toward South Korea, not necessarily a means to stabilize military situation on the Korean Peninsula. North Korea has persistently demanded the withdrawal of USFK from the Korean Peninsula as a precondition for arms control talks between the two Koreas. This means that threat to North Korea's security is coming from the possibility of U.S. involvement, not directly from South Korea's armed forces. Thus, they intend to eliminate the source of threat. Third, North Korean arms control proposal focuses on troop reduction, rather than equipment, to maintain its strategic leverage due to its ability to mobilize huge forces in short notice. South Korea's arms control proposal is quite similar to that of European case: that is, CBMs first, arms limitation second, and finally arms reduction. While South Korean arms control proposal has its own logic and rationale, it lacks validity since it does not take into account the issue of feasibility. To make a progress in arms control on the Korean Peninsula, a set of conditions must be met and South Korea should try to consolidate these conditions. First, since North Korea mainly relies on its military assets in negotiating with South Korea as well as other outside world, North Korea's military leverage must be neutralized. Only when North Korea sees no utility of military tools, or furthermore counterproductive, it can seriously consider arms control as a way of saving itself. Second, under any circumstances, it must not be allowed for North Korea to acquire WMD. If North Korea acquires or enhances its WMD capabilities, it would eliminate possibility of inter-Korean arms control since it would only enhance the utility of military means. Third, if North Korea could not afford high defense burden, it would correspond to the call for arms control Considering all these facts, it is possible to say that as time goes by, the possibility of inter-Korean arms control would increase. But it will take some time. All these mean that while South Korea maintains its position on arms control it must try to develop means and strategies to realize arms control. First of all, it must try to expand the background for arms control: that is, it must try to improve political relations with North Korea on one hand, and it must also enhance military readiness to neutralize North Korea's military leverage. This would enable South Korea to expand its independent scope of management of North Korea. Rather than considering arms control as an end in itself, we must consider arms control as a means to control and manage inter-Korean relations. First, we must do our best efforts to implement the Basic Agreement. More specifically, reopening and regularizing of channels of communication and negotiation must come first. Secondly, we must start with pre-CBMs, rather than intrusive CBMs. Transparency must come first. Along with introductory CBMs, we must emphasize the necessity of verification. "Trust but verify." Regarding North Korea's proposals and attitude, instead of simply denying and ignoring their proposals, flexibility must be respected. That is, rather than one on one match, we can utilize asymmetrical approach with a little more flexibility. Most of all, we must retain the consistency of our proposal The most urgent thing is to correct the stereo-typed approach toward arms control Instead of emphasizing logic and integrity of our own approach, we must take a realistic approach based on the assessment of feasibility of each measure.

미국과 한국의 상사법상 감사위원회의 비교

이규열 한국경영법률학회 2006 經營法律 Vol.16 No.2

【국문초록】 미국과 한국의 상사법상 감사위원회의 비교 이 규 열 1962년 한국에 상법이 제정된 이래 감사제도가 효율적으로 역할을 수행하지 못해 왔다. 이에 금융위기 이후 IMF와 IBRD의 권유로 감사위원회제도를 도입했다. 본고에서는 미국과 한국에 있어서, 상사법상의 감사위원회의 비교 분석을 동하여 한국의 감사위원회의 독립성이나 효율성을 높이기 위한 개선점과 입법방향을 모색하고자한다. 감사위원회의 기능으로는 회계감사의 부정을 사전에 예방하고, 이사회에 대한 감시기능을 향상 시키며, 경영자의 부당한 영향으로부터 벗어나려는 것이다. 미국의 기업개혁법은 감사위원회의 감독개선을 위하여 독립성, 전문성, 책임성 등을 고려하면서 문제해결을 하려고 하고 있다. 미국에서의 기업지배구조개혁을 거울삼아 한국의 감사위원회를 효율적으로 운용하기 위해서는 몇가지 개선점이 필요하다. 첫째, 이사회가 감사위원을 선임하고 해임할 수 있게 한 것은 감사위원의 독립성과 중립성을 해칠 염려가 많기 때문에 감사위원의 선임과 해임을 주주총회에서 결정하도록 하여야 할 것이다. 둘째, 감사위원회의 결의에 대해서는 이사회에서 결의를 번복할 수없도록 법을 개정하여야할 것이다. 셋째, 모든 감사위원은 사외이사이어야 하며, 그중에서 1명 이상은 반드시 재무전문가이어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 모든 감사위원은 이사회나 지배주주로부터 독립적 이어야한다. 다섯째, 사외이사인 감사위원의 책임을 합리적인 범위에서 조정하여야할 것이다. 끝으로 감사위원회가 건전하게 발전 할 수 있도록 하기위하여 감사위원회의 기능과 직무의 범위를 보다 더 명백하게 하고 그 위원의 지위를 상법상의 감사와 이사회와의 관계에서 독립적으로 보장하도록 합리적인 상법상의 정비가 있어야 할 것이다. 미국에서와 마찬가지로 이사로서 받는 보수이외에는 어떤 보수도 받지 말아야 할 것이며, 회사나 자회사의 특별관계인이어서도 안 될 것이다.

A Study on Protection of Commercial Building Lessee

이규열 한국경영법률학회 2007 經營法律 Vol.17 No.4

Changes in Tip-Apex Distance by Position and Film Distance Measured by Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS)

이규열,김성수,김현준,하동호,윤형민,도현수 대한고관절학회 2015 Hip and Pelvis Vol.27 No.1

Purpose: The tip-apex distance (TAD) is used to predict the clinical outcome of intertrochanteric fracture fixation. We aimed to measure the changes in TAD by position and film distance using Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Materials and Methods: We used a femur replica with a 10。femoral neck anteversion and a 130。neck shaft angle. Proximal femoral nail antirotation nail and a helical blade were inserted into the replica. Radiographs were taken at the neutral position and after applying 10。, 20。, 30。, 40。internal/external rotation, 10。abduction, and10。and 40。adduction to the mechanical axis. Radiographs were taken at the replica-film distance of 10 cm and 20 cm under the same conditions, mimicking the differences in Focus-film distance (FFD), which reflect the patient’s contour in clinical settings. A radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon measured the TAD twice using PACS. The average error was 2 mm (4.5%) and the standard error was ±3.04. TADs in the neutral position constituted the standard values to measure the relative errors. Results: TADs increased with an increase in the external rotation and abduction of the replica. TADs decreased with an increase in the internal rotation and adduction of the replica. For comparable measurements, relative errors were higher at FFDs of 20 cm compared to FFDs of 10 cm. Conclusion: Since the femur is internally rotated and adducted for reduction, orthopedic surgeons would assess the lag screw to be closer to the apex of femur on intraoperative radiographs. To have a correct measurement of the TAD after fixation of intertrochanteric fractures, radiographs should be taken in neutral position and measurement errors should be considered based on the patient’s size.

경추 다분절 후방 감압술 후 수기적 손상 없이 발생한 재관류 손상으로 의심되는 척수 손상- 2예 보고 -

이규열,유성곤,김기웅 대한척추외과학회 2014 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Study Design: Two case reports. Objectives: We present two cases of quadriplegia after posterior decompression with fusion caused by a suspicious reperfusion injuryof spinal cord without remarkable surgical insult. Summary of Literature Review: Posterior decompression and posterolateral fusion have been reported as effective procedures inpatients with multilevel myelopathy. However, postoperative spinal cord injury without remarkable intraoperative technical damagehas been reported in a few articles. Reperfusion mechanism was suggested as one of the leading causes and reported in some animalmodels. Materials and Methods: There was one case of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and one developmental multilevelstenosis that underwent laminectomy with lateral mass instrumentation. After surgery, the patients presented with quadriplegia; MRIdemonstrated swelling of the spinal cord and intramedullary lesion in two cases. Results: After surgery, the patients presented with quadriplegia; MRI demonstrated swelling of the spinal cord and intramedullary lesionin two cases. Conclusion: Although patients with such a medical condition are rare, it is difficult to predict postoperative swelling of the spinal cordbefore surgery. The surgeon should thus be aware of such rare disease conditions involving the spinal cord before the surgical procedure. Key Words: Cervical myelopathy, Posterior decompression, Reperfusion injury 연구 계획: 증례 보고목적: 경추 척수증 환자에서 다분절 후방 도달 감압술 및 유합술 후 척수 신경의 재관류 손상으로 의심되는 2예를 경험하였기에 보고하고자 한다. 선행 문헌 요약: 다발성 협착에 의한 경추 척수증은 다분절 후방 도달 감압술과 함께 불안정성을 예방하기 위해 측괴 나사를 이용한 후방 유합술을 시행할 수 있으며, 수술 중 수기적 손상 없이 술 후 신경학적 손상이 진행되는 것이 드물게 보고되고 있다. 이러한 원인 중의 하나로 재관류 기전에 의한 손상을 의심하고 있으며, 이는 몇몇 동물실험을 통해 증명되고 있다. 대상 및 방법: 후방 감압술의 적응증에 해당되는 후종 인대의 비후 및 석회화로 인해 압박이 심했던 1예와 다발성 발달성 협착증 1례에 대해 경추 후궁절제술 및 유합술을 시행하였다. 2예 모두 수술 직후 사지마비를 보였으며, 자기공명영상 검사 상 척수 부종 및 척수 내부 고신호 강도의 범위가 증가된소견을 보였다. 결과: 후종 인대 비후 및 석회화로 인해 압박이 심했던 1예에서 수술 직후 보였던 사지마비가 술후 6개월째 정상으로 회복되었으나, 다발성 발달성 협착증 1예는 수술 직후 보였던 사지마비가 일정 수준의 회복을 보인 후 그 상태가 지속되었다. 결론: 경추 다분절 후방 도달 감압술 및 유합술 후 발생한 척수 신경의 척수 신경의 손상은 사전에 예측하기 힘들지만 수술 전 가능성을 염두에 두어야하며, 이에 대한 정확한 기전과 예방을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 색인 단어: 경추 척수증, 후방 감압술, 재관류 손상약칭 제목: 경추 다분절 감압술 및 재관류 손상으로 의심되는 척수손상

Comparison of Pyogenic Spondylitis and Tuberculous Spondylitis

이규열 대한척추외과학회 2014 Asian Spine Journal Vol.8 No.2

Pyogenic spondylitis and tuberculous spondylitis are common causes of spinal infection. It is difficult to differentiate tuberculous spondylitis and pyogenic spondylitis clinically and radiologically. Recently magnetic resonance imaging has been reported to be beneficial for early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the spondylitis, and is being used extensively for diagnosis. However, the diagnosis must be considered in combination with corresponding changes in clinical manifestations, radiological findings, blood and tissue cultures and histopathological findings. Conservative treatments, including antimicrobial medications, are started initially. Surgical treatments, which include anterior or posterior approach, single-stage or two-stage surgery, with or without instrumentation, may be performed as indicated.

흉추 후방감압술 후 Gelfoam 육아종 형성 및 척수증 - 증례보고 -

이규열,강진헌,김효종 대한척추외과학회 2011 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.18 No.4

Study design: A case report. Objectives: To document that Gelfoam®(Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) contributes to granuloma formation and spinal cord irritation by immune response. Summary of Literature Review: The Gelfoam® or microfibrillar collagen applied during various operation for hemostasis. Some complications of Gelfoam®, such as mechanical cord compression, postoperative swelling and mass effect in closed cavity have been reported. Materials and Methods: The patient was underwent posterior decompression and instrumented posterolateral fusion under the diagnosis of the ossification of ligamentum flavum at T10-11 and T11-12. In operation, Gelfoam® was used at epidural space. She complained of sensory deterioration and muscle weakness around lower extremities after 10days postoperatively. A second operation was performed. Results: Postoperatively, the patient immediately improved motor grade except spasticity. She is under observation. Conclusion: Gelfoam® at epidural space after posterior decompression can result hyperactive immune reaction and irritate spinal cord.

척추경 나사못을 이용한 흉요추부 방출형 골절의 치료

이규열,손성근,김달희 동아대학교의과대학 1997 동아의대학술지 Vol.9 No.2

Undergraduate courses for enhancing design ability in naval architecture

이규열,구남국,차주환 대한조선학회 2013 International Journal of Naval Architecture and Oc Vol.5 No.3

Contemporary lectures in undergraduate engineering courses typically focus on teaching major technical knowledge-based theories in a limited time. Therefore, most lectures do not allow the students to gain understanding of how the theories are applied, especially in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering departments. Shipyards require students to acquire practical ship design skills in undergraduate courses. To meet this requirement, two lectures are organized by the authors; namely, “Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering” (PNAOE) and “Innovative Ship Design” (ISD). The concept of project-based and collaborative learning is applied in these two lectures. In the PNAOE lecture, sophomores receive instruction in the designing and building of model ships, and the students’work is evaluated in a model ship contest. This curriculum enables students to understand the concepts of ship design and production. In the ISD lecture, seniors learn how to develop their creative ideas about ship design and communicate with members of group. They are encouraged to cooperate with others and understand the ship design process. In the capstone design course, students receive guidance to facilitate understanding of how the knowledge from their sophomore or junior classes, such as fluid mechanics, statics, and dynamics, can be applied to practical ship design. Students are also encouraged to compete in the ship design contest organized by the Society of Naval Architects of Korea. Moreover, the effectiveness of project-based and collaborative learning for enhancing interest in the shipbuilding Industry and understanding the ship design process is demonstrated by citing the PNAOE and ISD lectures as examples.

수중운동체 성능 분석을 위한 모델링 및 시뮬레이션 기술

이규열,하솔,지승도,김명희,노명일,차주환,나영인 대한조선학회 2012 大韓造船學會誌 Vol.49 No.3